采用泡沫铜电极的热再生氨电池性能数值模拟

以采用泡沫铜电极的热再生氨电池（thermally regenerative ammonia-based battery，TRAB）为研究对象，建立了多孔介质内物质传输与电化学反应耦合的稳态模型，计算获得了电池性能及多孔电极内物质传输特性，并研究了电解质浓度和电极孔隙率对电池性能的影响。研究结果表明，从主流区界面到多孔电极内部，阳极氨和阴极铜离子浓度逐渐降低，存在一定的浓度梯度，而且随着反应电流的增大，浓度梯度明显增大。在一定的范围内分别增大阳极氨浓度和阴极铜离子浓度，从主流区向多孔电极内物质传输增强，电池性能均能不断提升；随着硫酸铵浓度的增大，电解质电导率增大，电池性能逐渐提升，但增幅逐渐减小。此外，多孔电极孔隙率也会影响电池性能，本研究中TRAB在电极孔隙率为0.6时获得最高的最大功率(15.3 mW)。     

不同Cu2+浓度下热再生氨电池产电及Cu2+去除特性

热再生氨电池（thermally regenerative ammonia-based battery,TRAB）在废弃资源回收方面展现出独特优势和良好应用前景。通过构建TRAB来处理含Cu²⁺废液并回收电能和铜资源,实验中研究了不同Cu²⁺浓度对电池产电性能和废液Cu²⁺去除效果的影响。研究结果表明,当阴极废液Cu²⁺浓度低于0.2 mol/L时,随着Cu²⁺浓度的增加,电池最大输出功率不断增加,电池输出电压和产电周期不断增加,促使批次获得电量和能量密度也不断增加。同时采用TRAB技术去除废液中铜离子具有较高的去除效率,而且去除率随着废液中铜离子浓度的增加而增加。后续研究采用TRAB结合电凝法的两步处理法有望进一步提高处理效果,具有较好的经济性和应用前景。     

不同Cu~(2+)浓度下热再生氨电池产电及Cu~(2+)去除特性

热再生氨电池(thermally regenerative ammonia-based battery,TRAB)在废弃资源回收方面展现出独特优势和良好应用前景。通过构建TRAB来处理含Cu~(2+)废液并回收电能和铜资源,实验中研究了不同Cu~(2+)浓度对电池产电性能和废液Cu~(2+)去除效果的影响。研究结果表明,当阴极废液Cu~(2+)浓度低于0.2 mol/L时,随着Cu~(2+)浓度的增加,电池最大输出功率不断增加,电池输出电压和产电周期不断增加,促使批次获得电量和能量密度也不断增加。同时采用TRAB技术去除废液中铜离子具有较高的去除效率,而且去除率随着废液中铜离子浓度的增加而增加。后续研究采用TRAB结合电凝法的两步处理法有望进一步提高处理效果,具有较好的经济性和应用前景。     

石墨烯/聚苯胺修饰阳极对微生物燃料电池性能的影响

纳米材料修饰阳极可显著提高微生物燃料电池（MFC）性能,本研究主要探索了石墨烯、聚苯胺和石墨烯/聚苯胺复合修饰电极对MFC产电性能的影响。使用电化学方法电镀石墨烯于碳布表面,进一步通过原位聚合法制备聚苯胺来修饰碳布电极。将修饰电极装载入双室型MFC中,测量其产电性能,并对电极进行表征,测量电化学性能。通过扫描电镜观察到, 碳布能够被修饰上石墨烯和聚苯胺,并且聚苯胺附着于碳纤维或石墨烯薄层表面,形成棒状的纳米结构。产电性能方面,装载石墨烯/聚苯胺修饰电极的MFC最大输出电压最高,达到了（291±22）mV,比装载空白碳布电极的对照组MFC提高了175%以上。石墨烯/聚苯胺电极组MFC的最大输出功率密度同样最高,达到了（653 ± 25）mW·m^-2,为空白碳布对照组的10.5倍。实验结果表明：石墨烯/聚苯胺复合修饰电极可有效利用石墨烯导电性好和聚苯胺生物相容性高的优点,显著提高MFC的产电性能。     

具有高浓度氨腔室的立式热再生氨电池性能特性

热再生电池（thermally regenerative ammonia-based battery,TRAB）可有效地将低温热能转化为电能,但其较为严重的氨渗透现象严重影响电池的产电稳定性。本文通过可视化证明了TRAB阳极氨与电解液的自分层现象,基于此构建了一种具有高浓度氨腔室的立式热再生氨电池,通过构建高浓度氨腔室和阳极氨传输阻挡层来调控氨分布,从而缓解电池中氨渗透过程。研究结果表明,与常规结构的热再生氨电池相比,具有氨腔室的热再生电池通过调控阳极氨分布解决了氨渗透的问题,在较高氨浓度（6mol/L）条件下获得了更高的输出功率、产电量以及更稳定的产电性能。此外,多孔泡沫铜阳极可以阻挡氨向下传输,进一步缓解氨渗透。具有合适孔隙密度（80PPI）的多孔电极在获得较大反应面积的同时保证了其内部良好的物质传输,使电池获得最佳的输出功率（10.8mW）。     

CW-MFC处理六价铬废水及同步产电的研究

利用人工湿地型微生物燃料电池（CW-MFC）处理六价铬[Cr（Ⅵ）]废水可实现同步产电。考察了不同电极间距下COD质量浓度、Cr（Ⅵ）质量浓度及水力停留时间（HRT）对处理含铬废水及同步产电的影响。结果表明,随着COD和Cr（Ⅵ）质量浓度的增大,CW-MFC的电压先增大后减小。电极间距越小,欧姆电阻越小,但当电极间距为10 cm时系统的输出电压和功率密度最大,同时COD和Cr（Ⅵ）的去除率最高。随着HRT的延长,产电性能和污水处理能力先增大后减小。电极间距为10 cm时,最大功率密度和COD最高去除率分别458.24 mW/m³和92.50%（HRT为2 d）,Cr（Ⅵ）最高去除率为92.96%（HRT为3 d）。     

尿液微生物燃料电池泡沫金属阳极性能研究

通过线性扫描伏安(LSV)曲线、循环伏安(CV)曲线、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)和塔菲尔(Tafel)曲线对泡沫镍电极、泡沫铜电极和泡沫铁镍电极的性能进行了研究;并分别以泡沫镍电极、泡沫铜电极和泡沫铁镍电极作为尿液微生物燃料电池(UMFC)阳极,通过启动曲线的测试,对3种泡沫金属电极的性能进行了比较。结果表明,泡沫铜电极的LSV特性、CV特性、EIS特性和Tafel特性均优于泡沫镍电极和泡沫铁镍电极,以其为阳极的UMFC产电稳定电压能够达到356mV;泡沫镍电极的CV特性和LSV特性与泡沫铁镍电极相似,泡沫镍电极的EIS特性优于泡沫铁镍电极;泡沫铁镍电极的性能优于泡沫镍电极,以泡沫铁镍电极为阳极的UMFC产电稳定电压能够达到110mV。     

石墨烯/聚苯胺复合阳极的制备及在MFC中的应用

采用化学氧化还原法制备高纯度石墨烯（GR）,利用电化学修饰法得到石墨烯/聚苯胺（GR/PANI）膜阳极,采用红外光谱（FI-IR）、X射线衍射（XRD）、场发射扫描电镜（FESEM）对所制备复合电极进行了表征,采用循环伏安法（CV）、交流阻抗法（EIS）考察了复合电极的电化学性能。将GR/PANI膜阳极应用于固定床微生物燃料电池（MFC）,考察了电池的产电性能。均匀地附着在石墨烯表面,GR/PANI膜电极具有良好可逆性,其电阻小、导电性良好。GR/PANI膜阳极应用于MFC,最大功率密度和开路电压分别为230.2 mW·m^-2和834.6 mV,比未修饰阳极的最大功率密度和开路电压分别提高了110.6%和34.8%,GR/PANI膜阳极的表观内阻也由未修饰阳极的843.2Ω降低为469.4 Ω,且电池启动时间大大缩短,产电稳定性增强。结果表明,GR/PANI复合物是一种优良的电极材料,GR/PANI膜阳极MFC具有良好的产电性能。     

溶胶凝胶法制备二硫化钼干凝胶复合电极和电化学性能表征

通过溶胶凝胶法在泡沫镍表面滴涂二硫化钼干凝胶复合材料来制备析氢电极。通过改变不同的溶液配比来改变复合材料的形貌和结构,利用泡沫镍和复合材料的高催化性、高比表面积和高电导性的特性,研究不同形貌和结构的复合电极对析氢效果的影响。运用多种分析测试技术对制备的复合材料进行表征,并通过电化学方法对复合电极的析氢性能进行研究,研究表明当0.01 mol·L-1钼酸钠-0.4 mol·L-1硫脲配比溶液在水热反应下生成二硫化钼,然后通过溶胶凝胶法制备二硫化钼无机干凝胶滴涂在泡沫镍表面,复合材料的电催化析氢性能最好。     

新型双钙钛矿基对称固体氧化物燃料电池的制备及性能

采用柠檬酸-硝酸盐燃烧法制备PrBaFe_2O_(5+δ)(PBFO)和PrBaFe_(1.6)Ni_(0.4)O_(5+δ)(PBFNO)电极材料,用高温固相法制备La_(0.9)Sr_(0.1)Ga_(0.8)Mg_(0.2)O_(3–δ)(LSGM)电解质。以LSGM为电解质,PBFNO及PBFNO-SDC分别为对称电极制备单电池。利用X射线衍射法研究材料的物相结构,交流阻抗法记录界面极化行为,扫描电子显微镜观察电池的断面微结构,用自组装的测试系统评价电池输出性能。结果表明:合成的PBFO和PBFNO粉体呈现单一的钙钛矿结构;Ni掺杂能够明显改善空气气氛下的界面极化行为,800℃时电极–电解质的界面极化阻抗由1.94?·cm~2降低到0.39?·cm~2。通过PBFNO与SDC复合能够明显增大电极的三相反应界面,提高电池输出性能,单电池在800℃时的最大功率输出密度从332mW/cm~2增大到372mW/cm~2。PBFNO-SDC复合电极是潜在的对称固体氧化物燃料电池电极材料。     

Electrochemical studies of the nickel electrode with cobalt modification

The electrochemical behaviour of the paste-type nickel hydroxide electrode with cobalt-modified nickel foam was investigated using galvanostatic charge–discharge, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and current pulse relaxation methods. Experimental results showed that the performance of the nickel electrode with substrate deposition of a thin layer of cobalt was improved markedly. This improvement could be attributed to the enhanced electrical conduction between the substrate and the active material. The enhanced electrical conduction increases the charge efficiency and the discharge depth of the nickel electrodes and therefore increases the utilization of the active material. This suggests that the electrical conduction between the substrate and the active material is essential to the practical use of paste-type nickel hydroxide electrodes.     

3D nanostructured CuxO modified copper foam as a binder-free electrode for all-solid-state supercapacitor

Copper oxides (Cu_xO) play an active role in the field of binder-free electrodes for supercapacitors due to their own advantages, including high theoretical capacity, non-toxicity, low cost, etc. Developing mild and cheap process to prepare Cu_xO nanomaterials would broad its application in supercapacitors. In this paper, copper oxide is used as an active material and copper foam (CF) is chosen as a substrate to synthesize metal oxide-based electrodes by an in-situ oxidation method. Ingeniously, the availability of copper foam has a dual nature encompassing as a collector as well as a copper source. The as-obtained Cu_xO/CF-60 electrode possesses an area capacitance of 354.6 mF cm⁻² under 2 mA cm⁻². It also has superior cycle stability with 93.8 % of initial capacitance undergo 5000 charge-discharge cycles. Moreover, the all-solid-state asymmetric supercapacitor, combining Cu_xO/CF-60 and activated carbon (AC) pasted on nickel foam (NF) as the respective positive and negative electrodes, exhibits an energy density of 25 μWh cm⁻² when power density reaches 3 mW cm⁻². The Cu_xO/CF-60//AC/NF device displays better cycling stability as 80.2 % of initial capacitance after 5000 cycles. This work provides a simple way for designing Cu_xO based electrodes and lays the foundation for subsequent improvements in electrochemical performance.     

Electrochemical behavior of activated-carbon capacitor material loaded with nickel oxide

In order to enhance specific capacitance and energy density of carbon-based supercapacitor, some nanometer-scale amorphous particles of nickel oxide were loaded into activated-carbon by suspending the activated-carbon in a Ni(NO₃)₂ solution followed by neutralization. A hybrid type electrochemical capacitor was made and tested, in which the activated-carbon loaded with nickel oxide was used as cathode material and activated-carbon was used as anode material. Although the BET surface area of the activated-carbon decreased upon nickel oxide loading compared to that of the starting material, its specific capacitance increased 10.84%, from 175.40 to 194.01 F g⁻¹ and the potential of oxygen evolution on the composite material electrode was 0.076 V higher than that of the pure activated-carbon electrode, in the electrolyte of 6 mol/L KOH solution, so the hybrid capacitor had larger energy density. Similar to the pure activated-carbon electrode, no obvious change appears on the specific capacitances of the composite material electrode at various discharge currents and the composite material electrode exhibiting good power characteristics.     

Pd–Ni双金属复合物修饰泡沫镍电极对水中4-氯酚的电化学脱氯

以Pd–Ni双金属复合物修饰泡沫镍电极（Pd–Ni/Ni）为阴极,对水中4–氯酚（4–CP）进行了电催化脱氯。Pd–Ni双金属颗粒直径大约为50–100nm且均匀地分散在泡沫镍基体上。高效液相色谱（HPLC）分析结果表明Pd–Ni/Ni电极比Pd/Ni或Ni/Ni电极具有更高的催化效率,而苯酚是主要的脱氯产物。增大4–CP初始浓度和升高溶液温度均能使电流效率增大,而还原电流的增大则使电流效率减小。在表观电流密度2.500 mA•cm-2、溶液温度15 °C、4–CP初始浓度1 mmol·L^-1时,4–CP脱氯效率可达82%。另外,根据Pd–Ni/Ni,Pd/Ni和Ni/Ni三种电极的电化学阻抗谱的差异以及它们在不同电流条件下的脱氯效率,推断得到不同极化条件下的速率控制步骤。     

High areal capacitance of FeOOH-carbon nanotube negative electrodes for asymmetric supercapacitors

The relatively low capacitance of negative electrodes, as compared to the capacitance of advanced positive electrodes, poses a serious problem, since this limits the development of asymmetric supercapacitor (SC) devices with a large voltage window and enhanced power-energy characteristics. We fabricate negative SC electrodes with a high capacitance that match the capacitance of advanced positive electrodes at similar active mass loadings, as high as 37?mg?cm^?2. Cyclic voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy, galvanostatic charge-discharge data and the power-energy characteristics of the asymmetric SC device exhibit good electrochemical performance for a voltage window of 1.6?V. Our approach involves the development and application of particle extraction through liquid-liquid interface (PELLI) methods, new extraction mechanisms and efficient extractors to synthesize α-FeOOH and β-FeOOH electrode materials. The use of PELLI allows agglomerate-free processing of powders, which facilitates their efficient mixing with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and allows improved electrolyte access to the particle surface. Experiments to determine the properties of FeOOH-MWCNT composites provided insight into the influence of the electrode material and the structure of extractor molecules on the composite properties. The highest capacitance of 5.86?F?cm^?2 for negative electrodes and low impedance were achieved using α-FeOOH-MWCNT composites and a 16-phosphonohexadecanoic acid (PHDA) extractor. This extractor allows adsorption on particles, not only at the liquid-liquid interface, but also in the bulk aqueous phase and can potentially be used as a capping agent for particle synthesis and as an extractor in the PELLI method.     

Physicochemical and Adhesion Characteristics of High-Density Polyethylene when Treated in a Low-Pressure Plasma under Different Electrodes

The present investigation studys the effects of different electrodes such as copper, nickel, and stainless steel under low-pressure plasma on physicochemical and adhesion characteristics of high-density polyethylene (HDPE). To estimate the extent of surface modification, the surface energies of the polymer surfaces exposed to low-pressure plasmas have been determined by measuring contact angles using two standard test liquids of known surface energies. It is observed that the surface energy and its polar component increase with increasing exposure time, attain a maximum, and then decrease. The increase in surface energy and its polar component is relatively more important when the polymer is exposed under a stainless-steel electrode followed by a nickel and then a copper electrode. The dispersion component of surface energy remains almost unaffected. The surfaces have also been studied by optical microscopy and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). It is observed that when the HDPE is exposed under these electrodes, single crystals of shish kebab structure form, and the extent of formation of crystals is higher under a stainless-steel electrode followed by nickel and then copper electrodes. Exposure of the polymer under low-pressure plasma has essentially incorporated oxygen functionalities on the polymer surface as detected by ESCA. Furthermore the ESCA studies strongly emphasize that higher incorporation of oxygen functionalities are obtained when the polymer is exposed to low-pressure plasma under a stainless-steel electrode followed by nickel and then copper electrodes. These oxygen functionalities have been transformed into various polar functional groups, which have been attributed to increases in the polar component of surface energy as well as the total surface energy of the polymer. Therefore, the maximum increase in surface energy results in stronger adhesion of the polymer when the polymer is exposed under a stainless-steel electrode rather than nickel and copper electrodes.     

Effect of operating parameters on the performance of thermally regenerative ammonia-based battery for low-temperature waste heat recovery

This study investigated the important factors that affect the operating parameters of thermally regener-ative ammonia-based batteries (TRABs), including the metal electrode type, membrane type, electrode surface area, electrode distance, electrolyte concentration, and ammonia concentration. The experimental results showed that the maximum power density of TRABs with a Cu electrode was 40.0 W·m-2, which was considerably higher than that with Ni (0.34 W·m-2) and Co (0.14 W·m-2) electrodes. TRABs with an anion exchange membrane had a 28.6％ higher maximum power density than those with a cation exchange membrane. An increased electrode surface resulted in an increased maximum power but a decreased maximum power density. Within a certain range, TRAB performance was enhanced with decreased electrode distance and increased electrolyte concentration. An increased ammonia concentra-tion resulted in enhanced ammonia transfer and improved the TRAB performance.     

钛基体二氧化铅电极制备改性方法研究进展

寻找稳定性能好及催化性能高的阳极材料是推广电化学水处理技术的关键。钛基体二氧化铅电极在稳定性及催化性方面具有明显优势,但仍存在不少问题。对钛基体二氧化铅电极进行改性以提高其稳定性及催化性成为目前氧化物阳极材料研究中的热点之一。本文主要综述二氧化铅的性质、钛基体二氧化铅电极结构以及针对电极不同结构层进行的技术改性方法;重点阐述采用改性钛材料作为电极基体、在二氧化铅表层与钛基体之间引入中间层、采用杂质元素与杂质颗粒进行掺杂和电极制备方法改进及优化;并指出钛基体二氧化铅电极的发展趋势在于：电极组成形式与成分的多样化,开发新的电极制备技术,以及研究二氧化铅电极的失效机理以便指导电极后续的改性工作等。     

不同金属的电化学噪声研究

采用同电极体系,测量了电沉积镍、铜镀层以及铂片在HC l和N aC l溶液中的电化学噪声,研究发现:通过时域分析得到的噪声电阻是评价材料耐蚀性的重要指标,而点蚀指数反映了电极表面反应的均匀程度;通过频域分析可知,高频段斜率可以用于评价镀层发生腐蚀的类型,而白噪声水平可作为判断材料耐蚀性的指标之一。