高压气瓶母材、焊缝和热影响区的疲劳裂纹扩展速率实验研究

通过高压气瓶母材、焊缝和热影响区的疲劳裂纹扩展实验 ,研究了高压气瓶的断裂薄弱环节以及薄弱环节的疲劳裂纹扩展速率 ,并用蒙特卡罗法模拟疲劳裂纹扩展速率的分散性 ,给出了疲劳裂纹扩展速率及其分布区间。     

影响16Mn热轧钢板延性断裂韧度JIc的因素

初步探讨正火热处理和应变循环加载对16Mn延性断裂韧度JIc的影响.实验结果表明,16Mn热轧钢板正火后延性断裂韧度JIc大约是正火前3倍左右,应变循环加载对钢材的延性断裂韧度JIc的影响是很明显的,钢材单调拉伸0.3%应变后,延性断裂韧度JIc均比未经单调拉伸0.3%应变时降低了11%.控制±0.3%全应变的循环加载500周后,延性断裂韧度JIc比未经单调拉伸0.3%应变时钢的延性断裂韧度JIc提高了15%,产生相反的差异的原因还有待于进一步的研究.     

球墨铸铁断裂韧度测试技术研究进展

断裂韧度是材料重要的抗断指标.总结了平面应变断裂韧度、弹塑性断裂韧度、裂纹尖端张开位移和动态断裂韧度测试技术的研究概况及在球墨铸铁材料上的应用,介绍了温度、显微组织、试样尺寸对球墨铸铁断裂韧度的影响规律,探讨了球墨铸铁断裂韧度试样中的裂纹长度测试问题,介绍了基于J-Q(J积分-三轴性应力因子)理论的球墨铸铁断裂韧度测试方法;认为基于J-Q理论的多参数断裂韧度测试是未来研究的重点,并且若要使断裂韧度真正用于工程安全评定,必须在测试时综合考虑实际服役时的加载模式及环境.     

材料断裂韧度测试中的厚度效应

在以往的材料断裂韧度测试中，只考虑了对平面应变状态下试件厚度的限制（Ｂ≥２．５（ＫＩＣ／σＳ）２）；而对于非平面应变状态下材料断裂韧度测试中均没有考虑试件厚度的限制。本文从与厚度效应密切相关的应力三轴约束入手，导出了与应力三轴约束ＴＺ相关的裂纹扩展能量释效率Ｇ的表达式，进而得出了相应的测试材料断裂韧度的修正Ｒ曲线法。最后结合３０ＣｒＭｎＳｉＮｉ２Ａ钢断裂韧度的实测结果校验了理论分析结果。     

预应变对管线钢低温断裂韧度影响研究

油气管线无论是在安装还是在服役过程中,都会不可避免地产生大塑性应变(即预应变).为了研究预应变对材料力学性能和断裂韧度的影响,对X80管线钢原材料和塑性变形材料分别进行不同温度下的拉伸试验和断裂韧度试验,并对试样断口形貌进行分析.试验结果表明,温度对管线钢的断裂韧度具有显著作用,钢材的断裂韧度随着温度的降低显著减小,断裂方式也由延性断裂转变为脆性断裂;拉伸预应变因工作硬化提高了钢材的屈服强度与抗拉强度,而压缩预应变因包申格效应降低了钢材的屈服强度与抗拉强度,但两者都降低了钢材的塑性及断裂韧度,进一步增加脆性断裂发生的概率.因此,在管道设计、选材、安全分析及评定时,应充分考虑温度和预应变对管线钢断裂行为的影响.     

一种利用双悬臂梁试样确定断裂韧度K_(IC)的测试方法

对Kanninen给出的双悬臂梁试样(DCB)的应力强度因子K和加载点位移△的半解析解做了分析简化,提出一种利用DCB试样确定断裂韧度K_(IC)的测试方法,并采用40Cr和38NiCrMo4两种钢材5种状态的实测结果进行了验证。结果表明,该方法简便易行、结果可靠,特别适用于研究板材或管材的纵裂纹问题。其特点是可以由单一试样测得材料平面应变断裂韧度K_(IC)及其可信度,或非平面应变状态下特定厚度板材的K_R阻力曲线。另外该方法也避免了采用条件临界载荷。     

基于ABAQUS的高压气瓶应力场数值模拟

本文通过对某型号高压气瓶应力场进行ABAQUS数值模拟，得出其表面结构薄弱点及应力分布规律，并与试验结果进行对比，误差为2.66%。结果表明，该型号高压气瓶应力分布由焊接端向中间呈递减趋势，在焊缝位置处应力达到最大值。并经试验验证，误差较小，对军用气瓶的结构优化设计具有重要参考意义，可极大地提高产品的研制效率与成功率。     

陶瓷材料断裂韧度的非局部理论研究

利用非局部弹性理论和最大拉应力准则，推导了陶瓷材料Ⅰ，Ⅱ型裂纹平面应为断裂韧度的理论计算公式，公式与裂纹几何无关，仅与材料参数有关。通过实验得出，断裂韧度的理论值是测试值的下限。     

低碳合金钢及焊接接头断裂韧度的温度效应

利用Hopkinson压杆装置对某低碳合金钢及焊接接头不同温度下动态断裂韧度进行了测试,给出了试验温度控制方程,分析了温度对断裂韧度的影响.结果表明:在应力波加载(K≈106 MPa·m1/2/s)条件下,母材和焊缝断裂韧度降低;但是同一温度下母材的断裂韧度高于焊缝,原因主要是组织状态对应变速率敏感性不同;同时在分析该钢母材和焊缝断裂韧度温度效应的基础上,建立了应力波加载下母材和焊缝的断裂特征分析图,给出了温度、板厚和断裂韧度之间的关系.     

混凝土K判据及K_(ⅠC)计算公式的探讨

根据已有的断裂实验测试资料和计算结果 ,对比按经典断裂韧度计算式计算的断裂韧度KⅠC和双K断裂准则中的起裂韧度KiniⅠC和失稳韧度KunⅠC,并计算按经典断裂韧度计算式用临界有效裂缝长度代替预制裂缝长度时的KⅠC值 ,认为工程中通常采用的按经典公式算得的KⅠC并不能全面体现混凝土开裂的真实情况。提出工程中宜采用双K断裂准则 ,并综合考虑安全因数进行设计。由于混凝土断裂试验中CMOD较难准确测定 ,提出通过Δ与CMOD的换算 ,以Δc 代替CMODc 计算临界有效裂缝长度ac,从而降低了实验难度。文中还对双K断裂准则中粘聚力的假定分布进行探讨     

多边形铁素体的体积分数和大小对管线钢落锤撕裂性能的影响

在天然气管线脆性断裂止裂的研究中,由于落锤撕裂试验(Drop weight tear test,DWTT)采用了全板厚试样,其试验状态接近管道在实际情况下的应力应变状态,能充分显示管材断裂的真实状况及其止裂能力,所以,DWTT已经成为评价管线钢脆性断裂止裂能力的重要方法,并以试样的断口纤维率(Shear-areapercentage,SA)大小作为衡量标准.在不同的工业生产条件下轧制X70管线钢,并对它们进行落锤撕裂试验、疲劳试验、拉伸试验及冲击试验,探讨X70管线钢显微组织中多边形铁素体体积分数和大小对DWTT断口纤维率的影响.研究结果表明,当多边形铁素体作为第二相存在时,断口纤维率随着多边形铁素体体积分数的增加呈现出先上升后下降的特点;当多边形铁素体作为主要基体组织存在时,断口纤维率主要受多边形铁素体晶粒大小的影响,并且晶粒越细断口纤维率越高.     

Comparison of Modified Mohr-Coulomb Model and Bai-Wierzbicki Model for Constructing 3D Ductile Fracture Envelope of AA6063

Ductile fracture of metal often occurs in the plastic forming process of parts.The establishment of ductile fracture cri-terion can effectively guide the selection of process parameters and avoid ductile fracture of parts during machining.The 3D ductile fracture envelope of AA6063-T6 was developed to predict and prevent its fracture.Smooth round bar tension tests were performed to characterize the flow stress,and a series of experiments were conducted to charac-terize the ductile fracture firstly,such as notched round bar tension tests,compression tests and torsion tests.These tests cover a wide range of stress triaxiality(ST)and Lode parameter(LP)to calibrate the ductile fracture criterion.Plas-ticity modeling was performed,and the predicted results were compared with corresponding experimental data to verify the plasticity model after these experiments.Then the relationship between ductile fracture strain and ST with LP was constructed using the modified Mohr-Coulomb(MMC)model and Bai-Wierzbicki(BW)model to develop the 3D ductile fracture envelope.Finally,two ductile damage models were proposed based on the 3D fracture envelope of AA6063.Through the comparison of the two models,it was found that BW model had better fitting effect,and the sum of squares of residual error of BW model was 0.9901.The two models had relatively large errors in predicting the fracture strain of SRB tensile test and torsion test,but both of the predicting error of both two models were within the acceptable range of 15％.In the process of finite element simulation,the evolution process of ductile fracture can be well simulated by the two models.However,BW model can predict the location of fracture more accurately than MMC model.     

不同应力状态下的高强钢板断裂机理及预测

板料成形过程的宏观断裂行为依赖于其微观断裂机理，因此成形过程模拟中的断裂准则的准确选择对于断裂预测具有重要意义。以高强钢TRIP780板料为研究对象，设计从剪切到拉伸应力状态的五种断裂试验，结合宏观拉伸试验和扫描电子显微镜（Scanning electron microscope，SEM）分析研究不同应力状态下TRIP780板料的断裂机理，得到不同应力状态下正应力和切应力与断裂机理的关联关系，引入正应力与切应力的影响构建MMC断裂准则，应用于板料压剪应力区间的断裂行为预测。结果表明，反映断裂机理的MMC准则能适用于板料压剪和拉剪变形应力状态下断裂失效的准确预测。     

平纹编织C/SiC复合材料层间断裂行为试验研究

通过双悬臂梁和端部切口弯曲试验分别对平纹编织C/SiC复合材料的Ⅰ型(张开型)和Ⅱ型(滑开型)层间断裂行为进行试验研究,得到该材料以临界能量释放率GⅠC和GⅡC表征的层间断裂韧度值.试验后利用光学显微镜对两组试验的试样断口进行显微观察,以分析其破坏机理.结果表明:Ⅰ型层间断裂韧度值GⅠC和Ⅱ型层间断裂韧度值GⅡC分别为(737.2±57) J/m2和(1082.7±90) J/m2;Ⅰ型开裂为层间SiC基体沿初始裂纹方向的断裂破坏;Ⅱ型开裂与Ⅰ型开裂相似,但裂纹上下表面包裹碳纤维束的SiC基体发生脱落,并且出现碳纤维束中部分碳纤维剪切破坏.     

搅拌摩擦焊缝类型对接头拉伸性能及断裂特征的影响

采用三种不同针长的搅拌头对6082-T6铝合金板材进行焊接,获取三种类型的焊缝,即未透对接焊缝、已透对接焊缝和对-搭组合焊缝,通过对焊缝金相观察、拉伸测试和断口分析,得到焊缝类型对接头拉伸性能及断裂特征的影响规律。不同类型焊缝的表面成形区别不大,但内部成形各有特点。未透对接焊缝根部界面处形成未焊合缺陷;已透对接焊缝中无缺陷;对-搭组合焊缝后退侧和前进侧形成“钩状”缺陷。拉伸测试表明,未透对接接头拉伸性能最低,裂纹在未焊合处产生并沿焊核区扩展,接头下部呈现剪切断裂特征,接头上部呈现准解理和剪切混合断裂特征;已透对接接头拉伸性能最高,断裂位置位于前进侧热机影响区,断口呈现出典型的剪切断裂特征;对-搭组合接头拉伸性能居中,裂纹在前进侧“钩状”缺陷处产生并沿焊核区扩展,断口形貌与未透对接接头相似。     

Calibration and evaluation of seven fracture models

Over the past 5 years, there has been increasing interest of the automotive, aerospace, aluminum, and steel industries in numerical simulation of the fracture process of typical structural materials. Accordingly, there is a pressure on the developers of leading commercial codes, such as ABAQUS, LS-DYNA, and PAM-CRASH to implement reliable fracture criteria into those codes. Even though there are several options to address fracture in these and other commercial codes, no guidelines are given for the users as to which fracture criterion is suitable for a particular application and how to calibrate a given material for fracture. The objective of the present paper is to address the above issues and present a thorough comparative study of seven fracture criteria that are included in libraries of material models of non-linear finite element codes. A set of 15 tests recently conducted by the authors on 2024-T351 aluminum alloy is taken as a reference for the present study. The plane stress prevails in all these tests. These experiments are compared with the constant equivalent strain criterion, the Xue–Wierzbicki (X–W) fracture criterion, the Wilkins (W), the Johnson–Cook (J–C) and the CrachFEM fracture models. Additionally, the maximum shear (MS) stress model, and the fracture forming limit diagram (FFLD) are included in the present evaluation. All criteria are formulated in the general 3-D case for the power law hardening materials and then are specified for the plane stress condition. The advantage of working with plane stress is that there is one-to-one mapping from the stress to the strain space. Therefore, the fracture criteria formulated in the stress space can be compared with those expressed in the strain space and vice versa. Fracture loci for all seven cases were constructed in the space of the equivalent fracture strain and the stress triaxiality. Interesting observations were made regarding the range of applicability and expected errors of some of the most common fracture criteria. Besides evaluating the applicability of several fracture criteria, a detailed calibration procedure for each criterion is presented in the present paper. It was found rather unexpectedly that the MS stress fracture model closely follows the trend of all tests except the round bar tensile tests. The X–W criterion and the CrachFEM models predict correctly fracture in all types of experiments. The W criterion is working well in certain ranges of the stress triaxiality.     

31Si2MnCrMoVE钢薄板试样表面裂纹断裂韧度测试

31Si2MnCrMoVE钢是为符合固体火箭发动机壳体设计需要而专门研制的超高强度钢。随着冶炼技术的进步,31Si2MnCrMoVE钢断裂韧度不断提高,构件采用的板厚也越来越薄。由于较高的断裂韧度和较小的板厚,给钢板表面裂纹断裂韧度测试带来困难,韧带尺寸偏小,难以满足有效性判据。这种情况下,不应该用线弹性断裂力学方法评价材料的断裂韧度,而应采用弹塑性断裂力学测试材料的延性断裂韧度JIC。基于以上原因,在条件断裂韧度不满足有效性判据的情况下,采用试验与有限元分析相结合的方法,通过试验测出裂纹启裂时的条件载荷,用有限元法计算出在条件载荷作用下的延性断裂韧度JIC,再用断裂力学理论转换成表面裂纹断裂韧度KIe。用JIC作为断裂参量,就必须分析J积分的有效性,因此讨论超高强度钢表面裂纹前缘的J守恒和J主导的有效性,从而为固体火箭发动机设计提供依据。     

Effect of fixatives on fracture plane in red blood cells

The effect of various fixatives on the path of the fracture plane during freeze-fracturing was studied in red blood cells. In unfixed cells the fracture plane ran between the leaflets of the plasma membrane (membrane-fractured cells) in 66% of the cells and across the cells (cross-fractured cells) in 34%. Formaldehyde fixation greatly increased the proportion of cross-fractured cells (up to 80%) and osmium tetroxide acted in a similar manner (up to 90% cross-fractured cells). With glutaraldehyde fixation, small, smooth patches of cross-linked material were often seen on the convex (A) fracture faces. Holes were found on the corresponding concave (B) fracture faces. Uranyl acetate had no effect on the fracture plane or distribution of particles. Thus osmium and formaldehyde might be a useful means of altering the fracture plane of membranes (e.g. in bacteria or enveloped viruses).     

Application of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) to fracture studies of ferritic steels

The application of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) to fracture studies has provided a new method for investigating the crystallography of fracture surfaces. The crystallographic indices of cleavage planes can be measured both directly from the fracture surface and indirectly from metallographic sections perpendicular to the plane of the adjoining fracture surfaces. The results of direct individual cleavage facet plane orientation measurements are presented for carbon–manganese (C–Mn) and low‐alloy Mn–Mo–Ni (similar to ASTM A553 type‐B). Pressure vessel steel weld metals, obtained from fracture surfaces of Charpy impact test specimens fractured at various test temperatures and for an ultra‐low carbon steel (Fe–0.002C–0.058P) fractured at –196 °C by impact. In addition to the direct measurement from the fracture surface, cleavage facet orientation measurements for the ultra‐low carbon steel were complemented by the results obtained from the metallographic sections. Fractographic observations revealed that cleavage fracture is accommodated by a microvoid coalescence fracture micromechanism, which was induced by decohesion of second phase particles (inclusions). The correlation between the direct and indirect methodologies shows that the cleavage facet planes are dominated by the {001} plane orientations, and indicated that even when information concerning the full five degrees of freedom is inaccessible, the cleavage facet plane could still be determined. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of direct orientation measurements from the fracture surface and indirectly by a destructive sectioning technique are discussed.     

Dynamic fracture characteristics of highly brittle materials by using Instrumented Charpy Impact Test

In This study we investigate the dynamic fracture characteristics of a tungsten carbide cobalt (WC-6wt%Co) composite material. The dynamic fracture initiation toughness and some of the dynamic fracturing characteristics are evaluated by using the Instrumented Charpy Impact Testing (ICIT) procedure. The dependence of measured time-to-fracture on the tup impact velocity and the dynamic fracture toughness for the WC-6wt%Co composite material are obtained by using ICIT. The effect of the loading rate on fracture initiation toughness is found to be negligible when the time-to-fracture is on the order of 50μsec. At significantly higher rates of loading it is impossible to determine the apparent dynamic fracture initiation toughness because of the influence of the inertia force on fracture loading. It is found that the impact velocities affect the time-to-fracture significantly at lower impact velocities for various engineering materials. It is shown that with the decrease of tup impact velocities the time-to-fracture is increased and the dynamic fracture initiation toughness converges to static fracture toughness.