气体水合物生成过程强化方法研究进展

全面综述了气体水合物生成过程强化技术的研究进展,分析了各种强化方法的研究现状及其优缺点. 现有的过程强化技术只针对水合反应过程,通过搅拌、鼓泡和添加化学添加剂等方式均能缩短水合物生成诱导时间,促进其生成;水合物生成过程是一个复杂的传热传质及水合反应过程,过程机理有待深入研究,需建立包括温度、压力、客体尺寸和水的状态及搅拌程度等因素综合作用下的水合物生长模型,准确揭示水合物生成过程的强化机理. 最后指出了气体水合物生成过程强化技术存在的问题和今后的研究方向.     

静态强化技术在水合物快速生成领域的应用

气体水合物技术在水资源、环保、石油化工等诸多领域都极具发展前景,而水合物因生成条件苛刻、诱导时间长、含气率低等问题严重制约其发展。机械搅拌、喷雾、鼓泡等动态强化技术因引入机械设备而使得系统的成本和能耗较高,相比而言,冰粉静态接触、加入表面油气储运活性剂、多孔介质环境、引入换热结构等静态强化措施不仅能缩短诱导时间,促进其快速生成,且能耗极大降低。简述了静态强化技术在水合物快速生成领域的应用,分析了各强化措施的研究现状及优缺点,最后指出在未来水合物快速生成强化的研究中,应综合使用多种强化措施以提高气体水合物生成速度。     

添加剂强化制冷剂气体水合物生成研究进展

简要介绍了制冷剂气体水合物作为蓄冷工质的优点及生成过程。对于制冷剂气体水合物普遍存在生成速度慢的问题,通过添加剂来强化体系传质传热,可显著提高制冷剂气体水合物的生成速度,对推动制冷剂气体水合物的工业应用具有重要的现实意义。综述了国内外利用添加剂强化制冷剂气体水合物生成的研究现状,指出多种添加剂联用将是制冷剂气体水合物快速生成的较佳选择,最后总结了制冷剂气体水合物研究中存在的不足。     

添加剂强化制冷剂气体水合物生成研究进展

简要介绍了制冷剂气体水合物作为蓄冷工质的优点及生成过程。对于制冷剂气体水合物普遍存在生成速度慢的问题,通过添加剂来强化体系传质传热,可显著提高制冷剂气体水合物的生成速度,对推动制冷剂气体水合物的工业应用具有重要的现实意义。综述了国内外利用添加剂强化制冷剂气体水合物生成的研究现状,指出多种添加剂联用将是制冷剂气体水合物快速生成的较佳选择,最后总结了制冷剂气体水合物研究中存在的不足。     

提高鼓泡反应器的传质效率(摘译)

<正> 不带机械搅拌的鼓泡反应器经常把机械搅拌器浸入到鼓泡的液层中,实际上增加了气体的逗留时间,因而在相同的气体线速度下,增加了内表面积和体积传质系数k_La值。用机械搅拌时,液层内传热系数比较大。但用机械搅拌混合通常要增加经济成本,故主要用于大直径的反应器中,同时限于在反应器装有专用的内件时。因此,如果传质传热要求不高,通常避免使用机械混合。我们可以考虑一种没有机械搅拌的反应器,在一定的线速度范围内,作为理想混合反应器。通过对反应器尺寸和气本     

内环流反应器在实验室中的应用

气-液反应繁多,诸如CO_2、SO_2、NO_x等气体的化学吸收,烃类的液相氧化、烃化、氯化等。当今,过渡金属离子络合催化剂的发展,生化工业的兴起,以及庞大的“碳一化学工业”的形成,又为气-液反应开拓了广阔的应用前景。因此,研究新型高效的气-液反应器,对于促进化学和化工的发展具有深远的意义。新型反应器的研究和开发,首先从实验室开始。过去在实验室研究气-液反应时,一般都在带搅拌三口烧瓶(工业中用搅拌鼓泡釜)内进行(见图1)。反应时气体由反应器底部鼓泡通入,借助机械搅拌增强气泡分散能力,消除反应器内的温度和浓度梯度,以强化传热、传质,提高反应效率。近年来,人们对于利用反应介质     

气体水合物快速生成强化技术与方法研究进展

水合物技术可应用于天然气储运、污水处理、海水淡化、混合气体分离、水溶液浓缩以及水合物蓄冷等领域,而该技术成功应用的关键在于如何强化水合物快速生成.本文介绍了水合物的生成机理,综述了气体水合物快速生成强化技术与方法研究进展,分析了各自的优缺点,并对气体水合物快速生成技术进行了展望.     

天然气水合物快速生成技术研究进展

近年来利用水合物储运天然气技术受到广泛重视，而水舍物快速生成技术是应用这种技术的基础。回顾了水合物生成机理，在此基础上从传热和传质的角度介绍了目前水合物快速生成技术，并分析了系统的优缺点。     

天然气水合物储运技术中水合物反应器的研究进展

可观的储气率与自保效应的存在使得天然气水合物能作为一种天然气储运的方式,并且在与其他如液化天然气、压缩天然气储运方式比较时有着自己独到的优势。但由于针对水合物储运的研究起步较晚,利用水合物储运天然气的技术尚未成熟。尤其是在水合物反应器的研究上,生成水合物的速率较低,无法达到工业生产所需要的水平。本文通过调研国内外文献与专利等资料,介绍了国内外天然气水合物储运技术发展状况,简述了水合物生成强化的物理化学手段与机械手段,详述了搅拌式等传统天然气水合物反应器与管式、超重力式等新型天然气水合物反应器的结构与工作原理。根据现有水合物反应器的特点与存在的问题,对水合物反应器的研究方向提出建议：未来应当加快对喷淋式、超重力式与流化床式反应器的放大研究,加快针对不同物理强化手段与机械强化手段的协同作用研究,建立起以天然气储运为目的的水合物反应器评价体系。     

纳米流体强化气体水合物生成研究进展

水合物的高效快速生成对水合物技术的工业化应用具有重要的意义。对当前纳米流体促进水合物生成过程进行了分析和总结。结果表明,纳米流体能够极大地强化水合物反应体系的传热过程。纳米粒子的浓度、纳米颗粒本身的物性、纳米颗粒的尺寸大小、纳米流体中固体颗粒的分散稳定性、纳米流体在管道中的流动速度及湍动程度是影响体系传热的主要因素。此外,纳米颗粒能够极大地强化水合物反应体系的传质过程,运输作用、防气泡聚合机理、边界层混合机理、渗透机理被用来解释这一现象。但其具体的促进机理仍不清楚,基础理论的建立是未来研究方向。     

Drying in a new two impinging streams reactor

A new gas-solid reactor, employing two impinging streams with oscillatory motion of the solid particles, was developed and successfully tested in evaporation experiments. Comparisons of the performance of the reactor with other commonly used devices, namely, spray dryer, spouted bed, stream dryer and a fluidized bed, indicated a most high efficiency in carrying out drying of moistened particles by a hot stream of gas. In addition, the pumping work per kg of solids transported by air through the reactor is considerably lower in comparison to a fluidized bed.     

Fundamental Research on Drying Process in Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, CAS

Some results of our fundamental research on drying processes are summed up in this article. It consists of three parts: (1) Multistage fluidized bed drying, including particle flowing characteristics, heat and mass transfer between particles and drying medium, drying characteristics of drying materials; (2) Impinging stream drying, the flowing and drying characteristics of a vertical impinging stream dryer, one-stage and multistage semi-circular impinging stream dryer and combined vertical and semi-circular impinging stream dryer are discussed; (3) The effects of rapid transient heat and mass transfer on drying processes, such as time and space scales for nonFourier or nonFickian and influence of extreme heat and mass transfer are also discussed.     

撞击流反应器用于甲醇合成反应

撞击流反应器用于气液固三相甲醇合成反应可以充分发挥其优良的传热、传质性能。在撞击流反应器内,催化剂浆料经喷嘴雾化后成微米尺度的液滴,气液相间接触面积远大于其他三相合成反应器。考察了温度、压力、气体流量、浆料循环量以及喷嘴个数对甲醇合成反应的影响,结果表明,当压力从3.8 MPa上升到5 MPa时,反应器的时空产率增长了近1倍,气体流量达22.4 L·min^-1后时空产率几乎不再变化,增加浆料循环量以及在同一循环量下采用多喷嘴对置都可以增加催化剂时空产率。同时,与固定床、搅拌釜和浆态鼓泡床甲醇合成进行了对比,结果表明,在低空速下撞击流反应器与其他反应器时空产率相当,而在高空速下要优于其他反应器。     

A new technique to determine rate constants for growth and agglomeration with size- and time-dependent nuclei formation

Fluidized bed spray agglomeration is a particle size enlargement process where particles stick together with the help of spraying binder. High impact forces between particles lead to attrition. Attrition may be modeled as poly-disperse nucleation. Furthermore, particulate event like over-spray leads to the formation of particles in a wide range of volume. A new technique for the determination of agglomeration, growth and nucleation parameters is presented in this work. The model is based on a previous approach which takes mono disperse nuclei formation in the smallest class into account. Frequently in crystallization processes, nucleation is assumed to be mono-disperse. The technique presented here incorporates nuclei formation in a certain range of volume. It is quite general and applicable to consider size- and time-dependent nuclei formation. For two particular cases of growth and agglomeration including size-dependent nuclei formation, simulation data was generated by continuous feeding of nuclei in a certain range to demonstrate the capability of parameter extraction of the model. Further, the new technique is applied to extract rate constants from experimental data measured during fluidized bed spray agglomeration. This technique is also useful for the prediction of bimodal behavior of particle size distributions (PSD).     

Fundamental Research on Drying Process in Institute of Engineering Thermophysics,CAS

Abstract

Some results of our fundamental research on drying processes are summed up in this article. It consists of three parts: (1) Multistage fluidized bed drying, including particle flowing characteristics, heat and mass transfer between particles and drying medium, drying characteristics of drying materials; (2) Impinging stream drying, the flowing and drying characteristics of a vertical impinging stream dryer, one-stage and multistage semi-circular impinging stream dryer and combined vertical and semi-circular impinging stream dryer are discussed; (3) The effects of rapid transient heat and mass transfer on drying processes, such as time and space scales for nonFourier or nonFickian and influence of extreme heat and mass transfer are also discussed.     

气体水合物蓄冷技术研究进展

综述了国内外制冷剂气体水合物蓄冷技术的研究进展。概括描述了制冷剂气体水合物的相平衡热力学、结晶动力学研究，介绍了水合物蓄冷系统及蓄／释冷过程的研究成果：相平衡研究水合物形成的压力、温度条件；动力学研究水合物的生成，包括添加剂和外场等的作用；蓄冷过程研究系统运行可靠性及优化控制。最后简要展望了今后的主要研究方向。     

Dynamic characteristics of the volatile cloudy zone in a gas–solid fluidized bed with hydrocarbon liquid spray

In a gas–solid fluidized bed with continuous hydrocarbon liquid spray, a volatile “cloudy zone” could be formed, defined as a dynamically steady liquid-affected zone, including droplets, wet particles, and the gas which passes through the zone. A new flow pattern with the dynamic coexistence of cloudy zone and non-cloudy zone (gas–solid zone), is accordingly established. The temperature, particle concentration, and particle velocity fields are measured in real-time via infrared thermography and particle imaging velocimetry, respectively. Results show that the area and range of central position of the cloudy zone illustrate a heavier fluctuant trend with the increasing velocity of liquid spray, and the main frequency of area fluctuation is close to that of the bubble rising. Moreover, the particle concentration and particle velocity in the cloudy zone are lower than those in the non-cloudy zone, breaking the conventional symmetrical distributions of hydrodynamic parameters of particles in a gas–solid fluidized bed.     

煤气化工艺技术的选择

介绍了常见煤气化技术及应用情况,包括固定床、流化床和气流床以及我国在水煤浆气化和干粉气化方面的最新成果,提出了科学选择煤气化工艺技术的建议。     

Forced bed mass oscillations in gas–solid fluidized beds

A second-order mechanical vibration model is proposed to explain the oscillation phenomena and pressure fluctuations in gas–solid fluidized beds. Experiments were conducted in a 0.1-m ID gas–solid fluidized bed driven by periodic gas pulses with the frequency varying from 0.2 to 10 Hz. Experimental results indicate that the proposed mechanical vibration model, which considers the pressure fluctuation as the results of the response of the fluidized bed to the external excitation forces related to the bubble behavior in the bed, can reasonably explain the pressure fluctuations of the gas–solid fluidized bed. The behavior of pressure fluctuations is correlated with characteristics of both the bed system and excitation forces.