GIS supported solid waste management in coastal areas.

Planning of solid waste management (SWM) facilities in terrestrial as well as coastal areas addresses several situations, and requires considering numerous factors. This leads to large amounts of data and information that must be organized and analyzed. However, in many SWM systems, all of the relevant information cannot be managed properly due to insufficiencies in methods/tools and/or resources. To assist the solid waste decision making process, GIS-based decision support systems can be applied to deal with the multi-attribute and spatial nature of SWM systems. In this study, the application potential of GIS based decision support systems to functional elements of the SWM system are reviewed first. Then particular emphasis is given to landfill site selection. In this context, landfill siting process and key siting criteria were developed to incorporate the environmental, socio-political, engineering, and economic factors for an appropriate solution. To aid decision makers to determine landfill area requirements, an area estimation model, containing population projection and waste quantity forecasting modules, was developed in Visual Basic. Following the development of a graphical user interface, suitable areas for proposed landfill were determined in an IDRISI environment.     

A New Integrated MADM Technique Combined with ANP,FTOPSIS and Fuzzy Max-Min Set Method for Evaluating Water Transfer Projects

In sustainable water resources management, it is essential to rank inter-basin water transfer projects. This task is difficult due to many different conflict criteria, complex relations among criteria and various judgments of decision makers. In this paper, an integrated multiple attribute group decision making method consists of ANP (Analytical Network Process), fuzzy TOPSIS and fuzzy max-min set methods is proposed for evaluating water transfer projects. A set of over 60 criteria in social, environmental and economic sectors are used for ranking four water transfer projects in Karun River based on three decision maker judgments. A key novelty of the proposed methodology is its ability to model both complex relations among different criteria in water management and the influence of decision maker judgments’ weights on the final ranking in group decision making problem. The procedure starts by obtaining the priority of water transfer projects and the weight of each decision maker judgments by employing ANP and fuzzy TOPSIS, respectively. These weights are used as inputs in the fuzzy max-min set method. Then the effects of decision maker weights on the final ranking are determined in fuzzy environment. Finally, the sensitivity analysis of decision makers’ weights has been conducted. The results show that the proposed method is an effective tool for group decision making problems by considering different criteria and decision makers’ weights.     

基于SWMM和层次分析法的调蓄池预选址方案选择

近年来频发的内涝给城市排水防涝带来严重挑战。调蓄池是城市内涝防治系统的重要组成部分,而调蓄池预选址的选择,关系到调蓄池的效益和成本,也影响后续优化求解。为合理选择调蓄池的潜在位置,根据内涝防治标准,基于SWMM模型,选取积水深度、积水范围、积水时间、调蓄池造价、节点重要性等5项指标,借助层次分析法,建立了量化评价框架,探讨了基于预选址指数的雨水系统调蓄池预选址方案的选择方法,并进行了应用案例验证,研究表明:调蓄池的位置选择对内涝积水削减比例有重要影响;所提出的方法有一定的可行性和实用性,借助该方法可以得到较好的预选址方案。本研究成果可为城市内涝防治调蓄池选址工作提供技术支撑。     

Application of Analytic Hierarchy Process in Water Resources Planning: A GIS Based Approach in the Identification of Suitable Site for Water Storage

One of the important objectives of water resources planning is to tap the maximum possible water available in the river basin that can be utilized particularly during the period of drought. This can be materialized by creating water storage structures. For this purpose initially, the first task could be the identification of suitable site for creating water storage sites. With the advent of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques, it becomes easier for water resources planner to identify the suitable location of water storage structure within the basin. Present study demonstrates the identification of suitable location in the upper basin of Sheonath river in Chhattisgarh State, India. Based on the various physical characteristics of the basin, GIS based multi-criteria evaluation technique is being applied to determine the most suitable water storage sites. The suitable sites are assessed by considering the spatially varying parameters. These parameters include potential runoff, hydrologic soil group, land use, lineament, slope, stream order and settlement and basin area. Potential runoff is calculated from Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) equation. Since, there is more than one parameter; it is significant to determine the importance of one layer over another layer. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is one of the multi-criteria decision making method resulting in the percentage relative importance. The AHP model consists of three levels objective i.e. suitable site for water storage, the parameter used and the alternatives. In the overlay process of GIS the relative importance determined by AHP is applied to produce suitable locations. Suitability is divided into three categories “suitability level 1”, “suitability level 2” and “suitability level 3” representing storage tank, stop dam and check dam respectively. This mapping helps in selecting potential site for water storage structures in the basin.     

Evaluating Water Transfer Projects Using Analytic Network Process (ANP)

This article introduces the analytic network process (ANP) as an effective tool for ranking water transfer projects. Water resources are the main basis of stable development around the world. Uneven water distribution and the shortage of water in some areas have caused water managers to consider interbasin water transfer as a solution to these water problems. Due to the many different conflict criteria in ranking water projects, ranking execution projects is one of the most critical and difficult tasks in water management. Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM) is a collection of methodologies to compare, select, or rank multiple alternatives that typically involve incommensurate attributes. Many decision problems cannot be structured hierarchically because they involve the interaction and dependence of higher-level elements in a hierarchy on lower-level ones. This study deals with ranking water transfer projects as a MADM problem. Due to the fact that many of the criteria are related to each other, the Analytic Network Process (ANP) is proposed for ranking projects. Ten water transfer projects in Karun River are investigated. Thirty influential factors are identified. They are classified under benefit, cost and risk criteria. The objective of this investigation is ranking alternatives with respect to different criteria in network form. Finally, sensitivity analysis is introduced.     

Site Selection of Different Irrigation Systems Using an Analytical Hierarchy Process Integrated with GIS in a Semi-Arid Region

Site selection of different irrigation systems can lead to higher water productivity in drought conditions. The present study intends to evaluate suitable regions along the Izeh plain (Iran) for different pressurized and gravitational irrigation systems using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) based on Geographic Information System (GIS). To that end, a variety of inputs such as climate, topography, skilled labor and system costs, etc. were identified and classified into two main categories of socio-economic and environmental criteria. Each criterion was subdivided into several criteria to make the site selection more specific. A matrix of the pair-wise comparison was, in turn, used to compare these criteria and sub-criteria, and to evaluate them based on their relative importance based on the region’s suitability for different irrigation system alternatives. Geographical layers were then obtained for each sub-criterion to select the most suitable sites for different irrigation systems in the study area. Pressurized irrigation systems including wheel move irrigation system, drip irrigation system and solid-set sprinkler irrigation system, together with gravitational irrigation systems consisting of surface irrigation system, and low-pressure irrigation system were considered as irrigation system alternatives during the site selection process in this study. The result map of site selection for different alternatives showed that surface irrigation, drip irrigation and low pressure systems were the best irrigation system alternatives for the region studied.

     

水电项目评标决策中的层次分析法

针对水电项目评标中常用方法存在的问题,将评标看成一个系统,把层次分析这一系统分析方法引用到水电项目评标决策中。层次分析法结构模型中结合专家的经验提出了评标决策的5项准则,通过判断矩阵为每一准则确定了相应权重,量化评标信息,最终为评标决策提供参考依据。     

Development of site suitability analysis system for riverbank filtration

Site selection plays a crucial role in riverbank filtration for sustainable water availability and quality.Choosing the most appropriate from among multiple candidate sites requires a complex procedure,involving many tangibles and intangibles.In this study,the Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP),which selects the optimal alternative by hierarchically classifying various attributes and then quantifying the importance of each attribute,was used to prioritize candidate locations for riverbank filtration.A GIS-based computer program was developed to automate the assessment process.The developed software was applied to the Han River in Korea.Analysis of four candidate sites reveals that a site that has better water quality and connectivity to the neighboring purification facility is more suitable than other locations.     

河北省农业节水灌溉技术比选

河北省水资源短缺，农业用水供需矛盾突出，发展农业节水尤为重要。选择适合河北省各区的农业节水灌溉技术对全省农业发展具有重要意义。以建立适宜节水灌溉工程体系为目标，以经济效益、环境效益、技术可行性3项指标为准则，采用层次分析法对渠道防渗、管道输水、喷灌、微灌4项工程节水技术进行比选，最后选出适合河北省实际情况的节水灌溉技术。     

层次分析法在水环境承载力评价中的应用

根据评价指标筛选原则，从资源、环境、社会等角度建立了水环境承载力评价指标体系。介绍了AHP法（层次分析法）的基本原理和方法步骤，并对影响水环境承载力的各指标的重要性进行逐层比较，获得评价指标的总排序，说明了AHP法是一种简单而实用的多准则评价决策方法。     

Evaluation of Cost Drivers for Field Canals Improvement Projects

Field Canals Improvement Project (FCIP) aims to conserve fresh water. Several methods are existed to predict project preliminary cost. However, identification of model inputs remains a challenging task during model development. This study utilizes two procedures, Traditional Delphi Method (TDM) and Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM), which are used for collecting and initially ranking cost drivers. According to the second approach, Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) is used for finally ranking the screened parameters by FDM. Delphi rounds and Likert scale are conducted to determine the most important factors from the viewpoint of consultant engineers and contractors. Regression analysis and R square is used as a comparison criteria between traditional technique and fuzzy techniques. The study suggests using Fuzzy theory and Delphi method with Analytic Hierarchy Process in order to identify cost drivers efficiently. Paper contribution is proposing a methodology to evaluate cost drivers of FCIP using qualitative data such as experts’ opinions.     

平原河道生态护坡工程评价和方案决策方法

本文从成本、生态景观及施工工艺3个方面,建立了平原河道生态型护坡的评价指标体系.另外,引入模糊集理论,依据经典TOPSIS方法的基本思想,建立了基于TOPSIS的模糊多属性决策模型.用以对工程的方案进行优选决策.该评价体系和决策模型应用于沈阳市浑河生态护坡工程方案优选,结果表明,评估结果能较好地反映平原河道生态型护坡的特点并符合当地河道的实际情况.     

Flood Vulnerability Analysis by Fuzzy Spatial Multi Criteria Decision Making

Prioritization the sub-basins available in a basin to flood vulnerability analysis can be discussed in the form of a spatial multi criteria decision making (SMCDM) problem. In this research a fuzzy planning support system based on the spatial analysis using tow multi criteria decision making methods, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and TOPSIS (Technique for order-preference by similarity to ideal solution) is used. AHP method is used to determine the structure of decision making process and to estimate criteria weights and TOPSIS model is used to rank the sub-basins of Tehran urban basin as a study area regarding the flood vulnerable areas. Also in order to perform spatial analysis for decision-making process, a developed toolbox is used within the Geographic Information System (GIS). In this research a model is presented in which some vague concepts such as weight of decision making criteria are expressed in the form of linguistic variables to be converted to triangular fuzzy numbers. Finally, the sensitivity of model was analyzed by changing the weights of decision making criteria and providing of ranking scenarios. The results show the optimum alternatives for mitigation flood vulnerability in the study area.

     

洛阳市垃圾填埋场场址适宜性评价及优选

为了选取洛阳市未来适合的垃圾填埋场,采用层次分析法对洛阳市5个拟选垃圾填埋场地进行了适宜性评价,评价时将城市规划、交通运输、环境保护、环境地质等条件作为评价的具体标准,通过场地评价影响因子定权重和采用多目标线性加权函数的数学模型计算各拟选场地的综合评分。结果表明,拟选场地东沟、泰山庙沟的适宜性等级为较适宜,潘沟、后五龙沟的适宜性等级为勉强适宜,安贺沟为非适宜场地。适宜性评价为洛阳市未来垃圾填埋场的优选提供了科学依据。     

城市生活垃圾卫生填埋场选址的水文地质条件约束

城市生活垃圾卫生填埋场的选址涉及多方面因素.本文充分论述了水文地质条件对填埋场选址的约束,以及如何对水文地质条件进行充分调查和勘查.优选出安全可靠的城市垃圾的地下填埋场.使城市的发展和环境保护的需求之间达到最优化的联合.重点分析了时地下填埋场选址的地质条件约束.包括含水层的特征、地下水特征、地质、岩性、地质构造等因素.最后说明了城市垃圾填埋场地质勘查的工作程序、步骤和方法.     

黄土丘陵区危险废物填埋场地下水环境影响评价

为系统识别危险废物填埋场项目建设可能对区域地下水环境造成的影响,结合黄土丘陵区特殊的水文地质条件特征,建立基于包气带污染物垂向迁移模拟的数值模型方法。从拟建危险废物填埋场工程布局及可能的污染风险识别出发,设置地下水环境影响评价要素及情景,开展地下水环境影响识别和预测分析。影响预测结果表明:在填埋区防渗层事故破损出现泄漏的情景下,随渗滤液进入土壤环境的铅、镍污染物穿透包气带需18～19 a,事故情景下污染物渗漏不会影响区域地下水环境。在按照相关技术规范要求对填埋场区采取有效防渗措施,并完善填埋场防渗系统的渗漏破损检测系统建设的前提下,该选址地下水环境保护目标可行。     

基于粗糙商集的边坡稳定性模糊积分评价

针对模糊数学评价边坡稳定性中模糊隶属度和权重难以确定的问题,提出了对粗糙集理论中的属性商集作模糊统计求隶属度的集值统计方法。以神经网络正交试验得到的各因素对边坡稳定性影响级差之差为依据,构建AHP判断矩阵求权重,并引入了更适合于度量和决策的模糊积分理论。通过评价边坡样本与实例可知：模糊积分评价结果正确率与因素多少成正向关系,与其它理论方法结果和工程实际相一致。评价结果表明,该方法可行、结果可靠,而且计算过程更方便快捷。     

A new approach to aid urban water management decision making using trade-off sacrifice modelled by fuzzy logic.

An approach to aid decision making for urban water management is presented that is based on the concept of trade-off sacrifice level in pairwise comparisons between criteria, modelled using fuzzy logic. This approach is illustrated by a case study - selection of alternative water supplies for a Sydney household. Four key decision making criteria covering health, economic, environment and technical aspects are selected: annual probability of infection, life cycle energy use, life cycle cost and reliability. The decision making problem is to select between cases with different volume and application of recycled greywater and rainwater in light of the four criteria. Decision maker's preference is expressed by five levels of trade-off sacrifice between pairs of criteria. The decision makers can assign their preferences for sacrifice level by linguistic assessment and the output trade-off weight (TOW). Measures of decision makers' perceived trade-off level are modelled by a rule-based fuzzy logic control system. The final analysis shows the performance for each sacrifice class for each case, to aid overall decision making with stakeholders.     

基于AHP的节水型社会建设评价

在研究节水型社会建设评价指标体系和评价方法的基础上,运用层次分析法(AHP)对成都平原某市进行了节水型社会建设评价,结果表明:生活用水节水程度对该市节水型社会建设影响最大;缺水和不缺水是相对的,在水资源相对丰富的地区也要进行节水型社会建设,提高水资源的利用效率;节水和治污是节水型社会建设中最重要的两个方面,要把节水和治污结合起来,统筹考虑水资源承载能力和水环境承载能力,在满足用水需求的同时维护良好的生态系统。     

层次分析法在城市防洪工程方案选择中的应用

应用层次分析法的基本决策理论,建立了城市防洪工程方案选择的层次分析模型。结合某实际工程的具体条件,应用层次分析法原理和灰色关联分析的方法,对城市防洪工程方案进行了综合评价。