浅谈工程爆破中炸药的选择

工程爆破的条件复杂多样,不同品种炸药都有它特定的用途.本文就炸药、岩石的性能,炸药在炮孔中的爆破及其作用等方面,阐述了工程爆破中选择炸药的方法.     

炸药爆速对中深孔爆破效果的影响研究

爆破作为采矿作业的源头工序,其效果好坏直接决定后续的采矿效率和成本,而炸药爆速是影响爆破效果的重要指标之一,因此探索炸药爆速对中深孔爆破效果的影响具有重要的意义。借助ANSYS/LSDYNA爆破分析软件构建中深孔爆破的数值分析模型,采用控制变量法分析炸药爆速对中深孔爆破效果的影响,并从中深孔爆破裂隙效果图以及监测点的应力和剪切应力历程曲线图进行对比分析,得到不同炸药爆速对中深孔爆破的影响规律。研究结果表明:中深孔的爆破效果与炸药爆速密切相关,随炸药爆速的增大,岩体裂隙生成的范围相应加长、加密,岩体更易破碎。     

不耦合装药结构在大平掌铜矿的应用

炸药单耗和爆破块度是露天矿山爆破的两个重要技术指标。本文通过对玉溪矿业公司大平掌铜矿V2矿石的不耦合装药爆破技术的试验和研究,证明:不耦合装药爆破相比连续装药爆破,提高了矿石的破碎效果,降低了炸药单耗,减少了炸药等爆破器材的使用量,降低了爆破成本,对矿山企业降本增效有重要的意义。     

关于提高爆炸能量利用率的探讨

从理论上探讨炸药爆炸时能量分布规律, 从实践上探索合理的爆破能破坏岩石的最大作用范围;依据不同的矿岩性质、起爆方式、装药结构、爆破参数、炸药性能与矿岩性质相匹配等,对炸药能量利用率的影响,探讨了如何减少爆破无用功的产生并提高爆炸能量利用率。     

提高炸药能量利用率及降低炸药消耗的途径

简述了矿山采掘爆破过程中，提高炸药能量利用率的途径，改善爆破条件，提高爆破效率，降低炸药消耗，增加企业经济效益的方法。     

谈井下矿山二次破碎裸露爆破方法

井下矿山二次破碎裸露爆破可采用聚能药包和水封聚能药包破碎大块，聚能药包能改变药柱某个方向的猛度，提高炸药能量利用率，水封爆破利用了炸药的猛度和一部分爆力作用，从而有效地利用了炸药本身的能量，降低了爆破危害。     

爆破工作中毒气的防止办法

目前很多矿山仍在继续使用着胶质炸药,(硝化甘油炸药)。他们错误地认为硝铵炸药爆力小、猛力低、消耗量大;同时顾虑到这种炸药爆炸後会生成各种有毒气体,因而拒绝使用。事实上,胶质炸药是一种性能非常猛烈的炸药,使用时稍一不慎,便容易发生爆破事故。过去矿山生产中所发生的爆破伤亡事故,很多是使用胶质炸药的结果。苏联专家也曾一再地向我们建议过改用硝铵炸药进行爆破。这一情况亟应引起各矿领导上以及爆破工作人员的重视。本期发表了苏联采矿专家库克林同志应本刊的请求,在百忙中写出的一篇论文,文中详细地叙述了爆破工作中各种毒气(一氧化碳、氧化氮、硫化氢和二氧化硫)的性质及其防止办法。我们除了对专家表示敬谢之忱而外,希望各矿有关部门认真研究,采取必要措施,贯澈专家建议,使用硝铵炸药进行爆破,进一步为改善工人健康条件、安全地进行爆破工作而努力。另外本期发表的“关於硝铵炸药的基本性质与应用方法”和“机械通风工作经验介绍”两文在安全生产方面都具有参考价值,希望各矿读者注意阅读。     

关于硝铵炸药的基本性质与应用方法

目前有色金属矿山大部分采矿厂均未普遍使用硝铵炸药进行爆破,而沿用具有很大危险的胶质炸药(硝化甘油炸药),因而不断发生爆破伤亡事故。如第一稀有金属矿因为采用胶质炸药,今年一月至二月止已发生二件爆破死亡事故;但是这些情况尚未引起采矿厂领导上及爆破人员的重视。过去苏联采矿专家库克林同志虽然再三建议各采矿厂改用硝铵炸药,但至今仍未能很好执行,其原因不外认为硝铵炸药爆力小、猛力低,因而消耗率大,并且用起来不如胶质炸药省劲、好使等等。但是这些想法都是不够正确的,既没有对硝铵炸药的性质进行深刻的研究,也没有从硝铵炸药的使用技术上进行钻研,加以改进,就片面地认为硝铵炸药不如胶质炸药,不顾爆破工作的安全性,拒绝使用硝铵炸药。     

采矿工程中爆破技术的进展

凿岩爆破工作是采矿工程中的一项重要内容,爆破技术的改进有利于提高矿石和岩石的开采效率.本文对等离子体爆破技术、激光和光纤起爆系统、低引燃性炸药、定向爆破炸药、电子雷管以及凿岩—劈裂技术分别作了概括性介绍.这些爆破技术在我国的黄金矿山有一定的推广应用价值.     

新华钼业北山矿成功完成905壁与1018西壁大爆破

新华钼业北山矿日前成功完成了905壁与1018西壁中深孔爆破。此次爆破消耗炸药13 t,其中905矿壁消耗炸药9 t,爆破钼矿石35000 t;1018西壁消耗炸药4 t,爆破铁矿石23000 t。此次中深孔爆破,是北山矿组织的2013年第一次大爆破,也是该矿第二次对两个矿块进行联合爆破作业。     

爆炸法消除超厚板焊接残余应力的工艺研究

研究了炸药性能、药条尺寸、布药方式以及引爆方式对消除超厚钢板焊接残余应力效果的影响。在此基础上，提出了优化的工艺方案，为爆炸法消除焊接残余应力技术应用到大型或特大型焊接结构上提供了依据。     

柱状装药结构起爆药位置的设置对提高爆破质量的重要性

柱状装药结构具有各类爆破的共性,起爆药在孔中的位置决定炸药爆轰的利用率、爆破效果及成本的高低,说明孔底起爆优于其它方式。     

基于LS-DYNA的井下中深孔爆破地表震动强度模拟分析

为了研究微差爆破最大段药量和总药量对爆破震动的影响程度,在对某铀矿井下生产爆破进行爆破震动现场测试的基础上,采用LS-DYNA有限元软件分别以最大段药量和总药量作为集中药包进行数值模拟。分析结果表明,震动强度测试值介于最大段药量和总药量数值模拟值之间,最大段药量虽是影响微差爆破震动强度的重要因素,但非决定性因素,微差爆破震动强度与总药量有密切关系;井下生产爆破地表三维震动强度值中,水平径向值相对较小。     

THE COMPACTING OF METAL POWDERS BY EXPLOSIVES

Abstract

The paper describes a technique developed for compacting metal powders by the use of detonating explosives under controlled conditions. Aluminium, iron, copper, and steel powders were originally compacted by this means into solid cylinders. Graphite and other non-metal powders have recently been compacted, and modifications have been introduced whereby annular cylinders may be formed. This novel technique may find application in cases where existing mechanical methods of powder compacting are not adequate.     

Modeling Effects of Chemical Explosives for Excavation on Moon

Twelve model tests of chemical explosives (1 g and 0.25 g) of PETN were conducted at 1 g (? = ?6?g [moon]) and 10 g (? = ?60?g [moon]) using the geotechnical centrifuge to determine the effect of chemical explosives on cratering and loosening a compacted lunar simulant prior to excavation. Even small depths of burial of the explosives were found to increase markedly the volume and lip of resulting apparent craters; optimum depths of burial were not pinpointed. Volumes of craters from PETN charges of different weights but equal depths of burial, were related as V? = ?kW084 when charges were fully buried, but not for surface tangent charges. Tests conducted at 1 g and 10 g showed no detectable difference in crater volumes for the depths of burial tested. Constraints to extrapolating the research to the lunar surface (using simulant rather than actual lunar soil; working in earth′s atmosphere rather than in a vacuum; and working at greater than 1 g [moon]) are acknowledged.     

Evaluation of Chemical Treatments for a Mixed Contaminant Soil

Treatability tests were conducted on soil from the reservoir No. 2 burning ground at the former Plum Brook Ordnance Works in Sandusky, Ohio. This soil is contaminated with explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotolune (TNT) and 2,4/2,6-dinitrotoluene (DNT), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB, Aroclor 1260), as well as lead. Lime treatment (alkaline hydrolysis) and persulfate oxidation were tested individually and in combination to treat explosives and PCBs. Lime treatment removed 98% of TNT, 75% of DNT, and 80% of PCBs. Similar removal levels were found for persulfate treatment as well as lime followed by persulfate. The percentage of contaminant removal was found to be independent of initial contaminant concentrations. Treatments of the most contaminated soil did not meet the preliminary remediation goals for explosives or PCBs but would allow for disposal in a nonhazardous waste landfill. Treatment of soil with lower initial concentrations easily met the residential (most stringent) preliminary remediation goals of 16, 61, and 0.22?mg?kg?1 for TNT, 2,6-DNT, and PCB (Aroclor 1260), respectively. Neither alkaline hydrolysis nor persulfate oxidation transferred more than 0.02% of the lead from the soil into the reaction waters. Lead was successfully stabilized via phosphate addition.     

施工方案技术改进在某金矿深孔爆破成井中的应用

深孔爆破施工方法是切割天井快速成井的有效途径,但钻孔偏差是制约深孔爆破成井成功的重要因素。通过对山东某金矿680中段一采场切割天井钻孔偏差及其现场存在的问题进行分析,在原设计方案的基础上对施工方案进行改进。首先提出以炮孔补偿系数、破碎角和自由面系数这3个参数确定补孔位置及炮孔起爆顺序,解决了钻孔偏差问题;其次采用分次爆破和不同爆炸猛度的炸药解决了装药困难及雷管段别不足的问题。第一次爆破采用卷状乳化炸药进行人工装药,炸药猛度高,但装药效率低;第二次爆破采用特制的改性粒状铵油炸药进行机械装药,极大地提高了装药效率,而且爆破产生的有毒有害气体较少。最终作业现场取得良好的爆破效果,证实改进的施工技术方案切实可行,对类似工程具有一定的指导价值。     

Use of Explosives on The Moon

The utilization of explosives for excavation on the lunar surface is under serious consideration as a part of the design for construction of temporary and permanent bases. An excavation research program has shown that small‐scale explosives blasting in a lunar‐soil simulant will greatly reduce the digging forces required for scoop and dragline excavators. Some crater‐blasting parameters were determined for the lunar soil simulant at one Earth gravity and at 10 Earth gravities using a centrifuge. The size of the craters produced at 10 Earth gs matched those formed at one earth g by scaling according to the weight of the explosive. These data can be applied to explosive‐excavation problems such as habitat construction, burial of nuclear power sources, and the rapid construction of shelters remote from the main base to shield against solar‐flare activity.