合金元素对高氮不锈轴承钢组织与性能的影响

采用金相、扫描、X射线衍射和电化学等方法研究了合金元素对高氮不锈轴承钢组织性能的影响。结果表明:钢中加氮细化组织与碳化物,析出相尺寸随着氮含量的增加而降低。高氮不锈轴承钢1 030、1 050℃淬火后残余奥氏体体积分数达到20%～35%,而且碳氮含量越高,残余奥氏体越多。经冷处理及回火后残余奥氏体体积分数降至7%～10.3%,由于残余奥氏体的相变强化与碳氮化物析出强化,低温回火硬度约为59HRC,500℃高温回火硬度可达到58HRC～59HRC。高氮不锈轴承钢中析出相细化、基体贫铬区减少及氮-钼协同作用,使其耐蚀性能明显优于440C钢,而且钢中氮含量越高,耐蚀性能越好。因此,较高合金含量(C+N)的高氮不锈轴承钢兼具高硬度和优异的耐蚀性能。     

高氮不锈轴承钢的微观组织与性能研究

利用OM、SEM、XRD和电化学方法对X60N高氮不锈轴承钢(/％:0.63C,15.00Cr,0.61Mo,0.190N)进行组织观察、室温和高温力学性能及耐蚀性能研究.结果表明,钢中降碳加氮可显著降低粗大共晶碳化物的数量及尺寸,X60N钢加氮后的原始奥氏体晶粒尺寸及碳化物明显细化.X60N钢经1050 ℃奥氏体化淬...     

新型不锈轴承钢6Cr14Mo冲击韧性与显微亚结构

在同等硬度下，新型不锈轴承钢6Cr14Mo(％：0．64C，13．6Cr，0．62Mo)的冲击韧性ak比9Cr18不锈轴承钢(％：0．94C，18．6Cr)高14—30J／cm^2。从碳化物电镜复型分析可见，6Cr14Mo钢淬、回火组织中主要为细小、弥散分布的二次碳化物，一次碳化物较少，而9Cr18钢组织中一次碳化物较多。新型不锈轴承钢6Cr14Mo的基体组织为板条马氏体，并有少量残余奥氏体，组织中的碳化物主要为M23C6以及弥散析出的Mo2C和ε-Fe2C。     

回火温度对低碳高合金轴承钢组织及冲击性能的影响

以低碳高合金轴承钢为研究对象，通过OM、SEM、XRD等手段，研究了回火温度对显微组织和冲击韧性的影响。结果表明，低碳高合金轴承钢分别经过200、300、400、500℃回火处理后，金相显微组织均为回火马氏体+残余奥氏体；600℃和700℃回火处理后，马氏体组织发生退化，金相显微组织均为回火索氏体+残余奥氏体。低碳高合金轴承钢在200～700℃温度区间回火处理后，300℃回火冲击韧性最高，600℃回火冲击韧性最低，回火温度不宜超过500℃。低碳高合金轴承钢在200～500℃回火后断口特征均为准解离断裂，600℃和700℃回火表现为明显的脆性断裂特征。     

高铝TRIP钢的微观组织与残余奥氏体稳定性研究

主要研究了高Al TRIP钢的显微组织与残余奥氏体的稳定性。通过光学显微镜、SEM、TEM观察了其微观组织。通过TEM观察了钢中马氏体与贝氏体的形貌。通过电子衍射斑分析,得出了残余奥氏体与马氏体的位向关系为K-S位向关系,奥氏体母相与贝氏体的位向关系为N-W位向关系。为研究残余奥氏体机械稳定性,对试验用钢进行了不同应变量的单向拉伸,用X射线测量了残余奥氏体体积分数。结果表明,真应变小于0.11时残余奥氏体体积分数随应变量增加而减少。真应变量大于0.11后,残余奥氏体体积分数随应变量增加变化不大。为了研究残余奥氏体热稳定性,将试验用钢冷却至不同的温度。发现高Al TRIP钢残余奥氏体热稳定性很高,深冷至-196℃条件下不发生马氏体转变。     

冷处理对16Cr14Co12Mo5轴承钢组织和性能的影响

 通过对16Cr14Co12Mo5 轴承钢经冷处理后的组织和性能进行研究,发现与淬火态相比,试验钢经两次冷处理和高温回火后,表面硬度达到50.7HRC,抗拉强度Rm达到1820MPa,屈服强度Rp0.2达到1410MPa,冲击功为75.0J,试验钢的强度和硬度得到了显著提高。经XRD检测,经过两次冷处理后残余奥氏体体积分数由26.0%下降到3.1%。研究表明,经过2次冷处理并配合高温回火后,钢中残余奥氏体88.1%转变为马氏体,残余奥氏体含量明显降低,组织变得稳定,并且在回火过程中伴随有一定量微细第二相的析出。     

6Cr15Mo4VN轴承钢的显微组织和性能

结合Jmatpro软件计算和大量的试制工作,设计开发了新型耐高温不锈轴承钢6Cr15Mo4VN。用差热分析仪、光学显微镜、电子探针等手段对其显微组织和性能进行了分析研究。实验结果表明,淬-回火处理后显微组织为回火马氏体+一次碳化物+二次碳化物+少量残余奥氏体,一次碳化物呈带状沿纵向分布,尺寸较细小,二次碳化物较均匀地分布在马氏体基体上;退火处理后可获得较低硬度,淬-回火处理后可获得较高硬度,是较理想的轴承用材;在体积分数为40%的硝酸溶液中,几乎不发生腐蚀现象;在体积分数为10%的盐酸溶液中,耐腐蚀性能优于9Cr18Mo和7Cr14MoN。     

常化后冷却工艺对1600MPa级超高强钢组织性能的影响

为改善高强度钢的塑性和韧性,对中碳低合金马氏体高强度钢分别采用常化后空冷＋回火和常化后控冷＋回火工艺,研究常化后冷却工艺对钢中残余奥氏体及力学性能的影响.采用扫描电镜获得钢的组织形态,利用X射线衍射和电子背散射衍射技术分析钢中残余奥氏体的体积分数、形貌和分布.发现两种工艺下均得到板条马氏体＋残余奥氏体组织,残余奥氏体均匀分布在板条之间,随工艺参数不同,其体积分数在3%~10%变化.常化后加速冷却能显著细化马氏体板条,提高钢的屈服强度和抗拉强度100 MPa以上,冲击功下降4 J.残余奥氏体的体积分数随常化控冷终冷温度的升高呈现先升高后降低的变化,常化后的控制冷却也可以作为进一步改善马氏体类型钢组织和性能的方法      

国内外高氮马氏体不锈轴承钢研究现状与发展

 高碳铬不锈钢是应用最为广泛的不锈轴承钢,其具有较高的硬度和一定的耐蚀性,然而较高的碳、铬质量分数导致粗大碳化物的出现,轴承钢的疲劳和耐蚀性能将受到损害。相比之下,钢中添加氮元素能够减少粗大共晶碳化物的数量,同时析出大量细小的氮化物及碳氮化物,氮代碳既强化基体又改善耐蚀性,从而获得高强度与良好耐蚀性。介绍了含氮轴承钢及含氮马氏体轴承钢的发展历程,分析了不锈轴承钢中氮元素对组织结构、力学性能和耐蚀性能的作用机理;介绍国内外含氮轴承钢的研究现状并指出了含氮轴承钢研究的不足,需要在氮溶解模型、氮对组织演变及耐蚀机制等方面进行基础理论研究,同时不断研发不同系列的含氮马氏体轴承钢。     

低Si和高Al冷轧TRIP钢的组织和性能分析

改变传统TRIP钢的Si或Al含量,结果表明,ω（Si）为0.61％的试验钢与传统的TRIP钢力学性能相当;ω（Al）为1.20％的试验钢抗拉强度略偏低,但其n值较高,达0.235。2种试验钢的组织均为铁素体＋小岛状马氏体。低Si或以Al代Si并通过适当的生产工艺,可以产生TRIP效应,低Si的试验钢残余奥氏体体积分数达6.20％,高Al的试验钢残余奥氏体体积分数达5.11％。扫描电镜观察断口形貌表明,2种试验钢拉伸试样断口均呈韧窝状,并且可避免高Si含量对钢板表面的不利影响。     

Comparison of microstructure and property of high chromium bearing steel with and without nitrogen addition

Microstructure and property of bearing steel with and without nitrogen addition were investigated by microstructural observation and hardness measurement after different heat treatment processing. Based on the microstructural observation of both 9Cr18 steel and X90N steel,it was found that nitrogen addition could effectively reduce the amount and size of coarse carbides and also refine the original austenite grain size. Due to addition of nitrogen,more austenite phase was found in X90N steel than in 9Cr18 steel. The retained austenite of X90N steel after quenching at 1 050 °C could be reduced from about 60% to about 7% by cold treatment at-73 °C and subsequent tempering,and thus finally increased the hardness up to 60 HRC after low temperature tempering and to 63 HRC after high temperature tempering. Furthermore,both the wear and corrosion resistance of X90N steel were found much more superior than those of 9Cr18 steel,which was attributed to the addition of nitrogen. It was proposed at last that nitrogen alloying into the high chromium bearing steel was a promising way not only to refine the size of both carbides and austenite,but also to achieve high hardness,high wear property and improved corrosion resistance of the stainless bearing steel.     

含硼高速钢轧辊的组织和性能

 设计了5种高速钢轧辊材料,利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)等分析手段,并通过硬度测试、冲击韧性试验和磨损试验,对含硼低合金高速钢轧辊材料在铸态、回火后的组织与性能及其耐磨性进行了系统研究。结果表明,含硼低合金高速钢轧辊材料铸态组织包括马氏体基体、残余奥氏体和不同种类的碳硼化合物,其铸态硬度大于HRC 64,碳硼化合物沿晶界呈网状分布。经RE-Mg-Ti复合变质处理后,晶界出现明显的颈缩和断网。对轧辊材料进行回火发现,随着回火温度的升高,轧辊硬度逐渐降低。相同条件下,未变质轧辊材料的韧性较变质轧辊材料韧性略低,加入过量的变质剂反而降低轧辊材料的韧性。磨损试验发现,经RE-Mg-Ti复合变质的含硼高速钢的耐磨性大于对比试样高碳高钒高速钢的耐磨性。     

Study on microstructure and mechanical properties of martensitic stainless steel 6Cr15MoV

Martensitic stainless steel containing 12%-18%Cr have high hardness due to high carbon content. These steels are common utilized in quenching and tempering processes for knife and cutlery steel.The properties obtained in these materials are significantly influenced by matrix composition after heat treatment,especially as Cr and C content.Comprehensive considered the hardness and corrosion resistance,a new type martensitic stainless steel 6Cr15MoV has been developed.This study emphatic researches the effect of heat treatment processes on microstructure and mechanical properties of 6Cr15MoV martensitic stainless steel.Thermo-Calc software has been carried out to thermodynamic calculation;optical microscope（OM）,scanning electronic microscope（SEM） and transmission electron microscope（TEM） have been carried out to microstructure observation;hardness and impact toughness test have been carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties.Results show that the equilibrium carbide in 6Cr15MoV steel is M₂₃,C₆ carbide,and finely distributed of M₂₃C₆ carbides can be observed on annealed microstructure of 6Cr15MoV stainless steel.6Cr15MoV martensitic stainless steel has a wider quenching temperature range,the hardness value of steel 6Cr15MoV can reach to 60.8 -61.6 HRC when quenched at 1060 - 1100℃.Finely distributed carbides will exist in quenched microstructure,and effectively inhabit the growth of austenite grain.With the increasing of quenching temperature,the volume fraction of undissolved carbides will decrease.The excellent comprehensive mechanical properties can be obtained by quenched at 1060-1100℃with tempered at 100-150℃,and it is mainly due to the high carbon martensite and fine grain size.At these temperature ranges,the hardness will retain about 59.2-61.6 HRC and the Charpy U-notch impact toughness will retain about 17.3-20 J.The morphology of impact fracture surface of tested steel is small dimples with a small amount of cleavage planes.The area of cleavage planes increases with the increasing of tempering temperature.     

球化组织对AISI 420型钢淬回火特性及耐蚀性能的影响

对比研究了两种AISI 420型钢球化组织的平均粒径和圆整度，并对两种钢材进行了不同淬火和回火处理工艺.然后通过硬度测试、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和X射线衍射仪（XRD）来比较球化组织对淬回火特性的影响，同时借助动电位极化曲线测试和质量分数3.5% NaCl溶液浸泡腐蚀来分析耐蚀性能的差异.结果表明:细小弥散的球化组织在淬火时可以提高AISI 420型钢的C元素的固溶量，提高了其淬硬性，但是会提高残留奥氏体的含量；尺寸更小的退火态碳化物可以使AISI 420型钢的基体在奥氏体化过程中溶解更多的Cr元素，从而使得其在淬回火后基体Cr含量更高，减小贫Cr区产生几率，最终显示出更好的点蚀抗力；更少的大尺寸的未溶碳化物在腐蚀环境中降低了点蚀形核几率，提高了AISI 420型钢的耐蚀性能.所以在250℃回火时，AISI 420型钢耐蚀性好且硬度高，在480℃回火后，耐蚀性最差.      

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Martensitic Stainless Steel 6Crl5MoV

 Martensitic stainless steel containing Cr of 12% to 18% (mass percent) are common utilized in quenching and tempering processes for knife and cutlery steel. The properties obtained in these materials are significantly influenced by matrix composition after heat treatment, especially as Cr and C content. Comprehensive considered the hardness and corrosion resistance, a new type martensitic stainless steel 6Cr15MoV has been developed. The effect of heat treatment processes on microstructure and mechanical properties of 6Cr15MoV martensitic stainless steel is emphatically researched. Thermo-Calc software has been carried out to thermodynamic calculation; OM, SEM and TEM have been carried out to microstructure observation; hardness and impact toughness test have been carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties. Results show that the equilibrium carbide in 6Cr15MoV steel is M23C6 carbide, and the M23C6 carbides finely distributed in annealed microstructure. 6Cr15MoV martensitic stainless steel has a wider quenching temperature range, the hardness value of steel 6Cr15MoV can reach to HRC 608 to HRC 616 when quenched at 1060 to 1100 ℃. Finely distributed carbides will exist in quenched microstructure, and effectively inhabit the growth of austenite grain. With the increasing of quenching temperature, the volume fraction of undissolved carbides will decrease. The excellent comprehensive mechanical properties can be obtained by quenched at 1060 to 1100 ℃ with tempered at 100 to 150 ℃, and it is mainly due to the high carbon martensite and fine grain size. At these temperature ranges, the hardness will retain about HRC 592 to HRC 616 and the Charpy U-notch impact toughness will retain about 173 to 20 J. A lot of M23C6 carbides precipitated from martensite matrix, at the same time along the boundaries of martensite lathes which leading to the decrease of impact toughness when tempered at 500 to 540 ℃. The M3C precipitants also existed in the martensite matrix of test steel after tempered at 500 ℃, and the mean size of M3C precipitates is bigger than that of M23C6 precipitates.     

含氮Cr-W-Mo-V半高速钢回火过程中的沉淀析出行为

进行了Cr-W-Mo-V(%:46Cr-24W-24Mo-1.52.0V)系和Cr-W-Mo-V+N(0.05%0.10%)系半高速钢(Semi-HSS)1050℃淬火后分别在100~600℃两次回火沉淀析出行为的研究。采用透射电镜、扫描电镜及能谱仪和能量损失谱对碳化物形貌和成分进行分析,用X射线衍射法测定残余奥氏体的体积分数。结果表明,氮有增强钢的二次硬化的效果,氮促进碳氮化物在425~475℃回火析出,在550℃回火碳化物依附在氮化物表面而沉淀形成复合碳氮化物。Semi-HSS+N在淬火及400℃以下回火,残余奥氏体为15%~17%;随回火温度增加,残余奥氏体量急剧降低,在525℃回火残余奥氏体小于3%。     

调质热处理对55NiCrMoV7模具钢组织与力学性能的影响

采用扫描电镜(SEM)、硬度测试、V型冲击实验和单向拉伸实验结合有限元建模仿真,研究了55NiCrMoV7模具钢在不同淬火温度(790～910℃)、回火温度(100～650 ℃)下的微观组织演化和力学性能的变化规律。结果表明,随着淬火温度升高,球状碳化物逐渐溶解到马氏体基体中,马氏体组织不断长大、粗化,残余奥氏体逐渐增多;淬火后HRC硬度值基本稳定在42～46,屈服强度和抗拉强度先增大后减小,870 ℃淬火后均达到最大值1 380 MPa和1485 MPa,冲击韧性在850 ℃淬火后最大,为26 J。在不同温度回火过程中,马氏体组织含量基本稳定,随着回火温度继续升高,残余奥氏体逐渐溶解,碳化物从马氏体边界处析出,细小而弥散。870 ℃ 4 h淬火+560 ℃ 6 h回火可以使55NiCrMoV7钢具有良好的综合力学性能。