文学作品的时效性与恒久性——论法国光明世纪四位思想代表的文学作品价值

18世纪的法国是光明的世纪,而光明的使者则是四位巨人:孟德斯鸠、伏尔泰、狄德罗、卢梭.他们的作品对当时社会进步的推动、警醒作用都毋庸置疑,所以,不管讲述历史、社会,还是文学,都会提到他们.然而,究竟如何看待他们作品的文学价值呢?远离了那个风云动荡的年代,我们时他们的文学作品不应再一概而论或慑于其威望而不敢评论了.     

Estimation of IRT graded response models: Limited versus full information methods.

The performance of parameter estimates and standard errors in estimating F. Samejima’s graded response model was examined across 324 conditions. Full information maximum likelihood (FIML) was compared with a 3-stage estimator for categorical item factor analysis (CIFA) when the unweighted least squares method was used in CIFA’s third stage. CIFA is much faster in estimating multidimensional models, particularly with correlated dimensions. Overall, CIFA yields slightly more accurate parameter estimates, and FIML yields slightly more accurate standard errors. Yet, across most conditions, differences between methods are negligible. FIML is the best election in small sample sizes (200 observations). CIFA is the best election in larger samples (on computational grounds). Both methods failed in a number of conditions, most of which involved 200 observations, few indicators per dimension, highly skewed items, or low factor loadings. These conditions are to be avoided in applications. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Some effects of "suspicious" versus 'trusting" training schedules.

The structure of child training was translated into the paradigm of learning in a human engineering situation. The parent is conceived as having a role for the trainee (the child) to learn and employs a schedule of reinforcement. The "suspicious" training schedule involved the trainer always assuming an incorrect response has been given, and uses punitive action (electric shock); "trusting" schedule assumes a correct response, reward being a green light to proceed. Ss were college students; the task involved deciding which of 2 statements reflected greater psychopathology. S had the choice of revealing his selection or not. The hypothesis was that the S exposed to the "suspicious" routine would be more inclined to bring his response to the attention of the evaluater to correct the impression of being wrong, and to more readily learn to adopt trainers' frame of reference. In general, the results support the hypotheses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The legibility of "scotchlite" versus other materials.

Under nighttime conditions with spotlight illumination of digits, target placards were read by male college students. Sets of 5 digits were exposed for 4 seconds per set. Scotchlite background for black digits was found superior to that of white paint or aluminum, at viewing distances of 330 and 500 feet, and viewing angles of 90°, 60°, 40°, 27°, and 18°. Scotchlite was also superior at extreme viewing angles for all distances, varying from 144 to 500 feet. A second experiment demonstrated superiority of Scotchlite digits superimposed on a black background for extreme angles at a 250-foot distance and at all angles for the 500-foot distance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

反思"反本质主义":从文学理论到文化研究

中国语境中的"反本质主义"是一个文化研究意义上的政治概念.这一策略性应用见证了从自律性文学理论到文化研究的发展变化.对于这些转变,我们可以在四个方面予以反思:应用的策略性;生成的转换性;解构的博弈性;面对当下的反思性与面对未来的肯定性.     

十七年文学研究"热"的几个问题

"十七年文学"研究渐成学术热点,其中原因值得深究,无论是历史演进中的心理补偿、"现代性"反思的推动还是"新左派"思维的影响以及新的文学文献的发掘和使用,都有其各自的理由,但也存在相应的问题,新的学术研究的基础应该是回到文本,通过对文学文本的解读构建历史的真实景观.     

鲁迅文学奖诗歌评奖记录

受聘 2010年8月6日,接中国作家协会创研部郑苏伊女士电话,邀我参加鲁迅文学奖初评工作.问,"什么门类?""诗歌.""哟,好多年我与诗歌渐行渐远,很陌生.""鉴赏力总有吧.""这话我爱听."于是--犹豫了三秒种,答应.     

"Big" versus "little" science: comparative analysis of program projects and individual research grants

The verbal fluency task requires generation of category exemplars and appears to be an example of what M. Moscovitch (1995) calls a strategic test of memory retrieval. Four experiments explored the role of individual differences in working memory (WM) capacity on verbal fluency under various secondary load conditions. High WM participants consistently recalled more exemplars. However, load conditions caused a decline in recall only for high WM participants. Low WM participants showed no effect of secondary workload on exemplar generation. WM group differences and load effects were observed even in the 1st min of retrieval, which suggests that differences were not due to differences in knowledge. A model of retrieval is supported that relies on cue-based-automatic activation, monitoring of output for errors, controlled suppression of previously recalled items, and controlled strategic search.