顾及高效可视化的 CAD模型数据重组织方法 *

CAD模型造型精度高 ,渲染效果逼真 ,被广泛应用于虚拟现实、实时仿真以及三维地理信息系统等三维可视化中 ,但是其几何模型数据复杂 ,图像数据量大 ,也导致可视化效率低下。为此 ,提出了一种 CAD模型数据重组织方法 ,旨在解决当前可视化应用集成 CAD模型数据效率低下的问题。采用预先计算可视化信息 ,高度紧凑组织数据 ,顾及图形软硬件特性等一系列策略 ,实现 CAD模型数据的高效可视化功能。其中 ,几何模型绘制和图像纹理生成效率均提高了 10倍以上。该方法被成功应用于香港志莲净苑佛寺虚拟旅游演示项目中。     

大区域地形可视化技术的研究

近年来，地形场景的实时绘制已受到人们越来越广泛的关注，目前已经提出的一系列场景加速绘制算法,虽然在不同的应用场合也取得了一定的效果，但都存在着局限性，尚不能满足大区域地形环境的实时高速绘制的要求，而与其密切相关的技术主要涉及到地形多分辨率表示、海量地形数据和纹理数据的分页管理、地形和纹理数据的LOD控制、地形和纹理数据的快速存取和更新等．为了能够对地形场景进行实时绘制，在对大区域地形数据管理和实时绘制技术进行研究和试验的基础上，对构建视相关动态多分辨率模型的方法进行了改进，实现了地形模型多分辨率表示与视相关的有机结合，并提出了一种高效的场景数据存取方法，进而实现了一个整合自适应三角网剖分、地形场景数据分页管理和动态更新等相关技术于一体的地形三维可视化系统，试验结果表明，该算法能够实时绘制地形场景，且质量较好．     

A scalable architecture for 3D map navigation on mobile devices

Mobile devices such as smart phones or tablets are rapidly increasing their graphics and networking capabilities. However, real-time visualization of 3D maps is still a challenging task to accomplish on such limited devices. In this paper, we describe the principles involved in the design and development of a scalable client–server architecture for delivering 3D maps over wireless networks to mobile devices. We have developed a hybrid adaptive streaming and rendering method that distributes the 3D map rendering task between the mobile clients and a remote server. This architecture provides support for efficient delivery of 3D contents to mobile clients according to their capabilities. As a proof of concept, we have implemented a prototype and carried out exhaustive experiments considering different scenarios and hundreds of concurrent connected clients. The analysis of the server workload and the mobile clients performance show that our architecture achieves a great scalability and performance even when using low-end hardware.     

基于粒子系统的天气雷达资料三维显示

传统天气雷达资料为二维图像显示,随着科技的发展与应用的需求,三维显示成为必然。本文研究了一般粒子系统,并根据天气雷达资料特点,建立了适合天气雷达资料特点的粒子系统;在给出三维显示结果图的同时,对粒子绘制与面绘制进行了比较,结果表明粒子绘制能很好的显示雷达资料的三维信息,且在速度方面有一定的提高。     

J2ME在三维可视化中的应用

首先系统地介绍了J2ME由来及其体系结构,然后详细描述了移动3D图形API在三维可视化中的具体实现,包括3D对象的定义和模型渲染．以及为增加可视化真实性的光照和纹理映射。     

基于Shear-Warp算法的三维地震数据场体绘制

利用三维可视化软件包,采用Shear—Warp算法实现地震数据的模型可视化,并给出了具体算法流程。实验结果表明此算法可提高地震数据的体绘制速度,实现地震数据解释的实时交互式绘制,为地质勘探提供可视化依据。     

An open and scalable architecture for delivering 3D shared visualization services to heterogeneous devices

Shared visualization environments represent an effective means to enhance collaborative work in engineering and scientific design tasks. The availability of high‐speed networks allows researchers to work together from geographically distributed locations, and mobile devices are able to carry out ubiquitous 3D visualization tasks through wireless network connections. This paper presents a scalable architecture for the delivery of shared 3D visualization services to heterogeneous terminals ranging from powerful workstations to mobile devices such as PDAs and smart‐phones. The framework design allows both desktop and mobile clients to simultaneously visualize the same model by sharing a common view. Remote‐rendering servers support effective visualization on thin clients, and a load balancing mechanism provides efficient resource usage. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Delaunay三角网构建方法比较研究

Delaunay三角网构建是3维场景可视化领域的一个热点也是难点问题。归纳总结了现有Delaunay三角网构建研究中的3类方法——逐点插入法、三角网生长法和分治法,以及在各自原理框架下的不同实现算法;比较分析了3种不同方法的优缺点和各自代表性算法的时间复杂度,并详细讨论了Delaunay三角网构建方法在大规模场景渲染和地形可视化领域中未来3个研究方向：混合算法研究、算法支撑技术研究和分布式并行算法研究。     

保留细节特征的轮廓线远程绘制算法

目前,智能掌上电脑、个人数字助理和智能手机等移动终端因为其便携性和可移动性,越来越多地被应用于分布式虚拟环境中,但是因为移动终端自身的局限性,在移动终端上的3维模型实时绘制问题仍未得到很好的解决。结合多分辨率网格模型和基于轮廓线的远程绘制的优点,提出了一种保留细节特征的轮廓线远程绘制算法。该算法预处理阶段,在原始精细网格模型上提取细节特征线,并进行多分辨率网格模型的预处理;运行时阶段,根据视点、帧率等交互信息使用选取策略对细节特征线进行选取,然后构建合适的多分辨率网格模型,并在该模型上提取出外围轮廓线,最后发送这两种轮廓线到移动终端进行绘制。实验结果表明,该算法在基于轮廓线的远程绘制中较好地保留了模型的细节特征,并保证了在移动终端的实时绘制。     

三维地形可视化技术研究

为了获得较好的三维可视化效果,在对地形数据组织和实时绘制技术进行研究和实验的基础上,实现了基于四叉树结构的地形模型的连续多分辨率渲染;在考虑视点和地形粗糙度的基础上,设计了一种合理的节点评价系统;提出了一种快速自适应的三角网剖分方法,有效消除了不同分辨率节点间的裂缝。实验结果表明,在保证地形真实感的前提下,该技术实现三维地形显示可以获得较好的图形质量和显示速度。     

基于限制四叉树的大规模地形可视化及其实现*

论述了一种基于限制四叉树的大规模地形实时动态构网算法,实现了在模型误差控制下视点相关的多分辨网格的实时正确构网。实验证明,该方法对于实时控制大规模地形模型的细节层次,增强大规模地形模型的绘制效率是非常有效的。     

Visualizing dynamic geosciences phenomena using an octree-based view-dependent LOD strategy within virtual globes

Geoscientists build dynamic models to simulate various natural phenomena for a better understanding of our planet. Interactive visualizations of these geoscience models and their outputs through virtual globes on the Internet can help the public understand the dynamic phenomena related to the Earth more intuitively. However, challenges arise when the volume of four-dimensional data (4D), 3D in space plus time, is huge for rendering. Datasets loaded from geographically distributed data servers require synchronization between ingesting and rendering data. Also the visualization capability of display clients varies significantly in such an online visualization environment; some may not have high-end graphic cards. To enhance the efficiency of visualizing dynamic volumetric data in virtual globes, this paper proposes a systematic framework, in which an octree-based multiresolution data structure is implemented to organize time series 3D geospatial data to be used in virtual globe environments. This framework includes a view-dependent continuous level of detail (LOD) strategy formulated as a synchronized part of the virtual globe rendering process. Through the octree-based data retrieval process, the LOD strategy enables the rendering of the 4D simulation at a consistent and acceptable frame rate. To demonstrate the capabilities of this framework, data of a simulated dust storm event are rendered in World Wind, an open source virtual globe. The rendering performances with and without the octree-based LOD strategy are compared. The experimental results show that using the proposed data structure and processing strategy significantly enhances the visualization performance when rendering dynamic geospatial phenomena in virtual globes.     

Real-time simulation of large-scale dynamic river water

The real-time modeling and rendering of large-scale dynamic river motion phenomenon is one of the most challenge problems in the research field of simulation, the river water is the most important component in the virtual flood routing process, the simulation should realistically represent its dynamic behavior. This paper embraces a number of techniques covering all the steps of water motion simulation and focuses on the dynamic river surface generation and animation, we describes a combination of modeling methods for flood routing process simulation: FFT-based (Fast Fourier Transform) large-scale water surface modeling and dynamic flood peak generation on water surface using a physically based approach. The real-time rendering techniques for the large-scale 3D scene rendering such as LOD and seamless tiling of LOD patches were discussed in detail, we have adapted them to the rendering of flowing river, new method called template culling for fast clipping were also developed. The methods allow the user to interactively fly over a virtual valley, and there are presented results of implementation of the 3D visualization for river flood routing simulation.     

An efficient and scalable parallel algorithm for out-of-core isosurface extraction and rendering

We consider the problem of isosurface extraction and rendering for large scale time-varying data. Such data sets have been appearing at an increasing rate especially from physics-based simulations, and can range in size from hundreds of gigabytes to tens of terabytes. Isosurface extraction and rendering is one of the most widely used visualization techniques to explore and analyze such data sets. A common strategy for isosurface extraction involves the determination of the so-called active cells followed by a triangulation of these cells based on linear interpolation, and ending with a rendering of the triangular mesh. We develop a new simple indexing scheme for out-of-core processing of large scale data sets, which enables the identification of the active cells extremely quickly, using more compact indexing structure and more effective bulk data movement than previous schemes. Moreover, our scheme leads to an efficient and scalable implementation on multiprocessor environments in which each processor has access to its own local disk. In particular, our parallel algorithm provably achieves load balancing across the processors independent of the isovalue, with almost no overhead in the total amount of work relative to the sequential algorithm. We conduct a large number of experimental tests on the University of Maryland Visualization Cluster using the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability data set, and obtain results that consistently validate the efficiency and the scalability of our algorithm.     

面向移动终端的分布并行化渲染

目的 随着移动互联技术和实时渲染技术的快速发展,面向移动终端的3维展示提供了远程交互式的模型渲染,但较高的渲染计算复杂度与较大的数据处理规模,影响了移动终端3维展示的渲染质量和实时性。针对以上不足,提出一种面向移动终端的分布并行化渲染方法。方法 该方法将渲染任务分布到服务端与终端,服务端采用层次细节模型控制场景复杂度,生成初次渲染图像;终端采用基于图像的渲染技术再次绘制图像,提高渲染质量,同时在渲染过程中利用CUDA(compute unified device architecture)并行计算加速渲染数据处理。结果 本方法有效提高了渲染速度,降低了数据传输量,并保证了图像质量,帧率和数据传输量优化了大约10.8%。结论 本文方法为面向移动终端的3维展示提供了很好的解决途径,在移动网络环境中,能够有效降低服务端负载压力,提高资源利用率并改善用户体验。     

面向智慧城市的3维城市在线可视化

目的 3维城市可视化是智慧城市信息显示的基础,对城市信息的实时准确传递起着重要作用。而现有的3维城市可视化方法和系统存在两点局限性:一是数据模型不适合于海量建筑物显示;二是对整个城市采用单一绘制方式,而建筑物的纹理、结构、高度等特征相似,绘制结果容易引起视觉混淆,为此提出一种基于人类感知理论的3维城市在线可视化技术。方法在预处理阶段,系统采用建筑综合算法建立3维城市建筑物的多分辨率表示;在运行时刻,系统根据用户交互,自适应选择建筑物相应的层次进行显示。结果采用几个3维城市数据对系统进行了测试,实验结果证明,该系统有效地提高了3维城市绘制效率。Leverkusen城市的5 530座建筑物,绘制效率达到19.4帧/s。结论基于感知的3维城市多分辨率表示,有效提高了3维城市系统的显示效率以及用户获取信息的效率,同时提高了用户的交互效率。     

State‐of‐the‐Art in Compressed GPU‐Based Direct Volume Rendering

Great advancements in commodity graphics hardware have favoured graphics processing unit (GPU)‐based volume rendering as the main adopted solution for interactive exploration of rectilinear scalar volumes on commodity platforms. Nevertheless, long data transfer times and GPU memory size limitations are often the main limiting factors, especially for massive, time‐varying or multi‐volume visualization, as well as for networked visualization on the emerging mobile devices. To address this issue, a variety of level‐of‐detail (LOD) data representations and compression techniques have been introduced. In order to improve capabilities and performance over the entire storage, distribution and rendering pipeline, the encoding/decoding process is typically highly asymmetric, and systems should ideally compress at data production time and decompress on demand at rendering time. Compression and LOD pre‐computation does not have to adhere to real‐time constraints and can be performed off‐line for high‐quality results. In contrast, adaptive real‐time rendering from compressed representations requires fast, transient and spatially independent decompression. In this report, we review the existing compressed GPU volume rendering approaches, covering sampling grid layouts, compact representation models, compression techniques, GPU rendering architectures and fast decoding techniques.     

一种环境质量数据可视化与可视分析系统

随着全球环境气候的日益严峻,迫切需要通过环境信息化手段来为政府相关部门在保护环境、规划社会发展等方面提供决策支持,环境质量数据可视化与可视分析技术在环境信息化过程中起着举足轻重的作用。本文主要从可视化和可视分析的角度介绍所设计和实现的系统的体系结构和功能,并对系统的关键技术进行重点讨论。实例结果表明,该系统在多源环境质量数据的可视化建模、组织方式和数据的二三维可视化展现以及数据的动态调度、三维场景的实时渲染等方面都有独特的解决方案,系统可以全方位地展现环境质量数据中的信息,实现对综合多源环境质量数据进行分析。     

A point-based rendering approach for real-time interaction on mobile devices

Mobile device is an important interactive platform. Due to the limitation of computation, memory, display area and energy, how to realize the efficient and real-time interaction of 3D models based on mobile devices is an important research topic. Considering features of mobile devices, this paper adopts remote rendering mode and point models, and then, proposes a transmission and rendering approach that could interact in real time. First, improved simplification algorithm based on MLS and display resolution of mobile devices is proposed. Then, a hierarchy selection of point models and a QoS transmission control strategy are given based on interest area of operator, interest degree of object in the virtual environment and rendering error. They can save the energy consumption. Finally, the rendering and interaction of point models are completed on mobile devices. The experiments show that our method is efficient. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 60873159), the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (Grant No. NCET-07-0039), the National High-Tech Research & Development Progrom of China (Grant No. 2006AA01Z333)     

Robust uniform triangulation algorithm for computer aided design

This paper presents a new robust uniform triangulation algorithm that can be used in CAD/CAM systems to generate and visualize geometry of 3D models. Typically, in CAD/CAM systems 3D geometry consists of 3D surfaces presented by the parametric equations (e.g. surface of revolution, NURBS surfaces) which are defined on a two dimensional domain. Conventional triangulation algorithms (e.g. ear clipping, Voronoi-Delaunay triangulation) do not provide desired quality and high level of accuracy (challenging tasks) for 3D geometry. The approach developed in this paper combines lattice tessellation and conventional triangulation techniques and allows CAD/CAM systems to obtain the required surface quality and accuracy. The algorithm uses a Cartesian lattice to divide the parametric domain into adjacent rectangular cells. These cells are used to generate polygons that are further triangulated to obtain accurate surface representation. The algorithm allows users to control the triangle distribution intensity by adjusting the lattice density. Once triangulated, the 3D model can be used not only for rendering but also in various manufacturing and design applications. The approach presented in this paper can be used to triangulate any parametric surface given in S(u,v) form, e.g. NURBS surfaces, surfaces of revolution, and produces good quality triangulation which can be used in CAD/CAM and computer graphics applications.