全极化SAR极化特征谱应用研究

在分析特征值分解结果,全部散射机制组合和极化特征谱性质的基础上,提出基于3个特征谱参数的假彩色合成方法,可以更加有效直观地反映地物散射特征,再对散射熵、散射角、反熵和4个极化特征谱参数进行特征选择分析,给出最佳的多维特征向量选择方案,从而实现传统遥感图像分类器如同ISODATA算法对极化SAR图像的分类。实验选择了一景Radarsat\|2标准全极化SAR数据,包含典型的城市、植被和水体三大类地物,实验结果表明:极化特征谱假彩色合成充分反映了各地物散射特征,特征谱和散射角组成了最佳特征向量,非监督分类结果表明:该方法克服了城市与植被在H\|Alpha平面上分布界限模糊的问题,分类精度高于H\|Alpha平面非监督分类,与Wishart-H-Alpha-A分类方法相当。     

基于物理散射模型的全极化SAR图像增强滤波算法

针对传统的极化SAR滤波方法图像中城镇区域和植被区域地物在滤波中易被混淆, 导致滤波后图像中地物边缘保持效果下降的问题, 提出了一种增强的保持极化散射特性的滤波算法。利用一种增强的四分量极化分解方法获取更加精确的地物散射机制, 并将散射机制信息引入滤波方法中, 使滤波算法中像素的散射机制更精确。增强的四分量极化分解方法引入了极化SAR数据的定向角补偿技术、一种新的体散射模型以及两种散射功率限制条件, 来改进Freeman-Durden分解的结果。理论分析和实验结果表明, 改进后的方法获取了比传统的极化SAR图像滤波算法更加理想的计算结果。     

基于特征值分解的全极化SAR遥感数据分类研究

应用极化目标特征值分解理论,研究了全极化合成孔径雷达图像的精细分类问题,在H-α-Wishart分类基础上引入平均散射功率,并根据不同地物的散射功率强度信息,给出了一种简单的阈值分割方法,最后利用鄱阳湖地区的Radarsat-2全极化数据进行了实验和分析,结果发现引入平均散射功率信息后的分类类别更多、精度更好。     

基于目标分解理论的全极化SAR图像神经网络分类方法

由于全极化合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar)能够测量每一观测目标的全散射矩阵，即可合成包括线性极化、圆极化及椭圆极化在内的多种极化图像，因此与常规的单极化和多极化SAR相比，在雷达目标探测、识别，纹理特征和几何参数的提取等方面，全极化SAR均具有很多优点，但是由于地物分布的复杂性往往造成不同地物具有相似的后向散射信号特征，因而加大了地物信息提取的难度。同时由于这些极化合成图像具有较高的相关性，从而导致了图像分类精度的降低。为了提高全极化SAR图像的分类精度，基于新疆和田地区的SIR-CL波段全极化雷达数据，利用目标分解理论首先将地物回波的复杂散射过程分解为几种互不相关的单一的散射分量。由于这些单一的散射分量都对应于具有不同物理和几何特征以及分布特征的地物，从而提供了更加丰富的地表覆盖信息，这样就很大程度地改善了地物信息的分类精度；然后利用分解后单一散射分量数据结合传统的极化合成数据，可以得到更多的互不相关的数据源，再使用神经网络分类法对这些数据进行分类。分类结果表明，这种方法大幅度提高了全极化SAR数据用于实验区土地覆盖分类的精度。这种分类方法也可以广泛地用于SAR数据地表覆盖和土地利用动态监测和地表参数的提取。     

面向极化目标分解的特征参数研究

为有效的解决极化特征分解中平均阿尔法角参数和熵参数的估计量偏低的问题,引入了加权平均函数、香农强度熵和极化度熵这3个参数,来描述地物散射回波的散射机制和散射随机性.给出了相干矩阵数据特征分解算法的实现流程,对AIRSAR数据集中的样本图像进行了定性的、定量的实验.实验结果表明,在不改变采样数量的前提下,新的参数值得到了提升.将新的参数应用于有监督威沙特距离分类,并通过蒙特卡罗仿真器验证了新的参数能够提高分类精度.     

极化SAR图像Pauli-Wishart非监督分类算法

针对全极化SAR影像经典非监督分类方法中H/α初始划分适应性有限及武断僵硬的问题,结合极化总功率提出一种结合Pauli分解与Wishart距离的极化SAR影像非监督分类方法。利用极化总功率Span对数据进行基于散射强度的初始划分;结合初分类结果与Pauli分解得到的HH,HV,VV 3个波段进行迭代分类;基于Wishart距离进行聚类得到分类结果。实验采用NASA-JPL实验室的2组L波段全极化SAR数据验证了基于Pauli基迭代改进分类方法的有效性,分类结果与传统的H/α-Wishart分类方法对比,分类精度和合理性都有提高。     

基于RadarSat-2全极化数据的水稻识别

极化信息是雷达数据的独特优势,为雷达遥感应用研究开辟了新的途径。极化分解是一种新型的极化数据处理方法,它从数学物理的角度分析目标的散射机制。基于RadarSat\|2全极化数据,以贵州高原丘陵为试验区,研究水稻的极化响应特征及其时域变化规律,根据极化分解理论分析水稻及典型地物的散射机制及其差异,并根据水稻散射机制的特点提取水稻信息。     

基于多层支持向量机的极化合成孔径雷达特征分析与分类

为了充分利用极化合成孔径雷达（SAR）图像不同极化特征对不同地物目标类型的刻画能力,提出一种基于多层支持向量机（SVM）的极化SAR特征分析与分类方法。该方法首先通过特征分析确定适合不同地物类型的最佳特征子集;然后采用分层分类树的方式,根据每一种地物类型的特征子集逐层进行SVM分类;最终得到整体分类结果。RadarSAT-2极化SAR图像分类实验结果表明所提方法水域、耕地、林地、城区4类地物分类精度为85%左右,总体分类精度达到86%。该算法充分利用了不同地物目标类型的特性,提高了分类精度,也降低了算法时间复杂度。     

一种新的简缩极化SAR图像H/α特征空间

现有简缩极化(Compact Polarimetry)SAR图像H/α经验特征空间存在两个问题:一是没有考虑简缩极化模式下的散射熵普遍高于全极化模式;二是在散射机制重叠区域,简缩极化H/α空间的分类能力较弱,尤其是多次散射。针对以上问题首先定量分析了DCP模式简缩极化SAR的散射角与全极化SAR数据散射角之间的关系,且在对7组不同传感器的SAR数据分析的基础上,提出了散射熵的替代参数ED,基于Monte Carlo模拟实验得到了H/α分解的各参数(熵H、平均散射角α和替代参数ED)分解的稳态条件;然后通过统计各散射机制在ED/α分布的密度空间,提出了一种新的简缩极化SAR图像ED/α特征空间。实验结果表明:替代参数ED与全极化熵具有良好相关性,而且ED/α特征空间提高了散射机制分类的精度。     

基于对象的合成孔径雷达影像极化分解方法

面向对象方法已成为全极化合成孔径雷达（SAR）影像处理的常用方法,但是极化分解仍以组成对象的像素为计算单元,针对以像素为单位的极化分解效率低的问题,提出一种面向对象的极化分解方法。通过散射相似性系数加权迭代,获得对象的极化表征矩阵并对其收敛性进行了分析,以对象极化表征矩阵的极化分解代替对象区域内所有像素的分解,提高极化特征获取效率。在此基础上,综合影像对象空间特征,并通过特征选择与支持向量机(SVM)分类进行分析和评价。通过AIRSAR Flevoland影像数据实验表明,面向对象的分解方法能够减少对象极化特征提取的时间,同时提高地物目标的分类精度。相对于监督Wishart方法,提出方法的总体精度和Kappa值分别提高了17%和20%。     

Analysis of different polarimetric target decomposition methods in forest density classification using C band SAR data

The ability of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) C-band microwave energy to penetrate within forest vegetation makes it possible to extract information on crown components, which in turn gives a better approximation of relative canopy density than optical data-derived canopy density. Many studies have been reported to estimate forest biomass from SAR data, but the scope of C-band SAR in characterizing forest canopy density has not been adequately understood with polarimetric techniques. Polarimetric classification is one of the most significant applications of polarimetric SAR in remote sensing. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of different polarimetric SAR data decomposition methods in forest canopy density classification using C-band SAR data. Landsat (Land Satellite) 5 TM (Thematic Mapper) data of the same area has been used as optical data to compare the classification result. RADARSAT (Radar Satellite)-2 image with fine quad-pol obtained on 27 October 2011 over tropical dry forests of Madhav National Park, India, was used for the analysis of full polarimetric data. Six decomposition methods were selected based on incoherent decomposition for generating input images for classification, i.e. Huynen, Freeman and Durden, Yamaguchi, Cloude, Van zyl, and H/A/α. The performance of each decomposition output in relation to each land cover unit present in the study area was assessed using a support vector machine (SVM) classifier. Results show that Yamaguchi 4-component decomposition (overall accuracy 87.66% and kappa coefficient (κ) 0.86) gives better classification results, followed by Van Zyl decomposition (overall accuracy 87.20% and κ 0.85) and Freeman and Durden (overall accuracy 86.79% and κ 0.85) in forest canopy density classification. Both model-based decompositions (Freeman and Durden and Yamaguchi4) registered good classification accuracy. In eigenvector or eigenvalue decompositions, Van zyl registered the second highest accuracy among different decompositions. The experimental results obtained with polarimetric C-band SAR data over a tropical dry deciduous forest area imply that SAR data have significant potential for estimating canopy density in operational forestry. A better forest density classification result can be achieved within the forest mask (without other land cover classes). The limitations associated with optical data such as non-availability of cloud-free data and misclassification because of gregarious occurrence of bushy vegetation such as Lantana can be overcome by using C-band SAR data.     

Mapping of flooded vegetation by means of polarimetric Sentinel-1 and ALOS-2/PALSAR-2 imagery

This article presents for the first time the combination of dual-polarimetric C-band Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data and quad-polarimetric L-band ALOS-2/PALSAR-2 imagery for mapping of flooded areas with a special focus on flooded vegetation. L-band SAR data is well suited for mapping of flooded vegetation, while C-band enables an accurate extraction open water areas. Polarimetric decomposition-based unsupervised Wishart classification is combined with object-based post-classification refinement and the integration of spatial contextual information and global auxiliary data. In eight different scenarios, focusing on single datasets or fusion of classification results of several ones, respectively, different polarimetric decomposition and classification principles, including the entropy/anisotropy/alpha and the Freeman–Durden–Wishart classification, were investigated. The helix scattering component of the Yamaguchi decomposition, derived from ALOS-2 imagery, showed high suitability to refine the Sentinel-1-based detection of flooded vegetation. A test site at the Evros River (Greek/Turkish border region) was chosen, which was affected by a flooding event that occurred in spring 2015. The validation was based on high spatial resolution optical WorldView-2 imagery acquired with short temporal delay to the SAR data.     

结合编码-解码网络和条件随机场的全极化合成孔径雷达土地覆盖分类

针对多极化合成孔径雷达影像地物分类特征表征性较弱及全卷积网络分类精度较低的问题,文中提出结合编码-解码网络(E-D-Net)和条件随机场(CRF)的全极化合成孔径雷达(SAR)土地覆盖分类算法.首先,利用Freeman分解和Pauli分解建模全极化SAR影像,提取各分解对应的散射特征.再借鉴语义分割网络模型的建模思想和多尺度卷积单元构建对称网络模型,将多尺度非对称卷积单元嵌入中层,设计E-D-Net网络模型.通过E-D-Net网络模型对PolSAR影像Freeman分解散射特征进行多层自主学习,获得初始分类结果.最后,利用全连接CRF结合Pauli相干分解伪彩色图信息,对初始分类结果再进行降噪和平滑优化,得到最终分类结果.在两地区PolSAR影像上的实验验证文中算法的有效性和可行性.     

基于SVM的POL-SAR图像分类研究

提出了一种将物理散射机理、纹理信息和SVM结合起来用于POL-SAR图像分类的方法。实验数据选取德国Oberpfaffenhofen实验区域（DE）的DLR ESAR L波段全极化数据,实验区域包括自然植被,如森林、田地和人造目标如建筑、机场跑道等。首先利用OEC分解得到了散射特征,然后提取HH和HV通道图像的纹理特征,并用SVM进行特征选择及分类。然后在上述特征中加入Freeman分解的散射特征重复试验,取得了较好的结果。试验证明了将散射特征和纹理特征结合起来对地物进行分类是有效的,同时也证明了用SVM进行特征选择的有效性。     

A novel measure of target scattering randomness with application to polarimetric SAR image classification

A novel measure of target scattering randomness, called the average degree of randomness (ADoR), is introduced in this article. The proposed parameter ADoR is based on the degrees of polarization of the scattered waves using orthogonally polarized incident waves. Combining the ADoR and the Freeman decomposition, which is applied to discriminate the dominant scattering mechanism of the target, a new scheme for unsupervised classification of polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) images is designed. Considering that the preset intervals of the randomness measure may not fit the data distribution, an iterative classification method is developed. The effectiveness of the randomness measure and the proposed methods is demonstrated using a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) AIRborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (AIRSAR) PolSAR image.     

Multi-chromatic analysis polarimetric interferometric synthetic aperture radar (MCA-PolInSAR) for urban classification

One of the problems of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) polarimetric decomposition, is that oriented urban areas and vegetation signatures are decomposed into the same volume scattering mechanism. Such indetermination makes it difficult to distinguish vegetation from the oblique urban areas with respect to the radar illumination direction within the volume scattering mechanism. This event occurs because oriented targets exhibit similar polarimetric responses. This paper presents an improvement of the PolSAR decomposition scheme which permits the performing of more accurate classification. The method uses the information existing form the interference generated between two Doppler sub-aperture SAR images. This interferometric polarimetric SAR (PolInSAR) multi-chromatic analysis (MCA-PolInSAR) signal processing method permits the efficient separation of oriented buildings from vegetation yielding considerably improved results in which oriented urban areas are recognized, from volume scattering, as double-bounce objects. Results also show a considerable improvement in the robustness of classification and also in terms of definition and precision.     

Full-polarimetric SAR measurements for coastline extraction and coastal area classification

In this study, full-polarimetric synthetic aperture radar measurements are used for coastline extraction and to provide a rough classification of the inland area close to the extracted coastline according to the dominant scattering mechanisms. Scattering-based parameters, derived from the Freeman–Durden (FD) decomposition, are exploited to both extract the coastline and classify the inland area. With respect to coastline extraction, a challenging scenario that includes sandy beaches is considered and experimental results demonstrate that the FD surface component provides the best performance in terms of accuracy in detecting the sandy beach. With respect to the inland area classification, FD components are shown to provide useful information on the dominant scattering mechanisms that characterize the imaged area. This information, together with the extracted coastline, can be used to generate risk maps that help coastal area management.