相场法模拟定向凝固微观组织演化研究进展

定向凝固是一种新型的铸造成型技术,能够很好地呈现出凝固过程中界面形态的演化过程,而相场法在如今微观组织数值模拟领域中是最具有优势的一种研究方法.介绍了相场法数值模拟的基本原理,阐述了国内外学者对二元或多元合金在受流场、溶质间相互作用和各向异性、过冷等因素条件影响下自由枝晶和小晶面枝晶的相场法模拟的研究进展,说明了采用相场法耦合溶质场和计算相图等方法在其他微观组织中的应用,并且指出了相场法在模拟定向凝固微观组织领域中所存在的不足之处以及未来的发展趋势.     

凝固显微组织数值模拟研究的进展

概述了凝固显微组织数值模拟研究的发展过程,介绍了在晶粒惊讶上进行组织模拟的两类模型：确定论模型和概率论模型,此外,介绍了显微组织模拟研究方面的最新动态,包括相图计算和相场法的应用,最后,在分析现有模型不足的基础上,指出了显微组织模拟研究中亟需解决的问题,并对今后的发展方向作了分析。     

数值仿真技术在粉末冶金零件制造中的应用及研究进展

数值仿真技术可用于粉末零件制造的工艺设计与优化,为缺陷预测与预防、零部件性能改善提供有效的理论支持和技术指导。基于粉末零件压制和烧结机理的本构模型是进行准确可靠的数值计算的必要条件。本文主要介绍了粉末压制模拟中常用的本构建模方法,如粉末烧结体塑性力学方法、广义塑性力学方法及微观力学方法,和粉末烧结模拟中的微观结构模拟方法,如分子动力学法、相场法、蒙地卡罗法及元胞自动机法等,并对以上各种建模方法的计算原理、适用范围及近些年的应用进展做了简要介绍,最后对数值仿真技术在粉末零件制造中的发展方向进行了展望。     

THMC多场耦合作用下岩石力学实验与数值模拟研究进展

岩石多场耦合作用的研究是当前研究的热点难点问题,为了更好的分析岩石在多场耦合作用条件下的作用机理,主要通过实验和数值模拟两方面进行研究。在总结国内外多场耦合微观–细观–宏观多尺度力学试验设备的改进和研发、数值模拟软件及耦合计算程序的开发等方面的研究现状的基础上,展望多场多相耦合作用下岩石力学实验设备和数值分析的研究方向。为了研究岩石多场耦合作用下的力学性能,通过改进和研发设计了不同物理场多场耦合试验系统,在开发试验设备的基础上引起和发展现代无损探测手段,比如实时CT（Computed tomography）扫描技术,电镜扫描技术（SEM）、核磁共振技术（NMRI）、X射线立体成像法、超声波技术等,既能无损检测到岩石的内部孔隙微细观结构及演化过程,也能得出岩石在温度?水流?应力?化学（THMC）多场耦合作用中各物理场的宏观关系,进一步从微细观和宏观相结合的角度得出岩石在多场耦合作用下的性能。随着计算机技术的进步,岩石多场耦合作用下的数值模拟软件及耦合计算程序的开发有了一定的发展,特别是TOUGHREACT与FLAC3D相结合的THMC四场耦合作用的数值模拟软件和数值仿真软件Comsol与Matlab对接的多场耦合计算程序的开发,为岩石多场耦合模拟的开展提供了技术支持。      

材料设计中的结构层次理论及跨尺度关联问题

结合图、表和公式综述了材料设计从宏观到微观的不同层次理论的研究现状,包括连续介质力学、结构动力学、缺陷动力学、分子动力学和量子力学等,其中,量子力学属于微观层次,分子动力学主要属于介观层次,其余属于宏观层次;进而讨论了材料设计领域的构建材料结构与性质关系、以及沟通与整合各层次理论的跨尺度关联问题.最后,介绍了现阶段材料设计的知识库和数据库技术、专家系统技术、计算机模拟技术和纯理论计算方法等4种途径.     

基于样条有限条法的冷弯成形全流程模拟

采用基于更新拉格朗日法（UL法）的弹塑性大变形样条有限条法，结合流动模型，分析并模拟了普通槽钢成形过程中变形带材的位移场、应变场和应力场，计算结果与相关献的实验结果相吻合，进一步证明了计算方法和所建模型的有效性，为设计工作提供了理论依据，对实际生产具有重要意义。     

灰尘在风管中运动轨迹的数值模拟

对通风管道中的气固两相流动流场进行数值模拟，是研究颗粒在通风管道中的运动轨迹。计算中将气相作为连续介质，采用RSM湍流模型。并用SIMPLE算法对流场进行数值模拟；将固相作为离散体系，采用随机轨道法计算其运动轨迹。计算时，分别选用6种颗粒直径为计算工况，计算结果显示出颗粒运动轨迹，指出其与气流速度和颗粒直径相关。     

基于三维激光扫描技术爆堆体积测量与计算

针对目前新兴发展的三维激光测量技术,结合露天矿山采场爆堆测量体积计算工作,形成了一套基于三维激光扫描技术的采场爆堆体积测量和计算的方法。介绍了基于三维激光扫描技术的测量原理以及在爆堆体积量算中的应用,并讨论了点云数据采集、预处理、三维建模及爆堆体积计算流程。通过工程实例,与传统的全站仪数据采集方式进行对比分析,基于三维激光扫描技术在爆堆体积计算满足精度要求。此技术对爆堆体积测量与计算具有实际应用价值和推广价值。     

变形金属再结晶过程计算机模拟

通过有限元方法和计算机模拟技术可有效模拟金属热加工和变形金属退火时的再结晶过程，计算金属组织演化和预报材料性能。介绍了目前再结晶计算机模拟的方法和模型-Monte Carlo(MC)法，Cellular Automation(CA)法，纯几何模型模拟，分组模型模拟和杂化模型模拟，重点分析了MC模拟法在均质和非均质形核，二相粒子对再结晶的影响，动态再结晶等方面的研究进展。指出用MC法模拟存在的问题，应用有限元法计算基本变形储存能和织构；建立含速率的再结晶形核和生长模型及耦合温度场模型的研究途径。     

相场法模拟钛合金相变

近年来,以计算材料科学为基础,试错性材料设计法正在向理论性材料设计法迈进,并且已进入实用化的新阶段。相场法(phase-field method,以下简称PF法)是基于连续体模型,研究材料组织形成过程现象的一种模拟方法。日本名古屋工业大学小山敏幸介绍了PF法的计算要点,并以钛合金为对象举例加以说明。     

喷射成形工艺的发展及应用

喷射成形是近年来发展较快的一种新型快速凝固技术，应用于多种高性能金属材料的制备中。介绍了该工艺的原理、特点、设备及在铝基、铁基、铜基和高温合金等不同材料中的研究及应用情况；对该工艺近几年在热传输、气体流场动力学、凝固组织形成机制和材料性能等理论方面的进展做了总结。并对该工艺存在的问题和今后的发展方向提出了一些新的观点。     

高强高导纯铜线材及铜基材料的研究进展

综述了获得高强高导纯铜线材及铜基材料的方法，并对高强高导铜基材料研究领域的几个热点问题即：铜基原位变形复合材料、快速凝固法、氧化物弥散强化铜以及稀土在高强高导铜合金中的应用等进行了介绍。     

火花放电原子发射光谱法在焊接材料检验中的应用进展

近年来,火花放电原子发射光谱法在焊接材料生产过程质量控制方面应用广泛。然而,作为样品表面分析技术,火花放电原子发射光谱法对于焊接材料领域的分析瑕瑜互见。文章综述了火花放电原子发射光谱法在几种不同形状焊接材料分析过程中的应用现状,梳理了火花放电原子发射光谱法分析不同基体焊接材料、不同种类元素、多种分析功能的发展应用,总结了火花放电原子发射光谱法分析焊接材料的质量控制手段。最后提出了对小规格焊丝和焊带的分析是火花放电原子发射光谱法分析焊接材料的瓶颈,也是将来一段时间火花放电原子发射光谱法在焊接材料领域发展所面临的主要问题。     

外磁场在定向凝固过程中的应用研究

以磁场对合金凝固组织的影响为基础,综述了近年来交变磁场和稳恒磁场在定向凝固过程中的应用和发展,总结了外磁场对定向凝固过程中合金微观组织的作用机制,并展望了今后的研究方向。     

New Composition Based Technique for Solidification Cracking Resistance Evaluation

Predicting the occurrence of solidification cracking during the solidification of metallic alloys by numerical simulation is a crucial move for avoiding such defects. Several models are widely available, however, the application of such are impacted due to the specific and not accessible parameters required. A simple, composition-based approach to rank solidification cracking susceptibility is presented. The procedure links computational thermodynamic and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to provide an evaluation tool for solidification cracking. The method is related to the liquid filling phenomena in dendritic arms during solidification, which plays a critical role in solidification cracking phenomena. The dendritic profiles were constructed using the fraction of solid calculated by commercial thermodynamic software packages. The calculated results were compared with experimental solidification cracking data and showed satisfactory accuracy. The method capability to rank the solidification cracking propensity of similar alloys based on composition provides an important new operative tool to aid alloy development in welding and additive manufacturing related areas.

     

Comparison of nucleation and growth mechanisms in alloy solidification to those in metallic glass crystallisation — relevance to modeling

The development of microstructure during phase transformations is often best understood by considerations of nucleation in the parent material followed by growth of the new phase. This is a mature research field in alloy solidification, thanks to extensive investigations of nucleation and dendritic growth in cooling alloy melts. Bulk metallic glasses, on the other hand, typically do not form crystals on cooling from above the liquidus to below the glass transition temperature, resulting in very strong hard materials. As BMG toughness can be enhanced by a crystallising anneal, the study of nucleation and growth of crystals in viscous multi-component liquids has become an important topic for study. Such devitrification can lead to crystalline-glass composites or bulk nano-crystalline alloys, and the micro- or nano-structure is controlled by phenomena such as diffusion of solute and heat, and impingement dynamics. The relevance of solidification theories of nucleation, growth and impingement to crystallisation in amorphous alloys is discussed in this paper. The effects of the key differences between phase transformations in alloy casting processes and those in alloy devitrification on development of computational models for process simulation are highlighted.     

高温钛合金及钛基复合材料增材制造技术研究现状

高温钛合金及钛基复合材料因具有比强度高、比刚度高、耐腐蚀、耐高温等优异性能,近几年来受到了广泛的关注。钛基复合材料的力学性能往往与增强相组织有关,增材制造技术的快速凝固可以使颗粒增强钛基复合材料中晶粒细化,力学性能得到提升。本文综述了高温钛合金及钛基复合材料的研究进展,分析了增强相组织对材料力学性能的影响,总结了增材制造技术制备钛基梯度功能材料的应用。通过增材制造技术制备钛基复合材料不仅可以提高复合材料的硬度和强度,还可以提高复合材料的延展性,采用增材制造技术制备高性能钛基复合材料将会成为未来的发展趋势。     

SPS技术在粉末冶金材料中的应用现状

放电等离子烧结(SPS)技术作为一种新型粉末固化成形技术,因其升温速度快、烧结时间短、烧结材料的致密度高等优点而引起了广泛关注。重点概述了放电等离子烧结技术的应用领域,分析其发展过程中面临的问题,展望了其未来发展趋势。     

Macrotransport-solidification kinetics modeling of equiaxed dendritic growth: Part II. Computation problems and validation on INCONEL 718 superalloy castings

In Part I of the article, a new analytical model that describes solidification of equiaxed dendrites was presented. In this part of the article, the model is used to simulate the solidification of INCONEL 718 superalloy castings. The model was incorporated into a commercial finite-element code, PROCAST. A special procedure called microlatent heat method (MLHM) was used for coupling between macroscopic heat flow and microscopic growth kinetics. A criterion for time-stepping selection in microscopic modeling has been derived in conjunction with MLHM. Reductions in computational (CPU) time up to 90 pct over the classic latent heat method were found by adopting this coupling. Validation of the model was performed against experimental data for an INCONEL 718 superalloy casting. In the present calculations, the model for globulitic dendrite was used. The evolution of fraction of solid calculated with the present model was compared with Scheil’s model and experiments. An important feature in solidification of INCONEL 718 is the detrimental Laves phase. Laves phase content is directly related to the intensity of microsegregation of niobium, which is very sensitive to the evolution of the fraction of solid. It was found that there is a critical cooling rate at which the amount of Laves phase is maximum. The critical cooling rate is not a function of material parameters (diffusivity, partition coefficient,etc.). It depends only on the grain size and solidification time. The predictions generated with the present model are shown to agree very well with experiments.     

Phase‐Field Simulation of Solidifying Microstructure in the Presence of a Convective Field

Here we present a contribution to the microstructure based design of new steel alloys by a careful investigation of multiphase microstructure solidification in a convective field. To this end we present an extension of the quantitative phase‐field model proposed in [1] to investigate the influence of hydrodynamic convection on the growth of eutectic/peritectic alloys. We study directional solidification of a eutectic alloy under the influence of a shear flow ahead of the solidifying front. We mainly investigate the growth of a eutectic lamellar structure. We show that the imposed flow tilts the whole lamellar structure away from the flow direction. Moreover, we show that forced flow alters the growth morphology of Fe‐Ni peritectic alloys, having a strong influence on the nucleation of the peritectic phase. Based on these investigations, a scale relation between the strength of flow and the solid volume fraction is derived. Further we propose an application of these models as an alternative approach to study heterogeneous nucleation kinetics in the solidification of peritectic materials systems.