简谐运动膜分离的理论研究

A simple harmonic motion is proposed to make the membrane move in a simple harmonic way so as to enhance the membrane filtration, and minimize the membrane fouling and concentration polarization. The velocity distribution and pressure distribution are deduced from the Navier-Stokes equation on the basis of a laminar flow when the membrane rotates at the speed of A sin(αt). And then the shear stress, shear force, moment of force on the membrane surface and power consumed by viscous force are calculated. The velocity distribution demonstrates that the phase of membrane velocity does not synchronize with that of shear stress. The simple harmonic motion can result in self-cleaning, optimize energy utilization, provide the velocity field with instability, and make the feed fluid fluctuation. It also results in higher shear stress on the membrane surface than the constant motion when they consume the same quantitative energy.     

Fouling characteristics of 90° elbow in high salinity wastewater from coal chemical industry

Due to the high salt content of coal chemical wastewater, pipeline fouling often occurs during wastewater treatment. Fouling will cause the diameter of the pipe to shrink or even block, which is not conducive to the safe and stable operation of the wastewater treatment process. In this paper, the experimental device was designed by using FLUENT software and the fouling deposition mechanisms at different flow velocities and different positions in a 90 deg bend were studied. The experimental results show that when the flow velocity is between 0.2 m·s~(-1) and 0.3 m·s~(-1), the thickness of fouling layer was positively correlated with the flow velocity; when the flow velocity is equal to 0.4 m·s~(-1), the formation of fouling is the most serious; when the flow velocity is between 0.4 m·s~(-1) and 0.7 m·s~(-1), the thickness of fouling layer was negative correlation with the flow velocity; with the increase of inlet velocity, the time for sediment point to develop into sediment surface is shortened. The fouling layer is easy to fall off because of the large shear force on the wall surface of the inner bend of the 90° elbow, so the density of sediment at this position is high.     

低膜面流速下曝气对管式膜水力特性及膜污染影响

采用曝气强化管式膜超滤高岭土混合液,考察了低膜面流速下曝气对强化膜分离过程影响,探讨了曝气对膜面水力特征及膜污染过程影响,并对过滤介质影响及膜污染阻力构成进行了研究。结果表明,在低膜面流速下,通过向管式膜引入曝气使膜表面形成气液两相流,可实现膜通量稳定保持在15L/(m²·h)以上。不仅如此,曝气的引入使膜表面雷诺数由1800~2500增至3300~4500,显著增强了膜表面湍流程度,并且实现了低膜面流速下使膜污染指数控制在较低水平,节省了运行能耗。此外,曝气的引入主要减轻了膜表面滤饼污染,使膜过滤总阻力减小且对高岭土截留效率影响不大,但强烈的膜面传质使高岭土粒径有减小趋势,并且膜表面形成污染阻力以不可逆污染层为主,不利于膜污染长周期控制。     

Tubular Membrane Filtration with A Side Stream and its Intermittent Backwash Operation

The tubular membrane filtration system is widely applied to solid-liquid separation processes. Any improvements to the filtration module would increase separation efficiency, thus reducing operating costs. In this experiment, PMMA powder with an average particle diameter of 0.8 µm was filtered by a ceramic tubular membrane with an average pore size of 0.2 µm, and the impacts of the operating variables, such as suspension concentration, the filtration pressure, and the crossflow velocity on the permeate flux were discussed. In order to understand the increased permeate flux, the proposed module is comparable to the tubular membrane filtration module, but with an additional side stream under the same filtration mass flow rate. In addition, variations of shear force on the membrane surface are analyzed by CFD simulation, and the influence of backwash operations on the permeate flux is discussed. The results show that the side stream membrane filtration increased the shear force on the membrane surface, reduced fouling on the membrane surface, and increased the permeate flux. Furthermore, a backwash operation with a side stream flow channel could effectively clean the particles deposited in the module, thus, increasing the permeate flux.     

Experimental study and CFD modelling of a two-phase slug flow for an airlift tubular membrane

The aim of the present study was to develop a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to study the effect of slug flow on the surface shear stress in a vertical tubular membrane. The model was validated using: (1) surface shear stresses, measured using an electrochemical shear probe and (2) gas slug (Taylor bubble) rising velocities, measured using a high speed camera. The length of the gas slugs and, therefore, the duration of a shear event, was observed to vary substantially due to the coalescing of gas slugs as they travelled up the tube. However, the magnitude of the peak surface shear stress during a shear event was not observed to vary significantly. The experimental conditions significantly affected the extent to which the gas slugs coalesced. More coalescing between gas slugs was typically observed for the experiments performed with higher gas flow rates and lower liquid flow rates. Therefore, the results imply that the frequency of shear events decreases at higher gas flow rates and lower liquid flow rates.Shear stress histograms (SSH) were used as a simple approach to compare the different experimental conditions investigated. All conditions resulted in bi-modal distributions: a positive surface shear peak, caused by the liquid slug, and a negative shear peak caused by the gas slugs. At high gas flow rates and at low liquid flow rates, the frequency of the shear stresses in both the negative and positive peaks were more evenly distributed. For all cases, increasing the liquid flow rate and decreasing the gas flow rate tends to result in a predominant positive peak. These results are of importance since conditions that promote evenly distributed positive and negative peaks, are likely to promote better fouling control in membrane system. At high liquid and low gas flow rates, the frequencies obtained numerically and experimentally were found to be similar, deviating by less than approximately 10%. However, at high gas and low liquid flow rates, the differences were slightly higher, exceeding 20%. Under these conditions, the CFD model simulations over predicted the shear stresses induced by gas slugs. Nonetheless, the results indicate that the CFD model was able to accurately simulate shear stresses induced by gas slugs for conditions of high liquid and low gas flow rates.     

Dynamics and Rheology of Fouling Cakes Formed During Ultrafil Tration

Abstract

The solute cake which forms on a membrane surface during ultrafiltration processes is well known for its fouling characteristics. The dynamics and rheology of the cake are investigated and observed under the action of cross-flow shear. Experiments with slurries having 300 nm diameter particles of titanium dioxide indicate average volume concentrations of 0.56 or 0.57 and show that this cake indeed ‘flows’ with a creeping velocity under applied shear. The cake thickness reaches a steady state when the solute advection towards the membrane balances the solute mass carried away at the trailing edge by the creeping cake. The viscosityshear rate dependence of this layer is determined experimentally and the ‘Creeping velocity’ of the cake is calculated assuming the transverse drag force is determined from the Kozeny-Carman equation. Upon instantaneous compression the cake compresses while maintaining its mass distribution. The change in cake resistance allows interpetation of the pressure modified concentration. The volume concentration, determined from the mathematical modeling, is shown to lie between 0.54 to 0.65. Observations show that the top few layers of this cake move freely with the shearing flow due to the lifting action of normal stresses in the cake under external shear. Volume concentrations up to 0.65 are indicated from the analysis.     

Bio-fouling in membrane processes: micro-organism/surface interactions, hydrodynamic detachment method

Bio-fouling is the principal problem met with membrane filtration in biological suspensions treatment, in particular in the case of membranes made of sintered clay which have a low resistance to chemical washing; we are interesting, in this work, to the bioadhesion which is the cause. At first, by the characterization of the particle/surface interactions; and then, by the study of a hydrodynamic detachment technique which could allow the break up of this bioadhesion and, thus, the membrane die-fouling. The results of the experimental study using the specially designed shear stress flow chamber show that micro-organism/support adhesion can be broken by the only effect of this force, and that the recourse to the chemical attack is not necessary. We, therefore, recommended luting against the biofilm fouling a hydrodynamic washing method by the application of a shear stress. And consequently, the ceramic membranes with low resistance to chemical washing would be adequate for the use in a bioreactor thanks to the adaptation of this technique.     

Numerical simulation of the flow in a rotating disk filtration module

The characterization of the flow inside an experimental flat membrane module with a smooth rotating disk was performed. The module consists of a disk rotating at speeds up to 3000 rpm inside a cylindrical housing equipped with a stationary circular flat membrane. The characterization was carried out by using a finite volume CFD software with the κ-omega turbulence model and results of the range of rotation speeds 300 ≤ Ω ≤ 20000 rpm were compared with experimental and theoretical data reported in previous studies. The simulations suggest high permeate fluxes for the device due to large average shear stresses on the membrane and the absence of stagnant zones inside the module, which are desirable features to avoid membrane fouling processes. The simulations show an overall good agreement with theoretical results based on the main assumption that the wall shear stress on the membrane and on the disk can be predicted using modified correlations for rotating flow over a stationary wall and for flow induced by a rotating disk, respectively and with experimental pressure measurements. It has been found that the flow rate imposed at the inlet of the module has an important effect on the pressure distribution. At the membrane some discrepancies were found between the results obtained with the simulations and with the theoretical approach because of the limitations of the assumptions, especially at low rotating speeds for which the effect of the flow through the module becomes important. The correlations relating the disk rotation rate with the surface averaged pressure and the shear stress on the membrane were determined.     

Performance of Membrane Bio-Reactor Equipped with Air-Sparged Side-Stream Tubular Membrane: Treatment Efficiency and Membrane Fouling

We conducted a high-load operation of a baffled bio-reactor equipped with air-sparged side-stream tubular membrane modules for treating actual municipal wastewater at two different periods (high- and low-temperature). Although nitrogen removal efficiency slightly decreased at the low-temperature period, this baffled bio-reactor showed excellent nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies. We also investigated the developments of both physically reversible and irreversible fouling during operation with two-phase flow (mixed-liquor and gas) at various gas velocities and the mixed-liquor velocity was fixed at 0.50 m/s. The membrane flux was fixed at 80 L/m²/hour throughout the experiments. Regardless of the difference in temperature, the trends in the development of these two types of membrane fouling caused by the difference in gas velocity were similar. For physically reversible fouling, an optimum gas velocity, in which the development of this type of fouling was minimized, was found to be around 0.42 m/s (corresponding void fraction was 0.45). A further increase in gas velocity resulted in more reversible fouling. On the other hand, the degree of physically irreversible fouling decreased as gas velocity increased. The results obtained in this study indicated the effect of gas velocity on fouling control differs depending on the type of membrane fouling.     

Flux enhancement and cake formation in air-sparged cross-flow microfiltration

The flux enhancement in cross-flow microfiltration of submicron particles by sparged air-bubble is studied. The effects of operating conditions, such as air-bubble velocity, suspension velocity and filtration pressure, on the cake properties and filtration flux are discussed thoroughly. The results show that the pseudo-steady filtration flux increases as the air-bubble velocity and filtration pressure increase. The sparged air-bubble can significantly improve filtration flux, but the flux enhancement is more remarkable in the lower air-bubble velocity region. A gas–liquid two-phase flow model is adopted for estimating the shear stress acting on the membrane surface under various operating conditions. The cake mass can be significantly reduced by increasing the shear stress acting on the membrane surface. However, the SEM analysis illustrates that the particle packing structure becomes more compact as the air-bubble velocity increases. This results in a slightly higher average specific cake filtration resistance under higher air-bubble velocity. Consequently, a minimum flux occurs at the critical shear stress, e.g., τ_w = 1.1 N/m² in this study, when these effects are both taken into consideration. As the shear stress increases by increasing the suspension or gas-bubble velocity, the filtration flux decreases in the low shear stress region but, on the contrary, quickly increases in the high shear stress region. Furthermore, a force balance model is derived for understanding the particle deposition on the membrane surface. The relationship among filtration flux, shear stress and overall filtration resistance is obtained and verified by experimental data.     

LDV技术优化膜反应器结构

通过采用激光多普勒测速仪（LDV）测定膜反应器内气水混合液的流速分布,研究了膜反应器中设置导流板、膜出水流速以及曝气强度对膜面的剪切流速的影响。研究结果表明,导流板可以增大混合液在中下部膜面附近的切向上升时均流速,混合液的紊动性增强,进而增强了对膜面的剪切作用,有助于延缓膜面滤饼层的形成,缓解浓差极化现象。增大膜出水流速,混合液上升流速和指向膜面的流速均有所增大。曝气强度也会影响流速。时均上升流速和脉动上升流速与曝气强度符合正对数关系。增大气量后,混合液的紊动性增大,气水混合液对膜面的剪切强度也增大。     

往复旋转管式陶瓷膜超滤脱脂奶水溶液的研究

往复旋转管式陶瓷膜过滤系统通过膜组件往复旋转在膜表面反复产生高剪切率,达到减缓膜污染的效果。在相同操作条件下,与单向旋转过滤和死端过滤相比较,往复旋转过滤具有更好的减缓膜污染的作用。本实验利用往复旋转膜过滤装置超滤脱脂奶水溶液,考察了各种参数对该膜系统过滤特性的影响。实验结果表明,料液浓度增大,膜通量减小;过高的操作压差将会抑制膜通量增加;旋转速度增大,膜表面剪切强化作用增强,膜通量相应增大;膜稳态通量随往复旋转周期增大呈现先增大后减小的趋势。当料液速度达到膜组件转速时,瞬时反方向旋转膜组件,膜表面产生最大的剪切率,膜稳态通量也达到最大值。能耗分析表明,往复旋转过滤较单向旋转过滤单位通量能耗低。     

Characteristics of microfiltration of suspensions with inter‐fiber two‐phase flow

Injecting air into hollow fibers and tubular membranes has been proved to be effective in order to control flux decline caused by concentration polarization and particle deposition. This paper presents a study of the characteristics of filtration with inter‐fiber two‐phase flow. The enhancement of flux by bubbling, the effect of the total superficial velocity and gas and liquid velocities, the effect of fiber spacing and orientation, and the concept of critical flux were investigated. A specially designed crossflow hollow fiber cell connected to a light microscope and video‐camera system has been used to monitor particle deposition on the fibers. The results showed that injecting air could enhance the permeate flux and control the deposition of particles on the membrane fibers. Changes in the hydrodynamics of two‐phase flow considerably affected the filtration resistance caused by reversible fouling but was ineffective for the resistance caused by irreversible fouling. The extent of deposition was mainly controlled by the flux level in the range of wall shear rates examined. A critical flux of about 10 dm³ m⁻² h⁻¹ was identified through direct observation of particle deposition on fibers. This value correlated with the flux at which the irreversible fouling became negligible. These results should be significant for optimizing the operation of submerged membrane bioreactor wastewater systems in which bubbling is used as a hydrodynamic technique to improve the performance of the membrane process. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Hydrodynamic factors affecting flux and fouling during reverse osmosis of seawater

In this paper results are presented obtained from investigations on a polyamide reverse osmosis membrane fouled by precipitation of materials which exist in seawater. In these studies the effect of different hydrodynamic factors on fouling of the membrane was investigated. Operating conditions such as temperature, pressure, crossflow velocity and pH, which could play an important role in the fouling processes, were selected for the studies. The results show that increasing temperature, pressure and crossflow velocity enhance fouling of the membrane, but on the other hand, increase permeate flux. Thus, optimization of the parameters was found to be necessary and optimum values of them and pH were determined.     

高效益的齿带在线连续自动清洗技术

电动式水冷机组冷凝器的管内冷却水流速较低,容易结垢,运行效率普遍低下。现有的流体动力塑料光滑扭带具有自动清洗和传热强化双重功能,又结构简单,但是传热强化功能低,自动清洗力矩弱。研究的高效益齿带在线连续自动清洗技术,比现有光滑扭带传热系数提高了171％;自转清洗力矩增大了75％～101％、能够在0．5m／s以上的较低流速下自动清洗管内的污垢;设备总阻力仍然在一般工程容许的范围内,对冷饮冷冻行业的节能增效具有很高的推广价值。     

利用连续式膜气液接触器制备纳米CaCO3:粒子形貌和膜污染（英文）

Nanosized calcium carbonate particles were prepared with a continuous gas-liquid membrane contactor. The effects of Ca(OH)2 concentration, CO2 pressure and liquid flow velocity on the particles morphology, pressure drop and membrane fouling were studied. With rising Ca(OH)2 concentrations, the average size of the particles increased. The effects of Ca(OH)2 concentration and CO2 pressure on particles were not apparent under the experimental conditions. When the Ca(OH)2 concentration and liquid flow velocity were high, or the CO2 pressure was low, the fouling on the membrane external surface at the contactor entrance was serious due to liquid leakage, whereas the fouling was slight at exit. The fouling on the membrane inner-surface at entrance was apparent due to adsorption of raw materials. The membrane can be recovered by washing with dilute hydrochloric acid and reused for at least 6 times without performance deterioration.     

Study on the Flow Field inside the Microfiltration Separator with Rotary Tubular Membrane

Abstract

By using a new type of laser surveying instrument named particle image velocimetry (PIV), the flow field inside a rotary tubular membrane separator with a rotating inner tubular microfiltration membrane and a transparent outer cylinder was measured experimentally, and from which some new observations were resulted. Pairs of stable Taylor vortices with similar dimensions and opposite flowing directions were directly visualized by the measured streamlines and vorticity of flow field in the annular gap of the membrane separator. No matter how the axial Reynolds number, radial Reynolds number and Taylor number changed, the dimensions of the Taylor vortices and the distances between the centers of adjacent Taylor vortices were almost the same, but the shapes of the Taylor vortices at lower Taylor numbers were more regular than those at higher Taylor numbers. The Taylor vortices disappeared because of the turbulence when the Taylor number was too high. The maximum axial velocity near the membrane surface was about 20 times larger than the mean velocity of axial flow inside the annular gap, and the maximum outward radial velocity near the membrane surface was even about 3000 times larger than the average velocity of the radial permeating flow through the tubular microfiltration membrane. The large velocities near the membrane surface, which were due to the Taylor vortices, could prevent solid fine particles from depositing onto the membrane surface and/or entering into the membrane pores and therefore result in reduced concentration polarization and reduced membrane fouling. The results in this study provided some valuable guidelines on the hydrodynamic way to reduce membrane fouling.     

旋流强化中空纤维膜组件结构优化及壳程流动研究

提出并优化了一种旋转流强化的膜组件水力学模型。Box-Behnken方法用于进口直径、进口长度、膜壳高度、进/出口端管长度、球突结构直径,进出口倾斜角度的多参数的实验设计,获得了响应变量最优的膜组件设计方案。通过雷诺应力RSM湍流模型与基于Euler-Lagrange算法的离散相DPM模型的耦合计算,模拟研究了三维模型内液固两相流的颗粒停留时间分布、流体力学特征。模拟结果显示,旋流强化的膜组件壳程的速度分布更加均匀,膜面剪切应力高;湍流耗散率、涡量分布不同于传统膜组件。实验结果证实,优化后的膜组件具有高产水量、低压力降,膜污染速率低的特点。     

Ultrafiltration Fouling: Impact of Backwash Frequency and Air Sparging

A bench-scale study was performed to optimize backwash frequency and air sparging conditions during ultrafiltration (UF) for drinking water treatment in order to minimize hydraulically irreversible fouling as well as operating and maintenance costs. Surface shear stress representing different air sparging conditions (continuous coarse bubble, intermittent coarse bubble, and large pulse bubble) was applied in combination with various backwash frequencies (0.5, 2, and 6 hours) during UF of two natural surface waters. Results indicated that air sparging during permeation with intermittent coarse or large pulse bubbles significantly reduced the rate of irreversible fouling. This allowed for longer permeation times (up to 6 hours) between backwashing, when compared to a baseline condition which assumed a 0.5 h-backwash frequency with no air sparging during permeation. As a result, operation and maintenance cost savings estimated at > $350,000/year for a 29 MLD membrane train could be realized. This study demonstrates that optimized air sparging could serve as a cost-effective UF fouling control strategy for drinking water production.     

Development of energy-saving spinning membrane systemand negatively charged ultrafiltration membranes for recovering oil from waste machine cutting fluid

Membranes with hydrophobic surfaces have higher tendency for protein adsorption and bacteria attachment.As a result, these membranes foul rapidly in cross-flow filtration processes. Changing the membrane surface properties can slow down the membrane fouling process. For difficult membrane separation processes like oilwater emulsion separation, changing membrane properties alone cannot slow down the membrane fouling process. The ordinary cross-flow filtration system cannot be successfully employed for this kind of separation, and the spinning membrane disc system could be considered. The conventional spinning membrane disc system however is not energy efficient due to the centrifugal force acting against the permeate flow; this reduces the effective filtration pressure during the separation operation. Efforts were undertaken to develop a group of negatively charged ultrafiltration membranes, prepared from polyacrylonitrile-vinyl acetate-sodium p-sulfophenyl methallyl ether (CP-24) with polyacrylonitrile-vinyl acetate (CP-16), to be used in an energy-saving design of spinning membrane disc separation system. Our experimental results clearly demonstrate the energy saving benefit of our design; at filtration pressure of 276 kPa and at membrane disc spinning velocity of 1,000 rpm without sacrificing the oil rejection (>98% for 1,000 ppm oil-in-water) by our membrane, the permeate velocity was increased as high as 132% by our energy-saving system over conventional spinning membrane disc separation system.