Controlled markets for spectrum management

The electromagnetic spectrum is apportioned among various radio services and users by centralized authority. A combination of judicial procedures and system engineering methods are used, even to the level of assigning [1] channels to users within a given service. However, as demand for spectrum is increasing, some inefficiencies of this process are becoming evident. The user has little incentive to use spectrum efficiently because using less spectrum often requires greater investment without compensating reductions in operating costs. The goal of economic efficiency, in contrast, requires a balanced use of resources, rather than minimal use of spectrum. In this paper, several techniques are presented which rely on marketplace forces to move toward economic efficiency, and could be implemented within the current spectrum management framework. Incentives would be created for improved efficiency and equity.     

认知无线电的关键技术和应用研究

认知无线电是一种新的智能无线电技术,它通过动态的接入频谱为用户提供高容量的服务,能极大的改善现有的低效的频谱利用率。文章重点分析了认知无线电中频谱检测、频谱管理、功率控制等关键技术,以及认知无线电在超宽带、Mesh网、无线区域网的应用现状,最后探讨了认知无线电发展需要关注的难点问题。     

A survey of overlay and underlay paradigms in cognitive radio networks

In the recent years, wireless applications and services have grown tremendously, resulting to a shortage of radio spectrum. On one hand, most of the available radio spectrum has already been allocated to different users and service providers. On another hand, research and statistics have revealed that the spectrum utilization usability is very limited. To address this dilemma, the concept of cognitive radio has emerged, which promotes the use of overlay and underlay transmission techniques to boost the utilization of radio spectrum resources. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of these 2 techniques and compares them qualitatively based on several network parameters. Next, this paper simulates overlay and underlay transmission techniques in OMNeT++ simulator on different network parameters, namely, Primary user arrival rate, throughput, sensing duration, and energy consumption. Our findings reveal that neither the overlay nor the underlay technique is sufficient itself to fulfill the demands for future wireless systems, and adopting a hybrid access technique consisting of a joint utilization of overlay and underlay approaches is desirable. Furthermore, the key challenges and open research issues in radio spectrum resources utilization are discussed.     

An overview of spectrum sharing techniques in cognitive radio communication system

As the complexities of wireless technologies increase, novel multidisciplinary approaches for the spectrum sharing/management are required with inputs from the technology, economics and regulations. Recently, the cognitive radio technology comes into action to handle the spectrum scarcity problem. To identify the available spectrum resource, decision on the optimal sensing and transmission time with proper coordination among the users for spectrum access are the important characteristics of spectrum sharing methods. In this paper, we have technically overviewed the state-of-the-art of the various spectrum sharing techniques and discussed their potential issues with emerging applications of the communication system, especially to enhance the spectral efficiency. The potential advantages, limiting factors, and characteristic features of the existing cognitive radio spectrum sharing domains are thoroughly discussed and an overview of the spectrum sharing is provided as it ensures the channel access without the interference/collision to the licensed users in the spectrum.     

美国国防部电磁频谱应用现状与应对策略

电磁频谱是继陆、海、空、天、网之后的第六维作战空间,并贯穿于其他五维空间的作战中。为有效应对电磁频谱空间的挑战和威胁,美国国防部提出了电磁频谱作战概念,对未来作战样式乃至战争形态产生深远影响。本文从电磁频谱应用角度出发,系统性介绍了美国国防部对电磁频谱的应用现状和代表性工作。首先,系统性梳理了电磁频谱的传统军事应用,如无线通信、雷达、信号情报、红外传感器、电子战、导航战;其次,重点介绍了电磁频谱的新兴军事应用,如5G通信、人工智能应用、激光通信、定向能武器、反无人机系统以及新兴概念;最后,总结了美国国防部制定的电磁频谱战略和政策,结合国内电磁频谱的发展水平,提出了加强我国电磁频谱作战能力的对策建议。     

Electromagnetic Compatibility and National Forest Public Lands

Public lands under the jurisdiction of the United States Forest Service include mountain peaks which overlook metropolitan areas and which are singularly suited for radio transmitter and receiver sites. These favored mountaintops have become concentrated electromagnetic environments, raising interrelated problems of electromagnetic compatibility and public land use. The Forest Service has the responsibility for land use, including protection of the investment equity of existing users. The responsibility for spectrum management lies with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the Interdepartment Radio Advisory Committee (IRAC) of the Office of Director of Telecommunications Management. All electromagnetic compatibility problems must be worked out between the various users of the site. These problems, with existing and proposed practices to help in their solution, are discussed.     

电磁频谱监测数据运用研究

电磁频谱监测数据运用是频谱监测获取的数据信息服务于频管业务不可或缺的关键环节。文章提出了电磁频谱监测数据的典型存储形式,归纳梳理了不同存储形式对应的显示方式和不同显示方式的优劣特点及应用场合,并指出了频谱监测数据运用要注意的若干问题。     

The role of economic techniques in spectrum management

In recent years the management of the radio spectrum, in terms of deciding which applications and which users should have access to it, has become increasingly difficult. This is due to the dramatic growth in users and applications requiring radio spectrum and the need from the government for increasing openness and fairness in making decisions. A number of spectrum managers have investigated the use of economic tools to overcome these problems, including an analysis of the economic value of the spectrum, pricing the spectrum, allowing trading in spectrum, and using competitions to assign spectrum. This article examines the roles of these techniques and suggests that there is a strong argument for their widespread adoption within most spectrum managers     

Antenna patterns of nonsinusoidal waves with the time variation ofa Gaussian pulse

The development of antenna theory for nonsinusoidal electromagnetic waves has been based on the idealized rectangular pulse. In practice, an antenna that is designed to operate in the mode of an electric hertzian dipole would radiate a pulse that best approximates a Gaussian one when the driving current consists of a linear transient. The principle of radiation of nonsinusoidal electromagnetic waves with the time variation of Gaussian pulses is discussed. The properties of the Gaussian pulse are presented, i.e., the autocorrelation function, energy spectral density, and spectrum. Antenna patterns, such as peak-amplitude pattern, peak-power pattern, energy pattern, and slope pattern are derived for a Gaussian pulse received (or radiated) by a linear array antenna. Computer plots of the derived antenna patterns are presented that show a considerable improvement in the angular resolution capability over that of the antenna patterns that have been derived for a rectangular pulse     

Dynamic spectrum access — concepts and future architectures

New trends and developments in radio technology are enhancing the future capabilities of devices to access electromagnetic spectrum using the full range of dimensions associated with the spectrum. This increased capability, together with current developments towards liberalisation of spectrum management regulations, are opening up opportunities to exploit an emerging paradigm in wireless communications and networking known as dynamic spectrum access (DSA). The key characteristic of DSA networks is their ability to exploit knowledge of their electromagnetic environment to adapt their operation and access to spectrum. Their key promise is that they open the possibility of highly efficient (re)use of spectrum. This paper introduces the main concepts behind DSA, reviews the proposed architectures for future DSA systems, and outlines some of the key research challenges associated with this new paradigm. Particular emphasis will be given to autonomous cognitive radio DSA.     

Key technologies for system-integration in the automotive and Industrial Applications

System integration and high power density of monolithic and multichip designs are the driving force for the progress in power electronic systems. The whole system has to be considered and optimized to meet this target and to keep the overall ruggedness, sensitivity toward electromagnetic interference and long term reliability, Silicon utilization system reliability and power units miniaturization are the key factors. In this paper new technologies, advanced devices concepts and future system aspect for system-integration in the automotive and industrial segments are discussed. In both fields of applications these are huge requirements toward system dynamic characteristic, overload capability, ruggedness behavior and reliability. In the automotive segment technologies working at high operating temperatures are required and in the industrial are high blocking voltage capabilities are needed.     

动态频谱接入中的侦测与避让技术

动态频谱接入技术对频谱实行动态管理,允许未授权用户在无干扰的情况下使用已授权用户的闲置频带,是解决现今无线频谱资源紧缺和利用率低等难题的有效途径,已成为无线通信领域的研究热点。本文介绍了动态频谱接入的侦测与避让方法,分析和讨论了各自的优缺点,并指出动态频谱接入需要进一步研究的问题和可能的发展方向。     

A MAC protocol by applying staggered channel model for cognitive radio networks

Cognitive radio (CR) is a novel and promising spectrum management technique, which aims to cope with the spectrum scarcity problem occurring in unlicensed bands and alleviate the inefficient spectrum utilization of licensed bands. To ensure that the operation of licensed users will not be adversely affected and that the licensed bands can be efficiently utilized by unlicensed users, this paper proposes a cognitive radio MAC protocol called SMC-CR-MAC. When any primary user is detected, the proposed SMC-CR-MAC protocol applies Contiguous Channel Switching and Sender-Receiver Channel Swap rules to cope with the rendezvous, packet collision, and channel congestion problems. Simulation results show that the proposed SMC-CR-MAC protocol can significantly improve the network performance in terms of utilization of licensed bands, standard deviation of traffic load on each channel, and probability of successful rendezvous.     

A survey on spectrum management in cognitive radio networks [cognitive radio communications and networks]

Cognitive radio networks will provide high bandwidth to mobile users via heterogeneous wireless architectures and dynamic spectrum access techniques. However, CR networks impose challenges due to the fluctuating nature of the available spectrum, as well as the diverse QoS requirements of various applications. Spectrum management functions can address these challenges for the realization of this new network paradigm. To provide a better understanding of CR networks, this article presents recent developments and open research issues in spectrum management in CR networks. More specifically, the discussion is focused on the development of CR networks that require no modification of existing networks. First, a brief overview of cognitive radio and the CR network architecture is provided. Then four main challenges of spectrum management are discussed: spectrum sensing, spectrum decision, spectrum sharing, and spectrum mobility.     

An architecture for monitoring, visualization, and control ofgigabit networks

We outline a design of a highly scalable network monitoring, visualization, and control (NMVC) system with advanced algorithmic and human-in-the-loop capability. This capability allows network administrators to calibrate and fine-tune network and application parameters in real time according to observed traffic patterns. The goal of the NMVC system is to ensure adequate quality of service to network users, while maintaining high network resource utilization. The main components of our system are: a network probe and an endsystem probe which can probe gigabit/s links, software network management agents that provide extensible multi-attribute event filtering for highly scalable date/event collection, efficient online event ordering algorithms that can help synthesize and display a consistent view of network health, status, and performance and a View Choreographer that allows management applications and administrators to specify the mapping of network events to higher-level events and to visualization objects and updates     

喷泉码在认知无线电网络中的应用

认知无线电网络被认为是实现动态频谱共享、缓解频谱资源紧缺的重要途径。喷泉码能有效抵抗认知无线电网络中来自主用户的突发干扰,且无需反馈重传,从而为认知无线电网络提供了一种有效的信道编码方案。首先简介了数字喷泉码以及认知无线电网络基础知识,然后综述了数字喷泉码在认知无线电网络的链路建立、认知通信以及在资源分配中的应用现状,最后指出了在这一研究领域中需要解决的问题,并展望了发展前景。     

宽带卫星通信系统的安全防护架构研究

针对宽带卫星通信系统安全防护的需求,提出了一种宽带卫星通信系统的安全防护总体架构,采用三级防护层级模式切换,通过对电磁环境感知、宽带动态频谱管理、综合分析与决策和资源分配辅助实现,保证系统可通性的同时,提升系统频谱利用效率和抗干扰防护能力.     

Cooperative relay to improve diversity in cognitive radio networks

Recent studies demonstrated that dynamic spectrum access can improve spectrum utilization significantly by allowing secondary unlicensed users to dynamically share the spectrum that is not used by the primary licensed users. Cognitive radio was proposed to promote the spectrum utilization by opportunistically exploiting the existence of spectrum ?holes.? Meanwhile, cooperative relay technology is regarded widely as a key technology for increasing transmission diversity gain in various types of wireless networks, including cognitive radio networks. In this article, we first give a brief overview of the envisioned applications of: cooperative relay technology to CRNs, cooperative transmission of primary traffic by secondary users, cooperative transmission between secondary nodes to improve spatial diversity, and cooperative relay between secondary nodes to improve spectrum diversity. As the latter is a new direction, in this article we focus on this scenario and investigate a simple wireless network, where a spectrum-rich node is selected as the relay node to improve the performance between the source and the destination. With the introduction of cooperative relay, many unique problems should be considered, especially the issue for relay selection and spectrum allocation. To demonstrate the feasibility and performance of cooperative relay for cognitive radio, a new MAC protocol was proposed and implemented in a universal software radio peripheral-based testbed. Experimental results show that the throughput of the whole system is greatly increased by exploiting the benefit of cooperative relay.     

频谱异构认知无线电中基于吞吐量降的空时频谱机会感知

在认知无线电(CR)中,频谱感知是实现动态频谱接入的关键技术之一。为适当保护主用户并最大化次级用户的性能,目前大部分相关工作均是用虚报概率和漏检概率作为感知度量来确定最佳感知参数的。但这种度量是用主次用户的碰撞概率来衡量次级用户对主用户的影响的,没有考虑干扰强度的影响,仅适合同构频谱环境;在不同位置次级用户有不同接入机会的异构频谱环境中,并不能最大化频谱利用率。为此,该文首先定义了吞吐量降,并提出在异构频谱环境下采用吞吐量降作为一种新的感知度量。吞吐量降是指由于次级用户占用授权频谱而导致主用户吞吐量下降的百分比。在衡量次级用户对主用户的影响时,它综合了主次用户的碰撞概率和干扰强度两个因素;其次,研究了以吞吐量降为约束的次级用户吞吐量优化问题。最后,数值仿真证实了该方案比目前几种传统方案的频谱利用率显著提高。     

微波光子认知雷达技术

针对宽带微波光子雷达易被外界电磁信号干扰,难以在复杂电磁环境下对多样化目标进行高速探测与识别的关键难题,本文提出一种能融合多个机会频带以实现高分辨率探测的微波光子认知雷达系统架构.探讨了与微波光子认知雷达系统相关的微波光子宽带实时频谱侦测、可重构波形产生和稀疏频带成像处理等关键技术,论证了方案的可行性.该方案充分发挥了...