The upgrade of intense pulsed neutron source (IPNS) through the change of coolant and reflector

The current intense pulsed neutron source (IPNS) depleted uranium target is cooled by light water. The inner reflector material is graphite and the outer reflector material is beryllium. The presence of H₂O in the target moderates neutrons and leads to a higher absorption loss in the target than is necessary. D₂O coolant in the small quantities required minimizes this effect. We have studied the possible improvement in IPNS beam fluxes that would result from changing the coolant from H₂O to D₂O and the inner reflector from graphite to beryllium. Neutron intensities were calculated for directions normal to the viewed surface of each moderator for four different cases of combinations of target coolant and reflector materials. The simulations reported here were performed using the MCNPX (version 2.1.5) computer program. Our results show that substantial gains in neutron beam intensities can be achieved by appropriate combination of target coolant and reflector materials. The combination of D₂O coolant and beryllium inner and outer reflectors improves facility performance about 1.3 times. The purpose of this summary is to report our simulation and to recommend to change target coolant and inner reflector materials based on our simulation results.     

A high-resolution lateral displacement sensing method using activeillumination of a cooperative target and a focused four-quadrantposition-sensitive detector

A method for high-resolution lateral displacement sensing is proposed. The sensor includes an optical transceiver and a piece of reflective sheeting fixed to the object to be measured. The reflector position is measured by illuminating the reflector and focusing the reflected light on a four-quadrant (4Q) position-sensitive detector (PSD). The method provides true lateral displacement in a large working volume without calibration due to the property of a focused 4Q detector in which the size of the measurement span is determined solely by the size of the reflector, thus providing inherently accurate, constant scaling independent of distance. Experimental results obtained with a laboratory prototype show an air turbulence-limited resolution of a few micrometers (s value) and integral and differential nonlinearities better than ±1% and ±7%, respectively, when a square reflector of 1 cm² is used at a distance of 2.5 m. The main systematic source of error seems to be the spatial nonuniformity of the reflector specific radiance     

Analysis and design of a Ka‐band satellite shaped offset reflector antenna for producing a contoured beam to cover the Taiwan region

Abstract

Analysis and design of a Ka‐band (20‐GHz) satellite offset‐fed shaped reflector antenna with a single feed for producing a contoured beam to cover the Taiwan region is presented. The design of this shaped reflector antenna is for future geostationary (GEO) satellite communication or DBS (direct broadcasting satellite) applications to serve the Taiwan region. The geometrical optics (GO)/aperture field (AF) method and aperture phase optimization procedures are employed for reflector surface shaping to produce the desired contoured beam. The physical optics (PO) method is used to accurately calculate the far‐field radiation pattern. Numerical simulation results show that the designed shaped reflector produces a Taiwan region converge beam and effectively reduces the antenna gain level in the nearby area of mainland China. Further reduction of the antenna gain level can be achieved by shifting the boresight direction of the satellite antenna for a certain small angle.     

Tunable Bragg reflector with parallel bulk Dirac semimetals at terahertz frequencies

We propose numerically a terahertz Bragg reflector with two parallel bulk Dirac semimetals (BDSs) sheets separated by alternated dielectric gratings using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The transmission of the proposed reflector can be tuned via not only varying the permittivity of the dielectric grating but also changing the period number of the unit cells. By adjusting the separation distance of the parallel BDS sheets, we can derive another degree of freedom to tune the Bragg band gap. In addition, the transmission spectra can also be freely tuned by means of alkaline metal doping. At last, the defect resonant mode is realized in the Bragg reflector. Our proposed Bragg reflector will have potential prospects in designing integrated photonic circuits at terahertz frequencies.     

水下刚性角反射器散射特性

为了分析水下角反射器的声散射特性,提出了一种计算水下凹面目标散射声场的方法。采用ANSYS软件构建水下角反射器实体模型,再利用声学分析软件SYSNOISE对其远场散射声场进行仿真。计算了二面角反射器的目标强度,并与声束弹跳法和板块元法的计算结果进行对比,验证了该方法的适用性和精确性。对三面角反射器的散射特性进行了分析,得到了不同声波入射角度下的目标强度、目标强度随频率的变化规律以及散射方向图,结果表明,正方形角反射器的目标强度最大,三角形角反射器的散射宽度最大,角反射器目标强度不存在明显的频率效应。计算了八面角反射体的方向图,计算结果表明角反射器组合可以有效增大目标强度和散射宽度。     

空间超高频遥感反射器热变形优化及零膨胀材料的制备

空间超高频遥感反射器（工作频段600 GHz以上）在轨运行过程中,由于空间温度变化不均匀会产生热变形问题。为了保证反射面的电气性能,空间超高频遥感反射器要求反射面的型面精度均方差值r ≤ 10 μm。本文创新性地提出了一种单曲面板栅格结构反射器,利用有限元仿真分析软件对反射器进行热变形分析。研究了反射器的不同结构参数对反射面热变形的影响,并以低热变形为原则对反射器结构参数进行优化。优化后的结果仍然不能满足空间超高频遥感反射器的型面精度要求,因此设计并制备了一种热膨胀系数α ≤ 0.5×10-7℃-1的零膨胀材料。这种零膨胀材料是将碳纤维增强聚合物基复合材料（CFRP）与芳纶（Kevlar）纤维织物按照一定比例交错循环铺层,利用该比例调整反射器层压板铺层,可以使反射面热变形降低至7.94 μm,满足空间超高频遥感反射器的型面精度要求。      

Plasmonic Light Trapping in Thin-film Silicon Solar Cells with Improved Self-Assembled Silver Nanoparticles

Plasmonic metal nanoparticles are of great interest for light trapping in thin-film silicon solar cells. In this Letter, we demonstrate experimentally that a back reflector with plasmonic Ag nanoparticles can provide light-trapping performance comparable to state-of-the-art random textures in n-i-p amorphous silicon solar cells. This conclusion is based on the comparison to high performance n-i-p solar cell and state-of-the-art efficiency p-i-n solar cells deposited on the Asahi VU-type glass. With the plasmonic back reflector a gain of 2 mA/cm(2) in short-circuit current density was obtained without any deterioration of open circuit voltage or fill factor compared to the solar cell on a flat back reflector. The excellent light trapping is a result of strong light scattering and low parasitic absorption of self-assembled Ag nanoparticles embedded in the back reflector. The plasmonic back reflector provides a high degree of light trapping with a haze in reflection greater than 80% throughout the wavelength range 520-1100 nm. The high performance of plasmonic back reflector is attributed to improvements in the self-assembly technique, which result in a lower surface coverage and fewer small and irregular nanoparticles.     

Influence of surface roughness of Bragg reflectors on resonance characteristics of solidly-mounted resonators

The solidly mounted resonator (SMR) is fabricated using planar processes from a piezoelectric layer sandwiched between two electrodes upon Bragg reflectors, which then are attached to a substrate. To transform the effective acoustic impedance of the substrate to a near zero value, the Bragg reflectors are composed of alternating high and low acoustic impedance layers of quarter-wavelength thickness. This paper presents the influence of Bragg reflector surface roughness on the resonance characteristics of an SMR. Originally, an A1N/A1 multilayer is used as the Bragg reflector. The poor surface roughness of this Bragg reflector results in a poor SMR frequency response. To improve the surface roughness of Bragg reflectors, a molybdenum (Mo)/titanium (Ti) multilayer with a similar coefficient of thermal expansion is adopted. By controlling deposition parameters, the surface roughness of the Bragg reflector is improved, and better resonance characteristics of SMR are obtained.     

Influence of argon neutral beam energy on the structural properties of amorphous carbon thin films grown by neutral particle beam assisted sputtering

The effects of argon neutral beam (NB) energy on amorphous carbon (a-C) films were investigated, the a-C films were deposited by a neutral particle beam assisted sputtering (NBAS) system. The energy of the neutral particle beam can be directly controlled by a reflector bias voltage as a unique operating parameter of the system. The results from the analysis by Raman spectra, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), UV-visible spectroscopy and electrical conductivity indicate the properties of the amorphous carbon films can be manipulated by simply adjusting the NB energy (or reflector bias voltage) without changing any other process parameters. By increasing the reflector bias voltage, the amount of cross-linked sp² clusters as well as the sp³ bonding in the a-C film coating from the NBAS system can be increased effectively and the composition of carbon thin films can be changed from a nano-crystalline graphite phase to an amorphous carbon phase. In addition, the deposition rate increases with reflector bias voltage due to additional sputtering at the carbon reflector without any variation of physical and electrical properties of the a-C film.     

Pseudo-orthogonal frequency coded wireless SAW RFID temperature sensor tags

SAW sensors are ideal for various wireless, passive multi-sensor applications because they are small, rugged, radiation hard, and offer a wide range of material choices for operation over broad temperature ranges. The readable distance of a tag in a multi-sensor environment is dependent on the insertion loss of the device and the processing gain of the system. Single-frequency code division multiple access (CDMA) tags that are used in high-volume commercial applications must have universal coding schemes and large numbers of codes. The use of a large number of bits at the common center frequency to achieve sufficient code diversity in CDMA tags necessitates reflector banks with >30 dB loss. Orthogonal frequency coding is a spread-spectrum approach that employs frequency and time diversity to achieve enhanced tag properties. The use of orthogonal frequency coded (OFC) SAW tags reduces adjacent reflector interactions for low insertion loss, increased range, complex coding, and system processing gain. This work describes a SAW tag-sensor platform that reduces device loss by implementing long reflector banks with optimized spectral coding. This new pseudo-OFC (POFC) coding is defined and contrasted with the previously defined OFC coding scheme. Auto- and cross-correlation properties of the chips and their relation to reflectivity per strip and reflector length are discussed. Results at 250 MHz of 8-chip OFC and POFC SAW tags will be compared. The key parameters of insertion loss, cross-correlation, and autocorrelation of the two types of frequency-coded tags will be analyzed, contrasted, and discussed. It is shown that coded reflector banks can be achieved with near-zero loss and still maintain good coding properties. Experimental results and results predicted by the coupling of modes model are presented for varying reflector designs and codes. A prototype 915-MHz POFC sensor tag is used as a wireless temperature sensor and the results are shown.     

上海65 m射电望远镜太阳辐射作用分析

利用 ANSYS 热分析模块分别对天线主副反射面板结构和天线的杆系结构建立有限元模型, 计算夏季7月15 日晴天无云这一最不利气候之一的天气各时刻的空气对流换热、太阳辐射、环境长波辐射换热以及阴影遮挡等各种边界条件, 研究分析了主面板、副面板在日照作用下的温度场分布, 特别是由于主面板反射太阳辐射热量并聚焦于副面板从而使副面板温度剧增的“太阳灶”现象;同时为获取天线结构在日照下指向误差变化规律, 还对天线杆系结构进行了日照非均匀热变形分析, 给出日照下主反射面型面精度随时间的变化规律。结果表明:主副面板之间存在的“太阳灶”效应使的副面板最高温度达135℃, 由于日照非均匀温度场的作用, 杆系结构中最大温差达到10.8℃。太阳照射引起的阴阳面造成主反射面不均匀热变形, 在俯仰角90°工况下导致RMS(反射面表面各点误差平方和均方根)最大增加0.35mm。这些数据为下一步结构的施工、传感器的布设以及局部温度控制措施提供了参考信息。     

An Instrument for Measuring Deformations in Large Structures

An instrument that has been developed for measuring the deformations in shape that result from the movement of a radio telescope reflector is described. A radar technique is used to measure distances from near the focal point of the reflector to selected points on the reflector surface. The short term accuracy of the instrument is ±0.003 in) and when used on the 140-ft telescope in Green Bank, W.Va., good agreement was found between calculated and measured deformations.     

High-wavelength-resolution extreme-ultraviolet multilayer mirror

Multilayer mirrors with a system wavelength resolution (lambda/Dlambda) as high as 30-50 are required for the diagnostics of cosmic plasmas with temperatures of 1-20 MK. Such a high wavelength resolution can be realized by increasing the number of layer pairs contributing to the reflectance, by selecting less-absorbing materials for both the reflector and the spacer, and by decreasing the thickness of the reflector. We have fabricated a multilayer mirror tuned to 284 A with a silicon carbide reflector (20% thickness of the layer period) and an aluminum spacer and achieved lambda/Dlambda ~26.8 with a peak reflectivity of ~13.0%. This wavelength resolution is close to the value obtained with a numerical simulation and is considerably higher than the value obtained with the conventional Mo/Si multilayer.     

A photoexcited switchable perfect metamaterial absorber/reflector with polarization-independent and wide-angle for terahertz waves

We present a photoexcited switchable perfect metamaterial absorber/reflector for terahertz waves. The switchable absorber/reflector is based on a cross-shaped structure (CSS) integrated semiconductor photoconductive silicon (Si). The electric response property of the photoconductive Si can be easily modified through a pump optical beam. The conductivity of Si pads filled in the gap of CSS is tuned efficiently through the incident pump optical beam with different power, resulting in the modulation of absorption magnitude from 0 to 100% at the fixed operation frequency. Thus, the switch ability of the perfect absorber/reflector can be easily realized. Furthermore, the proposed design is polarization insensitive and operated well at wide incidence angles for both TE and TM waves.     

Reactive particle beam based deposition process of nano-crystalline silicon thin film at low temperature for the flexible AM-OLED backplane

A novel deposition process for depositing nano-crystalline silicon (nc-Si) thin films at low temperature was developed using reactive particle beam assisted chemical vapor deposition (RPB-CVD) for applications to the thin film transistor (TFT) backplane of flexible active matrix-OLEDs with plastic substrates. During the formation of nc-Si thin films by the RPB-CVD process with a silicon reflector electrode at low temperatures or room temperature, energetic particles could induce the formation of a crystalline phase in polymorphous Si thin films without additional substrate heating. The effects of the incident RPB energy controlled by the reflector bias were confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. The dark conductivity of polymorphous Si thin films increased with increasing reflector bias, whereas the ratio of photo and dark conductivity decreased monotonically. The optical band gap of the Si thin films also could be changed from amorphous to nano-crystalline by controlling the reflector bias. The first results of a primitive nc-Si TFT by RPB-CVD at room temperature demonstrate the technical potential of RPB-based processes as flexible TFT backplanes.     

Mechanically tuned relativistic backward wave oscillator

A high-power relativistic microwave oscillator with low magnetic field is created based on a backward wave oscillator (BWO) with resonance reflector. For fixed parameters of the slow-wave structure (SWS) and the electron beam, the oscillation frequency of this BWO can be mechanically tuned within a 12% band by moving the resonance reflector relative to the SWS. A maximum output pulse radiation power of 4±1 GW at a working frequency of 3.6 GHz is achieved with a magnetic field of 4.6 kOe.     

High performance of GaN-based flip-chip light-emitting diodes with hole-shape patterned ITO ohmic contact layer and AgIn reflector

The enhancement of light extraction efficiency is observed when the hole-shape patterned ITO ohmic contact layer and AgIn reflector is adopted in GaN-based flip-chip (FC) light emitting diodes (LEDs). ITO layer (140 nm) and AgIn (200 nm) was deposited on the top of p-GaN by in-line DC sputtering and electron beam evaporating system, respectively. The ITO ohmic contact layer showed a low specific contact resistance of 2.66 x 10(-5) Omega cm(-2) and high transmittance of >85% at visible spectral regions. The AgIn reflector exhibited a low specific contact resistance of 1.90 x 10(-5) Omega cm(-2) and high reflectance of approximately 84% at visible spectral regions. Comparing with unpatterned ITO/AgIn layer, the optical output power of GaN-based FC LEDs improves approximately 30% by the adoption of micro size hole-shape patterned ITO ohmic contact layer and AgIn reflector.     

An ultra-compact tunable Bragg reflector based on edge propagating plasmons in graphene nanoribbon

A mid-infrared planar Bragg reflector, which is based on the fundamental edge plasmonic mode in the nanoribbons is proposed and numerically demonstrated in this paper. The simulation results calculated with the three-dimensional (3D) finite element method reveal that it shows superb wide-band filtering characteristics in the mid-infrared frequencies, and the bandwidth of stopband in the reflector can be dynamically modulated by varying the chemical potentials of corresponding nanoribbon waveguides. In addition, its band properties on the ribbon width are also analyzed. This kind of Bragg reflector exhibits extreme compactness of lateral scales and wonderful light confinement in both the longitudinal and the lateral directions, which is expected to have significant applications in constructing 3D highly integrated optical networks for signal processing.     

低能粒子辐照对铝膜反射镜光学性能的影响

地面模拟研究了低能质子和电子对铝膜反射镜光学性能的影响。结果表明,低能质子辐照后,在200~800nm波长范围内铝膜反射镜反射率随辐照剂量增加而下降。质子辐照能量越低射程越短,则反射镜表面膜层中质子浓度越大损伤也更为明显。电子辐照射程较深,辐照作用对铝膜反射镜光学性能影响很小。     

Sagnac效应在连续波腔衰荡微量气体浓度测量系统中的应用

基于环形光路的Sagnac效应及腔衰荡测量技术原理,本文提出了一种新型的连续波腔闲置不用衰荡微量气体浓度测量系统.系统中利用环形光路的Sagnac效应,将光纤环作为一个等效反射镜,与高反射率镜形成衰荡腔,实现衰荡腔的反射率可调,从而降低系统对入射光强度的要求,对信号处理提供了条件.在此基础上,文中对环形光路Sagnac...