支持公平服务的CICQ分层混合调度策略

为到达业务提供性能保障是衡量一个交换系统性能的重要参考.针对现有联合输入交叉点排队交换结构(CICQ)调度策略缺乏基于流的服务质量保障,探讨了在CICQ交换结构实施基于"流"调度的可能性,提出了一种能够为到达业务流的提供公平服务的分层混合调度策略(HSFS).HSFS采用分层的混合调度机制,每个输入、输出端口可独立地进行变长分组交换,其复杂度为O(1),具有良好可扩展特性.理论分析结果表明,HSFS无需加速便能为到达业务提供时延上限、速率和公平性保障.最后,基于SPES对HSFS的性能进行了评估.     

一种支持DiffServ模型的CICQ调度策略

结合大规模接入汇聚路由器需要对不同汇聚业务流进行不同的处理这一实际需求，基于CICQ交换结构，该文给出了一种支持DiffServ模型的调度策略(DS)，该算法以“节点行为”方式对业务流进行调度。和以往算法相比，DS采取了分布式的控制策略，并且具有较低的时间复杂度，工程上更易实现。仿真结果表明，DS不仅能够为EF和AF业务提供带宽保证，而且具有良好的时延性能。     

混合优化的CICQ交换结构调度算法

联合输入端和交叉点排队（CICQ）的Crossbar是一种性能优于传统结构的交换结构,对CICQ交换结构的特点进行了讨论并提出一种新的混合优化调度（HOPS）算法,算法在输入端调度时采取混合优化的策略,首先尽力保证系统的吞吐率性能,然后根据长队列优先的原则优化系统的时延性能。算法以轮询调度为基础,最多只在输入端进行一次比较操作,其算法复杂度仅为O(1),实现简单。通过流体模型证明该算法对满足强大数定律的许可输入流量能够达到100%的吞吐率性能。仿真结果进一步表明HOPS调度算法在各种流量模型下都能稳定运行,且具有良好的时延和吞吐率性能。     

一种支持DiffServ模型的全分布式调度算法

调度算法设计对于网络路由设备实现区分服务(DiffServ)模型的单跳行为(per hop behavior,简称PHB)至关重要.现有支持DiffServ模型的调度算法普遍基于输出排队(output queued,简称OQ)或是输入排队(input queued,简称IQ)交换结构进行设计,均无法在高速环境下提供高性能的调度.基于联合输入/交叉节点排队(combinedinput-crosspoint-queued,简称CICQ)交换结构提出一种支持DiffServ模型的全分布式调度算法DDSS (distributed DiffServ supporting scheduling),并通过理论分析对其公平性进行了验证.DDSS算法采用基于预约带宽的逐级流量控制机制实现所有预约带宽在快速转发(expedited forwarding,简称EF)业务与确保转发(assured forwarding,简称AF)业务之间的分配,采用优先级调度机制为EF业务提供低延迟服务,算法复杂度为O(log N).仿真结果表明,DDSS算法具有良好的时延性能和公平特性,与现有算法相比,能够更好地支持DiffServ模型.     

On the Integration of Unicast and Multicast Cell Scheduling in Buffered Crossbar Switches

Internet traffic is a mixture of unicast and multicast flows. Integrated schedulers capable of dealing with both traffic types have been designed mainly for Input Queued (IQ) buffer-less crossbar switches. Combined Input and crossbar queued (CICQ) switches, on the other hand, are known to have better performance than their buffer-less predecessors due to their potential in simplifying the scheduling and improving the switching performance. The design of integrated schedulers in CICQ switches has thus far been neglected. In this paper, we propose a novel CICQ architecture that supports both unicast and multicast traffic along with its appropriate scheduling. In particular, we propose an integrated round-robin-based scheduler that efficiently services both unicast and multicast traffic simultaneously. Our scheme, named multicast and unicast round robin scheduling (MURS), has been shown to outperform all existing schemes under various traffic patterns. Simulation results suggested that we can trade the size of the internal buffers for the number of input multicast queues. We further propose a hardware implementation of our algorithm for a 16 times 16 buffered crossbar switch. The implementation results suggest that MURS can run at 20 Gbps line rate and a clock cycle time of 2.8 ns, reaching an aggregate switching bandwidth of 320 Gbps.     

基于交叉点缓存状态的CICQ调度算法

针对现有的联合输入交叉点排队(CICQ)调度算法在设计时未充分利用交叉点缓存状态信息的问题,提出一种CICQ状态堆调度算法。该算法分布式地运行于CICQ结构的各个输入端口和输出端口。仿真结果表明,在均匀或非均匀流量模型下,基于该算法的CICQ结构都能获得与输出排队结构相当的性能,且具有较高的时延。     

在CICQ交换结构下实现分布式的输入排队DRR分组公平调度

传统的基于crossbar的输入排队交换结构在提供良好的QoS方面存在很大的不足,而CICQ(combined input and crosspoint buffered queuing)交换结构与传统的交换结构比,不但能在各种输入流下提供接近输出排队的吞吐率,而且能提供良好的QoS支持。基于CICQ结构,提出了在输入排队条件下实现基于流的分布式DRR分组公平调度算法的方案,并通过仿真验证了这一方案的有效性。     

CICQ交换的流控实现机制和交叉点缓存容量分析

传统的基于crossbar的输入排队交换结构在提供良好的QOS方面存在很大的不足，而CICQ（combined input and crosspoint buffered queuing）交换结构与传统的交换结构相比，不但能在各种输入流下提供接近输出排队的吞吐率，而且能提供良好的QoS支持。文章分析了CICQ结构的流控实现机制，讨论了基于信用的流控机制的开销和实现方案，对crosspoint缓存容鼍作了分析，给出了在各种存储器写入条件下，保持交换结构100％吞吐率所需的最小缓存容量。     

Bandwidth guaranteed multicast scheduling for virtual output queued packet switches

Multicast enables efficient data transmission from one source to multiple destinations, and has been playing an important role in Internet multimedia applications. Although several multicast scheduling schemes for packet switches have been proposed in the literature, they usually aim to achieve only short multicast latency and high throughput without considering bandwidth guarantees. However, fair bandwidth allocation is critical for the quality of service (QoS) of the network, and is necessary to support multicast applications requiring guaranteed performance services, such as online audio and video streaming. This paper addresses the issue of bandwidth guaranteed multicast scheduling on virtual output queued (VOQ) switches. We propose the Credit based Multicast Fair scheduling (CMF) algorithm, which aims at achieving not only short multicast latency but also fair bandwidth allocation. CMF uses a credit based strategy to guarantee the reserved bandwidth of an input port on each output port of the switch. It keeps track of the difference between the reserved bandwidth and actually received bandwidth, and minimizes the difference to ensure fairness. Moreover, in order to fully utilize the multicast capability provided by the switch, CMF lets a multicast packet simultaneously send transmission requests to multiple output ports. In this way, a multicast packet has more chances to be delivered to multiple destination output ports in the same time slot and thus to achieve short multicast latency. Extensive simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of CMF, and the results demonstrate that CMF achieves the two design goals: fair bandwidth allocation and short multicast latency.     

基于CICQ的动态重路由交换机制

针对现有路由交换机制存在计算复杂度过高以及端口争用问题,提出基于联合输入交叉节点排队交换结构的动态重路由交换机制。该机制依据互联网在路由拓扑层的路径多样化特点,在转发层为每个分组维护多个可选输出端口,并根据交换系统拥塞度实施分组动态重路由,从而实现网络流量的实时动态均衡。仿真结果表明,以该机制为构件的网络交换系统能获得良好的性能保障。     

卫星CICQ交换系统调度算法研究

联合输入交叉点排队(CICQ)交换结构由于在交叉点引入少量缓存,可以将输入端口和输出端口进行有效隔离,降低调度算法的复杂度,并适用于大容量交换。为此,研究基于交叉点缓存的各种调度算法和基于CICQ的交换结构,提出一种基于流量控制的FCSA算法,通过OPNET仿真分析表明该算法在均匀分布和突发业务源的情况下具有较好的时延性能,并且复杂度低,吞吐量大。将该算法应用于星载交换机,结果表明,该算法可以满足星载交换机多业务突发传输的特点,易于硬件实施。     

缓冲交叉开关交换结构多播调度算法研究

高性能核心交换设备多播调度受到越来越多的关注·交叉开关结构下的多播调度方案或者性能较差,或者过于复杂,难于应用在高速交换场合·为此,提出一种面向多播的多输入队列缓冲交叉开关体系结构·将多播调度分解为信元分派、输入调度、输出调度3个可分布式并行执行的子问题,并设计了相应的调度算法,降低了算法复杂性·实验结果表明,交叉点缓冲区容量与输入队列数量对多播性能都具有很大的影响·在突发流量到达下,与单多播输入队列的体系结构相比,无论是采用O(1)复杂度的HA-RR-RR还是复杂度更高的调度算法,均能显著提高系统吞吐性能·     

一种交叉点小缓存CICQ交换机高性能调度算法

CICQ（combined input crosspoint queued/queuing）结构具有内部无需提速及输入和输出的分组调度可以分布并行执行的优点,使用RR（round robin）算法在高性能交换机设计中具有独特优势.然而,CICQ交换机使用RR算法在非均匀流量下不能达到100%的吞吐率. RR-RR算法在非均匀流量下性能有两个关键因素组成：中央缓存容量大小和输入端长队列未能及时服务导致的服务损失.基于理论分析,提出了一种小缓存高性能调度算法,仿真结果表明,即使在1个信元缓存的情况下新算法在均匀与非均匀流量下均能达到100%吞吐率.新算法仅具有O（1）的复杂度,保持了RR-RR算法简单有效特性,同时克服了RR-RR算法在非均匀流量下的不稳定性.     

具有o(N2)复杂性的输入缓冲队列加权调度算法

Internet核心路由器多采用输入缓冲交换矩阵,研究输入缓冲队列的调度算法十分重要。加权调度算法具有较高的性能,但由于硬件实现困难,因此很少得到应用。提出了一种简单的加权高度算法L2QF,该算法采用串行轮询的思想,根据虚拟输出队列的长度依次为每个输入端口选择一个输出端口。L2QF算法具有LQF算法的性能,但复杂性仅为o(N^2)。由于L2QF是所有LQF算法中复杂性最低的算法,而且以叠代的方式的执行,因此易于硬件实现。     

基于双轮转指针的输入与交叉点联合排队型(CICQ)交换结构调度算法

CICQ交换结构因具有良好的分布式调度特性而成为构建太比特（Tb／s）级以上交换机的一种理想选择．轮转型调度算法因硬件实现的简单性而得到广泛的研究,尽管此类型的调度算法在均匀流量下具有较高的吞吐率,然而在非均匀的流量下其性能则明显下降．指出了已有轮转型算法在非均匀流量下性能下降的原因,提出了一类基于双指针的轮转型调度算法,即每个输入调度器均有两个轮转指针（主指针和辅助指针）．主指针对应的队列具有最高的调度优先级,算法可以根据各个队列的状态动态决定何时更新主指针。当主指针对应的队列被流控机制阻塞时,将根据辅助指针依次公平服务其他队列．实验结果表明,基于双指针的调度算法可以显著提高CICQ交换机在非均匀流量下的性能．     

Max-Min Fair Scheduling in Input-Queued Switches

Fairness in traffic management can improve the isolation between traffic streams, offer a more predictable performance, eliminate transient bottlenecks, mitigate the effect of certain kinds of denial-of-service attacks, and serve as a critical component of a quality-of-service strategy to achieve certain guaranteed services such as delay bounds and minimum bandwidths. In this paper, we choose a popular notion of fairness called max-min fairness and provide a rigorous definition in the context of input-queued switches. We show that being fair at the output ports alone or at the input ports alone or even at both input and output ports does not actually achieve an overall max-min fair allocation of bandwidth in a switch. Instead, we propose a new algorithm that can be readily implemented in a distributed fashion at the input and output ports to determine the exact max-min fair rate allocations for the flows through the switch. In addition to proving the correctness of the algorithm, we propose a practical scheduling strategy based on our algorithm. We present simulation results, using both real traffic traces and synthetic traffic, to evaluate the fairness of a variety of popular scheduling algorithms for input-queued switches. The results show that our scheduling strategy achieves better fairness than other known algorithms for input-queued switches and, in addition, achieves throughput performance very close to that of the best schedulers.     

在CICQ交换结构下PGPS调度算法的实现

基于CICQ结构提出了在输入排队结构下实现基于流的PGPS分组公平调度算法的方案,该结构在可管理的输入流下可提供接近100％的吞吐率。     

一种简单的平滑公平轮转调度算法

根据通用处理器共享的公平排队思想,针对数据包或信元交换,提出了一种将数据流的预订速率作为时隙分配的权值来构建动态调度树的公平轮转调度算法。其主要思路是:当有新数据流到达时,将各数据流按其权值均匀分布到完全二叉树的叶子节点上,在每个时隙开始时轮转调度算法负责从叶子节点中依次取出数据流号,发送该数据流的信元,调度复杂度为O(1)。与其他经典的公平调度算法引比,所提出的公平轮转调度算法实现简单。理论分析和仿真结果都表明,这种简单的平滑公平轮转调度算法(SSFRR)具有良好的公平性,对源端为漏桶控制的数据流能够提供端到端的有界时延,且能够提供基于数据流的QoS保证。     

A fair scheduling discipline for Ethernet passive optical networks

We propose a novel policy for scheduling upstream flows in Ethernet passive optical networks. This policy, called proportional sharing with load reservation (PSLR), provides bandwidth guarantees on a per-flow basis and redistributes the unused bandwidth among active flows in proportion to their priority level. We establish convergence conditions for the PSLR policy and show that it provides a fair service distribution among the flows. Moreover, we establish bounds for the backlog and delay on a per-flow basis, thus enabling a network to provide its users with absolute performance guarantees.     

基于多FIFO输入队列交换结构的迭代匹配算法性能分析与比较

对于输入端口具有单FIFO（先入先出）队列的输入缓冲交换机（如ATM）,影响交换吞吐率的主要因素是信头阻塞（HOL）。文章给出了输入端口具有多FIFOl队列的信元交换机结构,阐述了PIM、iSLIP、iLRU、iLQF等多种迭代匹配算法,并对它们的性能进行了分析和比较。