多孔介质发动机工作过程单区模型模拟

采用单区燃烧模型模拟多孔介质（PM）发动机的压缩、燃烧和膨胀过程。以热力学第一定律为基础，引入多孔介质换热模型，建立了多孔介质发动机的能量方程。计算了多种工况参数下PM发动机缸内温度、压强变化规律，分别讨论了压缩比、过量空气系数、多孔介质温度、多孔介质体换热系数等参数对多孔介质发动机燃烧过程的影响。将PM发动机与传统发动机加以比较，结果表明PM使缸内温度和压强的变化趋于平缓，这有利于混合气着火并可降低NO，排放。     

Numerical study of heat transfer of hydrogen combustion in noble gases atmosphere in compression ignition engine

The high energy content of hydrogen and zero carbon emission from hydrogen combustion is very important for compression ignition engine development. Hydrogen requires a very high auto-ignition temperature, which encourages replacing nitrogen with noble gases with higher specific heat ratio during compression process. In noble gases-hydrogen combustion, higher combustion temperature potentially leading to a higher heat loss. This paper aims to investigate the effect of hydrogen combustion in various noble gases on heat distribution and heat transfer on the cylinder wall. Converge CFD software was used to simulate a Yanmar NF19SK direct injection compression ignition engine. The local heat flux was measured at different locations of cylinder wall and piston head. The heat transfer of hydrogen combustion in various noble gases at different intake temperatures was studied using the numerical approach. As a result, hydrogen combustion in light noble gases such as helium produces faster combustion progress and higher heat temperature. The hydrogen combustion that experienced detonation, which happened in neon at 340 K and argon at 380 K, recorded a very high local heat flux at the cylinder head and piston due to the rapid combustion, which should be avoided in the engine operation. At a higher intake temperature, the rate of heat transfer on the cylinder wall is increased. In conclusion, helium was found as the best working gas for controlling combustion and heat transfer. Overall, the heat transfer data gained in this paper can be used to construct the future engine hydrogen in noble gases.     

两种形式多孔介质发动机燃用液体燃料的着火特性

融合一种新式燃烧理念的多孔介质发动机,能够实现发动机的均质、高效和稳定燃烧.为加深对两种形式多孔介质发动机燃用液体燃料着火特性的了解及探讨影响其各自压燃着火的因素,用改进的KIVA-3V对两种形式的多孔介质发动机燃用异辛烷的工作过程进行了模拟,并讨论了多孔介质初始温度、多孔介质结构对两种形式发动机压燃着火的影响.计算结果表明,压缩比一定时,多孔介质初始温度是决定两种形式多孔介质发动机能否实现压燃着火的重要因素;与永久性接触型发动机相比,在较低的多孔介质初始温度下,即可保证周期性接触型发动机实现压燃着火;多孔介质结构通过改变多孔介质内气固两相换热及弥散作用影响两种形式多孔介质发动机的压燃着火.     

Local heat flux measurements in a hydrogen and methane spark ignition engine with a thermopile sensor

This paper describes an experimental investigation of heat transfer inside a CFR spark ignition engine operated at a constant engine speed of 600 rpm. The heat flux is directly measured under motored and fired conditions with a commercially available thermopile sensor. The heat transfer during hydrogen and methane combustion is compared examining the effects of the compression ratio, ignition timing and mixture richness. Less cyclic and spatial variation in the heat flux traces are observed when burning hydrogen, which can be correlated to the faster burn rate. The peak heat flux increases with the compression ratio, but the total cycle heat loss can decrease due to less heat transfer at the end of the expansion stroke. An advanced spark timing and increased mixture richness cause an increased and advanced peak in the heat flux trace. Hydrogen combustion gives a heat flux peak which is three times as high as the one of methane for the same engine power output.     

柴油机TR燃烧系统实现低温预混合燃烧的研究

为了验证TR燃烧系统降低发动机排放、实现低温预混合燃烧的能力,在一台经过改造的单缸135柴油机上进行了降低压缩比、燃用柴油-乙醇混合燃料和推迟供油的试验研究.结果表明,压缩比ε降低后,着火推迟,最大放热率增加,缸内最高压力和最高温度降低,NOx排放也降低.但是中高负荷时燃烧速率降低,有效油耗率增加.当燃用乙醇体积含量20%的乙醇-柴油混合燃料时,与燃用柴油燃料相比,着火延迟期延长,烟度大幅度降低.小负荷时缸内最高压力、最高温度、最大放热率和燃烧速率都降低,NOx降低较多;中高负荷时最大放热率高于后者,燃烧速率提高,NOx降低得较少.当供油定时从15°CA BT-DC推迟到13°CA BTDC后,烟度基本不变.     

二甲醚均质压燃发动机燃烧特性的研究

二甲醚均质压燃发动机由一台单缸柴油机改造而成,其压缩比为10．7。二甲醚气体随进气进入气缸,形成均质混合气。通过试验采集分析缸内压力,结果表明二甲醚均质压燃燃烧是一个两阶段放热过程,分别发生在610K和900K左右。第一阶段放热量较少,约占10％,正常情况下第二阶段集中在上止点附近,释放出70％以上的燃料热量。发动机负荷对最大缸压力及其出现位置、压力升高率和放热率曲线形状等都有重要影响,而发动机转速对它们的影响比较小。     

Effect of distributions of fuel concentration and temperature on ignition processes in a diesel PCCI combustion

The distributions of fuel concentration and temperature have significant effect on the ignition processes of diesel premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) combustion. It was found in this study that the ignition process of PCCI combustion organized by multi-pulse injection was strongly influenced by conditions of fuel stratification. The start of low temperature reactions occurred in the leaner area of the combustion chamber in the test engine because the temperature here first reached the point of low temperature reactions. Ignition always occurred in the position where the mixture featured with equivalence ratios close to the mean equivalence ratio of the overall mixture, while the neighboring area of the initial ignition area accumulate heat with a finite speed until finally autoigniting. Moreover, the appearance of highest combustion temperature occurred in the same area at the combustion chamber. For more homogeneous mixture, a higher amount of mixture reached ignition simultaneously, resulting in a larger initial ignition area and a higher temperature at the ignition area. Furthermore, V-type distribution of equivalence ratio was found to be beneficial to retarding high temperature reaction.     

进气门早关对柴油机进气和燃烧特性的影响

在一台SD2100TA柴油机上安装了全可变液压气门机构,采用进气门早关(EIVC)的方式对进气量和有效压缩比进行调节,并对进气性能和燃烧性能进行了研究。试验研究结果表明:与节气门进气量调节方式相比,EIVC能有效降低泵气损失,且能够降低缸内工质温度,有利于实现低温燃烧。随进气门关闭时刻(IVCT)的提前,有效压缩比降低,压缩终点压力和温度下降,滞燃期增长,着火推迟,预混燃烧比例上升,扩散燃烧比例下降,由于工质总热容降低,燃烧后的缸内工质温度增加,导致排气温度显著提高。在保持指示热效率基本不变的前提下,EIVC可以有效地降低缸内峰值压力,拓宽柴油机负荷范围。在1 650r/min、平均指示压力(IMEP)为0.64MPa工况点,当IVCT从下止点后30°提前到下止点后-50°时,峰值压力降低了26%。     

多孔介质发动机再热循环有限时间热力学分析

建立了多孔介质（PM）发动机循环的有限时间热力学模型，对PM循环进行了分析，导出了存在摩擦及传热损失时循环功率与压缩比、效率与压缩比以及功率效率的特性关系，同时由数值计算分析了压缩比、预胀比、传热损失和摩擦损失对循环性能的影响特点。将PM循环与Otto循环进行了比较，结果表明：PM循环的性能要优于Otto循环的性能。     

Effects of compression ratio on the combustion characteristics of a homogeneous charge compression ignition engine

The effects of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine compression ratio on its combustion characteristics were studied experimentally on a modified TY1100 single cylinder engine fueled with dimethyl ether. The results show that dimethyl ether (DME) HCCI engine can work stably and can realize zero nitrogen oxides (NO_x) emission and smokeless combustion under the compression ratio of both 10.7 and 14. The combustion process has obvious two stage combustion characteristics at ɛ = 10.7 (ɛ refers to compression ratio), and the combustion beginning point is decided by the compression temperature, which varies very little with the engine load; the combustion beginning point is closely related to the engine load (concentration of mixture) with the increase in the compression temperature, and it moves forward versus crank angle with the increase in the engine load at ɛ = 14; the combustion durations are shortened with the increase in the engine load under both compression ratios. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal Combustion Engine Engineering, 2006, 27(4): 9–12 [译自: 内燃机工程]     

Effect of distributions of fuel concentration and temperature on ignition processes in diesel PCCI combustion

The distributions of fuel concentration and temperature have significant effect on the ignition processes of diesel premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) combustion. It was found in this study that the ignition process of PCCI combustion organized by multi-pulse injection was strongly inuenced by conditions of fuel stratification. The start of low temperature reactions occurred in the leaner area of the combustion chamber in the test engine because the temperature here first reached the point of low temperature reactions. Ignition always occurred in the position where the mixture featured with equivalence ratios close to the mean equivalence ratio of the overall mixture, while the neighboring area of the initial ignition area accumulate heat with a finite speed until finally autoigniting. Moreover, the appearance of highest combustion temperature occurred in the same area at the combustion chamber. For more homogeneous mixture, a higher amount of mixture reached ignition simultaneously, resulting in a larger initial ignition area and a higher temperature at the ignition area. Furthermore, V-type distribution of equivalence ratio was found to be beneficial to retarding high temperature reaction.     

Remarkable improvement of NOx–PM trade-off in a diesel engine by means of bioethanol and EGR

In order to realize a premixed compression ignition (PCI) engine, the effects of bioethanol–gas oil blends and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on PM–NO_x trade-off have been investigated focusing on ignition delay, premixed combustion, diffusion combustion, smoke, NO_x and thermal efficiency. The present experiment was done by increasing the ethanol blend ratio and ethanol and by increasing the EGR ratio in a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine. It is found that a remarkable improvement in PM–NO_x trade-off can be achieved by promoting the premixing based on the ethanol blend fuel having low evaporation temperature, large latent heat and low cetane number as well, in addition, based on a marked elongation of ignition delay due to the low cetane number fuel and the low oxygen intake charge. As a result, very low levels of NO_x and PM, which satisfies the 2009 emission standards imposed on heavy duty diesel engines in Japan, were achieved without deterioration of brake thermal efficiency in the PCI engine fuelled with the 50% ethanol blend diesel fuel and the high EGR ratio. It is noticed that smoke can be reduced even by increasing the EGR ratio under the highly premixed condition.     

Effects of ignition advance on a dual sequential ignition engine at lean mixture for hydrogen enriched butane usage

In this study, the effects of ignition advance on dual sequential ignition engine characteristics and exhaust gas emissions for hydrogen enriched butane usage and lean mixture were investigated numerically and experimentally. The main purpose of this study is to reveal the effects of h-butane application in a commercial spark ignition gasoline engine. One cylinder of the commercially dual sequential spark ignition engine was modeled in the Star-CD software, taking into account all the components of the combustion chamber (intake-exhaust manifold connections, intake-exhaust valves, cylinder, cylinder head, piston, spark plugs). Angelberger wall approximation, k-ε RNG turbulence model and G-equation combustion model were used for analysis. In the dual sequential spark ignition, the difference between the spark plugs was defined as 5° CAD. At the numerical analysis; 10.8:1 compression ratio, 1.3 air-fuel ratio, 2800 rpm engine speed, 0.0010 m the flame radius and 0.0001 m the flame thickness were kept constant. The hydrogen-butane mixture was defined as 4%–96% by mass. In the analysis, the optimal ignition advance was determined by the working conditions. In addition, the effects of changes in ignition advance were examined in detail at lean mixture. For engine operating conditions under investigation, it has been determined that the 50° CAD ignition advance from the top dead center is the optimal ignition advance in terms of engine performance and emission balance. It has also been found that the NO_x formation rises up as the ignition advance increases. The BTE values were approximately 12.01% higher than butane experimental results. The experimental BTE values for h-butane were overall 3.01% lower than h-butane numerical results.     

1D energy,exergy, and performance assessment of turbocharged diesel/hydrogen RCCI engine at different levels of diesel,hydrogen, compressor pressure ratio,and combustion duration

There is a growing concern about the feasibility of a new generation of internal combustion engines in a low-temperature and efficient way that can meet the emission regulations while maintaining the desirable power performance. This requires the controllability and flexibility over the ignition and reactivity within the cylinder by handling two fuels with different chemical reaction intensity. In this research, the reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) turbocharger-assisted engine is proposed that operates with diesel-hydrogen fuels. After calibration and model validation, the effect of pressure ratio of compressor in turbocharger, hydrogen energy share, diesel mass per cycle, and combustion duration on temperature rise, entropy, pressure, heat release, and engine performance is evaluated. The design variables effects on the exergy share of work, heat, exhaust loss, irreversibility, and exergetic performance coefficient (EPC) are assessed and analyzed. Increasing the compressor pressure ratio can significantly increase the engine power and reduce fuel consumption. It is proved that turbocharging can reduce the entropy generation and thereby reduce irreversibility. The lower diesel injection is favored in terms of the work exergy and the EPC.     

液压自由活塞发动机活塞运动规律自适应特性的研究

在一台液压自由活塞发动机(HFPE)样机上进行了活塞运动规率的试验。研究表明:活塞的运动规律对于燃烧相位和累积放热量的变动具有自适应性;随着燃烧相位的提前或累积放热量的增大,活塞换向提前,最大升程和压缩比降低;这种自适应性可有效避免均质压燃过程中的爆震与后燃现象,保证缸内最高压力、最大放热速率的稳定,减少指示功的损失。     

均质压燃发动机燃烧特性的详细反应动力学模拟

应用CHEMKIN化学动力学软件包中的SENKIN模块模拟了正庚烷在HCCI发动机中的燃烧过程。通过修改SENKIN程序，加入了Woschni传热模型，并在正庚烷详细氧化机理中加入氮氧化物的生成机理，将此程序纳入发动机燃烧的零维单区模型。对多种工况参数下的HCCI燃烧和NOx排放进行了系统的计算，并分别讨论了进气温度、进气压力、压缩比、过量空气系数和转速等参数变化对HCCI发动机燃烧过程的影响。     

LPG/柴油双燃料发动机压缩比优化研究

采用燃料复合供给方式 ,在单缸直喷式柴油机上进行了LPG/柴油双燃料发动机压缩比的优化试验研究 ,对比分析了使用纯柴油和LPG/柴油双燃料的燃烧特性 ,着重研究分析了双燃料发动机在不同压缩比下的最高燃烧压力、最大压力升高率、压力循环波动及燃烧放热率 ,并以此为依据优选了双燃料发动机的压缩比。试验结果表明 :降低压缩比后 ,双燃料发动机的最高燃烧压力及最大压力升高率均有较大降低 ,同时压力循环波动变小 ,但滞燃期、燃烧持续期都会有所增加。经过优化 ,压缩比确定为 14.5时 ,ZH110 5W柴油机改燃LPG/柴油双燃料后在高负荷工况下无严重爆震现象 ,压力循环波动较小 ,且经济性较好 ,热效率损失不大     

不同过量空气系数下射流点火发动机燃烧、排放和爆震特性的试验研究

基于单缸试验机研究了过量空气系数对射流点火发动机性能的影响。通过分析发动机性能曲线、缸内燃烧情况及爆震特性探究射流点火最佳运行区间,并与火花点火燃烧方式进行对比。结果表明,射流点火可以有效提升瞬时放热率并拓展发动机稀燃极限,缩短缸内混合气滞燃期与燃烧持续期,同时燃油经济性有一定提升。在稀燃条件下氮氧化物排放极低。爆震方面,随着点火提前角增大,射流火焰的多点点火效应会在缸内产生明显压力震荡,继续增大点火提前角会诱导末端混合气自燃。因此射流点火爆震缸压表现为两阶段压力震荡,爆震因子集中性高。提升过量空气系数可以降低射流点火爆震因子幅值,使发动机工作在轻微爆震或无爆震状态。     

电增压及EGR共同作用下对降低汽油机燃油消耗率的试验研究

基于光学定容燃烧弹试验平台,通过高速纹影摄像系统在相同甲烷燃料初始温度、压力及混合气浓度下,定量分析了不同结构预燃室湍流射流点火（turbulent jet ignition, TJI）的燃烧特性,包括火焰传播速度、火焰面积、火焰形态及燃烧压力等参数。研究结果表明,预燃室孔径越小,相同时间内火焰传播得越远,火焰传播速度和火焰面积增长速度越快,燃烧压力峰值越高。随着预燃室孔径减小,着火机理会由射流中带有火焰的火焰点火转变为火焰过孔时熄灭的喷射点火。喷射点火着火时刻延迟,初始火焰速度减慢,但燃烧压力峰值受影响不大。多级加速预燃室压力升高率与压力峰值与单孔预燃室相比变化不大。虽然火焰出口时速度较慢,但是火焰出口时刻提前且速度衰减较弱,因此多级加速预燃室火焰速度在短时间内超过单孔预燃室,并且压力和火焰面积也更早达到最大值。     

Effect of fuel and engine operational characteristics on the heat loss from combustion chamber surfaces of SI engines

Understanding of engine heat transfer is important because of its influence on engine efficiency, exhaust emissions and component thermal stresses. In this paper, the effect of various parameters such as compression ratio, equivalence ratio, spark timing, engine speed, inlet mixture temperature and swirl ratio as well as fuel type on the heat transfer through the chamber walls of a spark ignition (SI) engine is studied. For this purpose, a proper tool is developed which uses a KIVA multidimensional combustion modeling program and a finite-element heat conduction (FEHC) code iteratively. Also, an improved temperature wall function is used for the KIVA program. It was found that this iterative scheme and the new wall function can improve the predictions considerably. A parametric study shows that this methodology is efficient in predicting the engine heat transfer and the effects of changes in the fuel type and engine operational parameters on the engine thermal behavior.