基于FPGA高速信号采集的多角度动态光散射法纳米粒径测量

根据动态光散射装置测量纳米粒径原理,开发了一套基于现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)的纳米粒径测量系统。该系统通过光电倍增管(PMT)输出光子脉冲信号,利用FPGA实现高速脉冲采集及自相关运算,采用双脉冲计数器实现高精度可控的连续计数,并实现DDR3异步存储以及USB通信交互等接口功能。自研板卡既可实现自相关函数实时采集运算,又可无丢失地保存海量原始数据信号。采用该系统对200nm聚苯乙烯颗粒进行了测量,分析了不同采样时间及延迟时间等参数对粒径测量结果的影响。实验结果表明:自研FPGA采集板卡测量重复性为1.2%,具有很好的稳定性和重复性。     

动态光散射在烟气颗粒粒径分析中的应用

本文阐述了动态光散射测量的基本原理,尝试性地利用动态光散射技术进行了气体中烟气颗粒的粒径测量.利用Brookhaven公司的BI-9000相关器搭建测量平台,探索了动态光散射技术在气体中测量烟气颗粒粒径的方法,分析了在测量中遇到的关键问题,如烟气颗粒浓度.颗粒吸附作用等,并初步提出解决问题的方案.本文先后对两种不同的烟草样本进行实验,两组测量数据表现出明显的差异,同组数据在一定范围内波动,说明了动态光散射在烟气颗粒测量中有一定的应用潜力.     

动态光散射检测的互信息函数分析方法

互信息函数反映的是系统中的非线性关联,是将线性的关联函数对非线性系统的一种推广,动态光散射领域目前未见到用计算互信息函数进行分析的报道.本文中通过计算互信息函数,对动态光散射检测电机转速的时间序列进行分析,研究表明,互信息函数法能准确地测出电机转速.同时,由于互信息函数自身的优点--能实际地反映出数据之间的相互关联,因此,与自相关函数法比较,互信息函数法反映出了更多的动力学信息.目前正在把互信息函数分析法用于检测颗粒粒径的实验当中.希望利用互信息函数分析的方法,在动态光散射检测颗粒粒径的实验当中得到更多的动力学信息.并进一步应用于纳米颗粒粒径的动态光散射检测中.     

Zeta电位测量中电场对颗粒粒径的影响

为确定电泳光散射法测量纳米颗粒zeta电位过程中电场对颗粒系统性质的影响,实验研究210、360 nm 2种标准颗粒的单分散溶液在通电前、后颗粒粒度的变化;通过测量90°散射角的动态光散射信号,采用自相关技术进行信号分析,用累积法反演计算颗粒的粒径。结果表明,颗粒在小电压的情况下,粒径几乎没有变化;随着电压的增大,平均粒径逐渐增大,说明样品发生团聚;电压越大,颗粒团聚越快。     

光学式颗粒计数装置的研制

设计了一种检测装置，用来对洁净介质中的颗粒粒径大小和数量进行统计。详细分析了用几何光学的光阻公式替代消光公式对大粒径颗粒的检测机理和前向光散射探测器检测小粒径颗粒时的计数技术。用该装置对标准颗粒物质进行了检测实验，结果表明：对于2μm以上的颗粒计数。效率能达到90％；对于1μm以下的颗粒也有较好的分辨能力，计数效率在70％左右。数值计算和实验结果证实了该装置具有较好的计数能力，能够表征洁净介质的污染程度。     

基于FPGA的线阵CCD雨滴图像快速连续识别方法

雨滴粒子直径和速度实时测量是雨滴谱参数计算的关键,为了实时、连续得到精确、可靠的统计雨滴样本数据,采用基于高速线阵CCD的光阵排列法对雨滴速度和直径进行非接触测量,通过FPGA构造雨滴图像乒乓操作缓存单元,存储两行连续一维动态雨滴图像,发挥FPGA的并行运算能力,利用FPGA快速实现雨滴动态图像连通域检测及连通域标记算法,进而实现雨滴粒子的直径和速度检测.实验证明,该方法能自动连续测量记录雨滴数量、粒径大小和收尾速度,为雨滴谱参数计算提供可靠样本数据.     

动态光散射在颗粒检测中的应用

动态光散射是常用的一种用于检测颗粒粒径分布的方法。本文详细介绍了该技术在测量颗粒粒径、介电常数、传导率、旋转扩散系数、环境的影响以及结晶条件等方面的研究进展,并对该技术的发展及应用做出了进一步的讨论,提出了动态光散射方法存在的问题,以及克服动态光散射的背景噪声、提高光源质量以及建立更智能化的算法等研究方向。     

纳米颗粒定向运动对动态光散射测量结果的影响

为探究溶液定向运动对动态光散射测量结果的影响,采用动态光散射测量系统对不同流速下的纳米颗粒进行测量。结果表明:当定向运动速度矢量与散射矢量垂直时,自相关曲线基本不变;当定向运动速度矢量与散射矢量呈某一夹角时,流速越大,自相关曲线衰减越快;在某一特定运动速度下,夹角越小,相关曲线的衰减越快;用有限入射光束宽度下的动态光散射理论可解释上述实验结果。     

基于LabVIEW的纳米颗粒动态散射光模拟

采用实验室虚拟仪器工程平台LabVIEW实现了纳米颗粒动态光散射信号的计算机模拟。用G语言(图形语言)设计了信号模拟的框图程序,给出了5nm, 15 nm两种粒径颗粒的模拟动态散射光信号及自相关函数。对模拟信号的粒度分析表明,这两种模拟信号产生的测量偏差分别为0.4nm和-0.6nm。     

光电感烟探测器抗粉尘颗粒干扰的研究

简要介绍了散射型光电感烟探测器的光散射原理及粉尘、烟雾颗粒的分布。根据不同波长对相同颗粒的散射特性的差异,通过无因次粒径参量简单计算分析,采用双波长比较方式,对不同散射区特性进行分析。说明利用双波长比较方式,实现光电散射型感烟探测器抗粉尘颗粒干扰成为可能。     

A Bayesian inversion method for estimating the particle size distribution of latexes from multiangle dynamic light scattering measurements

A statistical Bayesian method is proposed for estimating the particle size distribution (PSD) of polymeric latexes from multiangle dynamic light scattering (MDLS) measurements. The procedure includes two main steps: 1) the calculation of the angle-dependent average diameters of the PSD from the MDLS autocorrelation measurements, and 2) the PSD estimation through a Bayesian method (that is solved with a Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling strategy implemented in the form of a Metropolis-Hasting algorithm). First, the method was evaluated through two simulated examples that involved unimodal and bimodal PSDs of different shapes. Then, the method was employed for estimating two bimodal PSDs obtained by mixing two narrow polystyrene standards. For comparison, all examples were also solved by numerical inversion of the raw MDLS autocorrelation measurements through a classical regularization technique typically used for inverting ill-conditioned linear problems. The proposed method appears as an effective and robust tool for characterizing unimodal or multimodal PSDs without requiring any a priori assumption on the number of modes or on their shapes. For unimodal PSDs exhibiting high asymmetries and for bimodal PSDs with modes of different particle concentration, the Bayesian method produced more accurate results than those obtained with the classical regularization technique.     

Multiangle dynamic light scattering analysis using angular intensity weighting determined by iterative recursion

Multiangle dynamic light scattering (MDLS) can provide better results for particle size distribution (PSD) determination than single-angle dynamic light scattering. Proper analysis of MDLS data requires data from each measurement angle to be appropriately weighted according to the intensity scattered by the particles at each scattering angle. The angular weighting coefficients may be determined by measuring the angular dependence of the scattered light intensity or estimated in various ways. In either case, any noise on the weighting coefficients will adversely affect the PSD determination. We propose a new iterative recursion method for estimating the weighting coefficients and demonstrate its effectiveness for recovering PSDs from both simulated and real experimental data. The new method gives better PSD results than those found using other weighting estimates.     

激光跟踪仪角度采集系统设计及误差修正研究

高精度的角度采集和测量是激光跟踪仪实现跟踪和精密测量的关键。针对激光跟踪仪中采用的圆光栅编码器,本文介绍了一种基于FPGA的数据采集系统的设计与实现方法。该采集系统分为滤波、计数、通信三大模块。数字滤波模块用于消除跟踪控制过程中跟踪头振动、抖动产生的信号干扰;计数模块实现方波脉冲的倍频、辨向及计数;通信模块实现跨时钟域的数据传输。系统通过Modelsim仿真及实验测试验证了方法的可行性与可靠性。采用谐波分析方法对角度误差进行了修正,测量误差由3.5″降低到1.5″。本文设计的角度采集系统及谐波分析误差修正方法具有一定的通用性,可广泛应用于相关领域。     

High-precision sizing of nanoparticles by laser transmission spectroscopy

We describe the implementation of precision laser transmission spectroscopy for sizing and counting nanoparticles in suspension. Our apparatus incorporates a tunable laser and balanced optical system that measures light transmission over a wide (210-2300 nm) wavelength range with high precision and sensitivity. Spectral inversion is employed to determine both the particle size distribution and absolute particle density. In this paper we discuss results for particles with sizes (diameters) in the range from 5 to 3000 nm. For polystyrene particles 404 to 1025 nm in size, uncertainties of ±0.5% in size and ±4% in density were obtained. For polystyrene particles from 46 to 3000 nm in size, the dynamic range of the system spans densities from ~10(3)/ml to ~10(10)/ml (5 × 10(-8) to 0.5 vol. %), implying a sensitivity 5 orders of magnitude higher than dynamic light scattering.     

Probing creep motion in granular materials with light scattering

We describe a dynamic light scattering experiment designed in order to study creep motion in granular materials. This method is based on the recording of the speckle pattern with a charge coupled device (CCD) camera. The autocorrelation function of the scattered electric field is calculated and related to the displacement field of the beads. As an application, the measurement of the thermal expansion of a granular material subjected to temperature variations is presented.     

Power law analysis estimates of analyte concentration and particle size in highly scattering granular samples from photon time-of-flight measurements

Optical measurements of particle size and composition in granular samples are difficult to make due to complex light scattering from particles. These multiple scattering events bias absorption estimates and complicate the calculation of scattering and absorption coefficients used to estimate sample properties. Time series data, such as chromatograms and photon time-of-flight (TOF) profiles, contain self-repeating (fractal) characteristics. Power law analysis of photon TOF profiles allows the determination of absorption coefficients and particle sizes in a single experiment. A correlation dimension algorithm was used on photon TOF data from scattering samples. MLR models were then obtained from correlation dimension plots for the estimation of sample properties. Estimates of particle sizes and absorption coefficients were shown to agree well with theoretical values when compared using independent validation sets. Results show close to a 3-fold and up to a 5-fold decrease in the errors of estimation of dye concentration and particle size, respectively, as compared to steady-state measurements. The power law approach provides a useful means of determining sample properties in highly scattering media.     

胶体中布朗粒子简谐束缚下准直高斯光束的动态光散射

在将散射粒子间的相互作用看作简谐力、入射光为准直高斯光束、散射光为理想平面光波的模型下研究了胶体溶液中布朗粒子的统计特征并求解了动态光散射的散射光电场强度的自相关函数；     

基于FPGA的齿轮测量仪防抖动系统

提出了一种基于FPGA的齿轮测量仪防抖动系统的设计方案,系统主要由四倍频细分辨向模块和防抖动模块组成.光栅信号通过四倍频细分辨向模块实现信号的细分,提高了测量精度,细分后的信号通过防抖动模块中的反向脉冲计数模块、正向脉冲消除模块消除由于机械结构的抖动产生的测量影响,系统采用由上而下的设计方法,运用Quartus II软件的图像设计和程序设计相结合的开发技术,实现了防抖动功能,避免了测量误差,提高了齿轮测量仪的测量精度.