凝固路径对Al-4.5%Cu合金显微偏析参数影响的数值模拟

通过对Al-4.5%Cu合金铸锭显微偏析形成的数值模拟,研究了凝固路径对凝固后铸锭不同位置处显微偏析参数的影响.在显微偏析模型中考虑了树枝晶粗化、固相溶质逆扩散、枝晶尖端过冷、随温度变化的溶质扩散系数等影响显微偏析形成的动力学因素.数值方法中采用变网格技术跟踪移动界面,通过迭代求解溶质扩散方程和溶质守恒方程计算显微偏析参数.结果表明,对于Al-Cu合金,固相扩散主要由溶质扩散速率控制,而非局部凝固时间.显微偏析参数不仅取决于局部凝固时间,还要考虑凝固路径的影响.     

凝固路径对Al-4.5%Cu合金共晶相体积分数影响的数值模拟研究

通过Al-4.5％Cu合金铸锭显微偏析形成的数值模拟，研究了凝固路径对凝固后铸锭不同位置处共晶相体积分数的影响。在显微偏析模型中考虑了树枝晶粗化、固相溶质逆扩散、枝晶尖端过冷、随温度变化的溶质扩散系数等影响显微偏析形成的动力学因素。数值方法中采用变网格技术跟踪移动界面，通过迭代求解溶质扩散方程和溶质守恒方程计算显微偏析参数。结果表明，不能仅靠局部凝固时间来分析共晶相体积分数的变化，还要考虑凝固路径的影响。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF ALLOY SOLIDIFICATION BY A TWO－PHASE MODEL

本文介绍了合金凝固传输过程中的二相流数学模型．该模型描述了固－液界面的传输现象和液相对流对宏观偏析的影响，并考虑了生核过程，热和溶质的过冷效应，及固相颗粒的宏观运动，从而把宏观传输过程和微观结构结合起来．采用该模型，对Ａｌ－４％Ｃｕ等轴晶合金的凝固进行了完整的数值模拟．     

合金凝固的二相流数值模拟

本文介绍了合金凝固传输过程中的二相流数学模型，该模型描述了固－液界面的传输现象和液相对流对宏观偏析的影响，并考虑了生核过程，热和溶质的过效应，及固相颗粒的宏观运动，从而把观传输过程和微观结构结合起来；采用该模型，对Ａｌ－４％Ｃｕ等轴晶合金的凝固进行了完整的数值模拟。     

二元共晶/包晶合金系微观偏析半解析数学模型的研究

基于典型微观控制单元体（通常指二次枝晶臂间距半长）内的溶质质量守恒关系,建立了适用于枝晶凝固方式的二元共晶/包晶合金微观偏析半解析数学模型,模型中充分考虑了固相反向扩散和枝晶结构粗化对液相溶质浓度的稀释效果.在引入适当的假设条件下,通过严格的数学推导,获得了模型的完整核心控制方程.在推导过程中应用了标准的粗化模型、二次方形式的固相溶质浓度分布以及抛物线固相生长方式等重要假设.其中,采用精度较高的四阶经典龙格-库塔数值微分方法,并结合具体的冷却条件,对模型的常微分核心控制方程来进行数值计算.为验证所建微观偏析模型的合理性和适用性,针对Al-4.9wt%Cu二元共晶合金进行模拟研究,通过将模型的计算结果与已有的实验测试数据以及其它特点各异的微观偏析半解析数学模型的预测结果进行对比分析,表明建立的微观偏析半解析数学模型具有相对较高的预测精度和能力,其预测结果最为接近于实测值.     

显微偏析数值模拟的微观模型和数值方法

研究显微偏析数值模拟中的微观模型和数值方法,在微观模型中考虑了树枝晶粗化、固相溶质逆扩散、枝晶尖端过冷、随温度变化的溶质扩散系数等影响显微偏析形成的动力学因素.数值方法中采用变网格技术跟踪移动界面,通过迭代求解溶质扩散方程和溶质守恒方程计算显微偏析参数.并给出了微观计算流程图,这种数值方法可以方便地与宏观计算、相图计算相耦合.模拟算例表明模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好.     

凝固参数对DD6偏析和g/g ′共晶组织演化的影响

采用液态金属冷却高梯度定向凝固技术,在2~400 μm/s的抽拉速率范围内对镍基单晶高温合金DD6的凝固组织、偏析和g/g ′共晶组织演化进行了研究。采用电子探针微区分析（EPMA）定量分析了溶质元素的微观偏析行为,讨论了溶质元素偏析及枝晶间距对共晶组织演化的影响。结果表明：随着抽拉速率增大,共晶体积分数先增多后减少。在较低的冷却速率下,固相反扩散能够减轻微观偏析,从而减少共晶体积分数,而在高的冷却速率下,固相反扩散的作用被严重削弱,枝晶间距减小对减少共晶体积分数起到了十分重要的作用     

包晶合金定向凝固过程中的对流效应及带状组织形成机制Ⅱ.理论分析

本文分别利用纯扩散模型、溶质边界层对流模型和强对流Scheil方程对包晶合金定向凝固过程中的带状组织.宏观偏析的形成规律以及对流效应进行系统研究,详细讨论了对流对包晶合金定向凝固过程中带状组织和宏观偏析的影响规律.与Fe-Ni包晶合金定向凝固实验结果进行对比发现,对流强度参数λ在1.7至2之间时溶质边界层对流模型预测结...     

一种Ni-Fe-Cr基合金的凝固特征和偏析行为研究

采用定向凝固技术结合液淬法研究了一种Ni-Fe-Cr基合金平界面和枝晶生长条件下的凝固特征和溶质偏析行为。结果表明,合金的组成相为γ基体、MC型碳化物和γˊ沉淀强化相,凝固顺序为L→L+γ→L+γ+MC→γ+γˊ+MC。平界面生长条件下淬火界面两侧溶质含量测定结果表明, Ti、Nb和Mo元素富集于液相,溶质分配系数小于1。Fe元素富集于固相,溶质分配系数大于1。Al和Cr元素在液固两相中浓度差别较小,溶质分配系数接近1。此外,固/液界面前沿存在溶质边界层,边界层内溶质原子通过扩散传输,边界层外主要借助流动传输。枝晶与平界面生长的溶质偏析行为基本一致,然而,枝晶生长时糊状区残余液相中溶质浓度与平界面生长时固/液界面前沿溶质浓度存在显著差别。枝晶生长条件下糊状区溶质偏析程度显著高于稳态生长区,固相反扩散和MC型碳化物的析出显著降低枝晶偏析程度。     

基于枝晶粗化和反向扩散的二元合金微观偏析数学模型

基于典型微观控制单元体(通常指二次枝晶臂间距半长)内的溶质质量守恒关系,建立了适用于枝晶凝固方式的二元共晶/包晶合金微观偏析半解析数学模型,模型中充分考虑了固相反向扩散和枝晶结构粗化对液相溶质浓度的稀释效果。在引入适当的假设条件下,通过严格的数学推导,获得了模型的完整核心控制方程。在推导过程中应用了标准的粗化模型、二次方形式的固相溶质浓度分布以及抛物线固相生长方式等重要假设。其中,采用精度较高的四阶经典龙格—库塔数值微分方法,并结合具体的冷却条件,对模型的常微分核心控制方程进行数值计算。为验证所建微观偏析模型的合理性和适用性,本文针对Al-4.9%Cu二元共晶合金进行了模型研究,通过将本模型的计算结果与已有的实验测试数据以及其它特点各异的微观偏析半解析数学模型的预测结果进行对比分析,表明本文所建立的微观偏析半解析数学模型具有相对较高的预测精度和能力,其预测结果最为接近于实测值。     

Modeling of solidification grain structure for Ti-45% Al alloy ingot by cellular automaton

A cellular automaton model for simulating grain structure formation during solidification processes of Ti45% Al(mole fraction) alloy ingot was developed, based on finite differential method for macroscopic modeling of heat transfer and a cellular automaton technique for microscopic modeling of nucleation, growth, solute redistribution and solute diffusion. The relation between the growth velocity of a dendrite tip and the local undercooling,which consists of constitutional, thermal, curvature and attachment kinetics undercooling is calculated according to the Kurz-Giovanola-Trivedi model. The effect of solidification contraction is taken into consideration. The influence of process variables upon the resultant grain structures was investigated. Special moving allocation technique was designed to minimize the computation time and memory size associated with a large number of cells. The predicted grain structures are in good agreement with the experimental results.     

Modeling the overall solidification kinetics for undercooled single-phase solid-solution alloys. I. Model derivation

Departing from the volume-averaging method, the equiaxed solidification model was extended to describe the overall solidification kinetics of undercooled single-phase solid-solution alloys. In this model, a single grain, whose size is given assuming site saturation, is divided into three phases, i.e. the solid dendrite, the inter-dendritic liquid and the extra-dendritic liquid. The non-equilibrium solute diffusion in the inter-dendritic liquid and the extra-dendritic liquid, as well as the heat diffusion in the extra-dendritic liquid, is considered. The growth kinetics of the solid/liquid interface is given by the solute or heat balance, where a maximal growth velocity criterion is applied to determine the transition from thermal-controlled growth to solutal-controlled growth. A dendrite growth model, in which the nonlinear liquidus and solidus, the non-equilibrium interface kinetics, and the non-equilibrium solute diffusion in liquid are considered, is applied to describe the growth kinetics of the grain envelope. On this basis, the solidification path is described.     

薄板坯连铸凝固过程中宏观偏析的数值模拟

建立了连铸凝固宏观传输过程的温度场、溶质场、紊流流场模型,并对其进行了耦合求解.模拟分析了薄板坯凝固过程和宏观偏析的形成过程.计算表明,浸入式水口射流冲击到结晶器窄壁后形成上下两股回流,液相的紊流流动对传热、传质等都有显著的影响.随凝固的进行,液相中的溶质不断富集,最终在铸坯的中心区域形成宏观偏析.采用Schneider等的溶质传输模型,计算了固相溶质逆扩散对糊状区及固相溶质分布的影响.     

Numerical simulation of macrosegregation in large multiconcentration poured steel ingot

Abstract

A continuum model for the transport phenomena in solidification systems is used to investigate the formation of macrosegregation in a 360 t multiconcentration poured steel ingot. A numerical scheme with explicit time stepping in solidification problems is employed to solve coupled temperature and concentration fields, and equations of momentum. The proposed scheme is tested against an experimental concentration field reported in the literature. The influences of the concentration in each ladle and the ladle pouring time upon macrosegregation are studied. The simulation results show that, with a shorter time for the last ladle, macrosegregation is not significantly reduced with MCP compared with conventional single concentration pouring. A longer ladle time produced a marked reduction in the extent of positive segregation at the top of the ingot. Any positive segregation in excess of the industrial requirement limit is shifted to the riser. If the last ladle is poured after a longer time, growth of channel segregates is initiated by local remelting.     

Numerical simulation for macrosegregation in direct-chill casting of 2024 aluminum alloy with an extended continuum mixture model

An extended continuum mixture model for macrosegregation is applied to predicting Cu and Mg segregation in large-size ingot of 2024 aluminum alloy during direct chill casting (DC). A microsegregation model using the approximate phase diagram data was coupled with macroscopic transport equations for macrosegregation profiles. Then, the impacts of transport mechanisms on the formation of macrosegregation were discussed. It is found that copper and magnesium have a similar segregation configuration from the billet center to surface. Negative segregation is observed in the centerline and subsurface, whereas positive segregation is obtained in the surface and somewhat underestimated positive segregation in the middle radius. Further, the discrepancy between the predicted and experimental results was discussed in detail. The results show that the magnesium to some extent alleviates the copper segregation in ternary alloy, compared with that in binary alloy. The predicted results show good agreement with measured experimental data obtained from literatures.     

Numerical Simulation of Macrosegregation in Steel Ingot CastingEI北大核心CSCD

Many key forging components of heavy equipment are manufactured by large steel ingots. Macrosegregation in steel ingots is a key defect formed during the solidification process. Over the past few decades, numerical modeling has played a more and more important role in the study of macrosegregation. Various models have been developed and applied to different ingot casting processes. This paper focused on the application of macrosegregation models to the steel ingot. Firstly, the formation mechanism and influencing factors of macrosegregation were introduced. Then, the existing macrosegregation models and their recent development were summarized. Macrosegregation models accounting for such mechanisms as solidification shrinkage- induced flow and mushy zone deformation were analyzed, respectfully. To model macrosegregation due to solidification shrinkage, the key was to solve the free surface. A simple derivation showed that the multi-phase (including gas phase) models were equivalent to the VOF-based segregation models in dealing with the shrinkage-induced flow. Finally, our recent research work on numerical modeling of macrosegregation in steel ingots was illustrated, including application of the developed multi-component and multi-phase macrosegregation model to a 36 t steel ingot, and numerical simulation of multiple pouring process. The carbon and sulphur concentrations at about 1800 sampling points, covering the full section of a 36 t ingot, were measured. By detailed temperature recording, accurate heat transfer conditions between the ingot and mould were obtained. Typical macrosegregation patterns, including the bottom-located negative segregation and the pushpin-like positive segregation zone in the top riser, have been reproduced both in the measurements and the predictions, The carbon and sulphur concentrations predicted by the three dimensional multi-component and multi-phase macrosegregation models agreed well with the measurements, thus proving that the model can well predict the macrosegregation formation in steel ingots. As for the multi-pouring process simulation, the results show a high concentration of carbon at the bottom and a low concentration of carbon at the top of the mould after the multi-pouring process with carbon content high in the first ladle and low in the last ladle. Therefore, the multiple pouring process could get the initial solute distribution with the opposite form of segregation. Such carbon concentration distribution would reduce the negative segregation at the bottom and the positive segregation at the top of the solidified ingot, thus proving the ability of the multiple pouring process for the control of macrosegregation.     

合金凝固传热、传质和液相流动的数值模拟及宏观偏析的预测

将合金铸锭凝固过程中的液相区、凝固区和固相区均视为一种连续介质,建立了适用于描述金属合金凝固传输现象的统一数学模型。对Al-4.5％Cu铸锭凝固过程中的温度场、流场和宏观成分分布进行了数值模拟,并进行了实验验证。