波浪—水流共同作用下的紊动边界层数值分析

本文利用k-ε方程求解了粗糙床面上波浪、水流联合作用下紊流边界层的紊动结构。分析的结果表明：在边界层内，波浪和水流的耦合运动不是简单的线性迭加，而是呈非线性特性。波浪的存在在很大程度上影响了水流的流速分布，然而，水流对波浪的流速分布影响却很小。数值解与实验结果吻合较好，在不引入涡层粘度假设的情况下，给出了粗糙床面上波浪、水流联合作用下紊动边界层的结构特性。     

随机波浪边界层的数值模拟与分析

该文基于雷诺平均的Navier-Stokes方程和k-ω两方程紊流模型建立了随机波浪边界层数学模型,模拟了粗糙底床上方的随机波浪边界层流速、床面剪切应力和紊动能量分布,计算结果与实测数据吻合良好。探讨了随机波浪边界层水动力特性,发现随机波浪时间序列中各个子波的紊动能量近似随该子波均方根自由振荡速度平方的增大而线性增大,但各个子波的紊动能量还受到上一个子波紊动能量传递的影响,体现了随机波浪与规则波浪的区别。整个随机波浪时间序列的有效摩阻系数和单个子波的摩阻系数均与前人实验数据和经验公式较为一致。     

淤泥对波浪衰减作用的数值模拟

作者建立了波浪-淤泥相互作用数学模型并利用模型分析了淤泥床面上波浪的衰减特性。与以往的波浪淤泥相互作用模型相比，本文模型引入了淤泥床面上波浪边界层以及波浪紊动的变化特性。模型结果与实验数据相比有较好的一致性。模型分析了波浪边界层厚度，泥层Stokes边界层厚度以及泥层振幅相位滞后与波浪衰减率之间的相关关系，并给出了波浪衰减率达到最大时各参量的变化范围。     

振荡流边界层中颗粒受力的三维格子玻耳兹曼模拟

应用格子玻耳兹曼方法对振荡流边界层中单个颗粒在近壁面处的受力进行了三维模拟,计算结果与已有数值模拟结果(雷诺数为300)和实验结果(雷诺数为2000)进行了比较,吻合均较好。计算结果表明,当雷诺数为300时,在振荡流做正反向运动时力系数的幅值变化过程相同,横向涡量的空间分布具有对称性。雷诺数为2000时,紊动增强使力系数在不同流动方向时的变化有所差异,而且横向涡量的分布呈现非对称性,这时颗粒受到横向力作用。     

溢流坝反弧段水流的紊动特性

本文利用一维和二维激光测速系统,对光滑溢流坝面反弧段水流进行了精细的量测.对反弧段边界层的各种紊动特性进行了分析研究.给出了沿反弧段坝面x方向(流向)和y方向(法向)紊流强度和的分布,以及反弧水流边界层紊动切应力的分布规律.可以看出,反弧段水流紊动特性具有明显的特点,与陡坡上的水流不同,边界层内紊动及掺混明显加剧,尤以边界层中部增加最为突出.边界层以外的外流区仍存在着一定的紊动及掺混,且沿程在不断地发展.本文通过对紊动比尺及功率谱的研究发现,反弧段涡旋比尺大大增加,大尺度涡旋的形成对反弧段水流的紊动结构有较大的影响.     

透空潜坝附近水流特性的数值模拟

透空式潜坝是一种兼顾生态和环境的新型整治建筑物。为深入了解透空潜坝附近水流特性,基于N-S方程和不可压缩气液两相流理论建立三维数值水槽,对梯形透空式潜坝附近水流特性进行数值模拟,研究了透空率、水深和流速对潜坝附近流场、紊动能和涡量等水流特性的影响规律。结果表明:相同水流条件下,随着透空率的增大,坝后回流流速减小,坝后根部紊动强度逐渐增大,而坝后1~4倍坝高范围内紊动强度逐渐减小,涡量先增大后减小。透空率不变情况下,在相同断面平均流速条件下随着水深增大,透水率逐渐减小,潜坝附近紊动强度整体减小,但紊动范围变化不大,坝顶强涡量区面积减小。在相同水深条件下随着断面平均流速增大,涡旋回流强度逐渐增大,潜坝附近高紊动区紊动强度整体也增大, 坝体顶侧和透水圆孔附近正负涡量间隔分布,强度逐渐增大。     

丁坝附近湍流的数值模拟

以三维水流运动方程为水流控制方程,采用RNG κ-ε模型来处理紊动项,建立了模拟丁坝绕流的湍流模型,并对单一丁坝的湍流场进行了计算.结果表明:计算结果与水槽试验资料吻合较好,并在一定程度上反映了丁坝绕流流场和丁坝的回流长度等水力特性的变化规律.     

密排粗糙床面明渠水流的紊动特性

为揭示密排粗糙床面对明渠水流紊动参数的定量影响规律,采用不同直径的圆形玻璃珠制作了3种密排加糙床面,基于光滑床面和加糙床面明渠紊流PIV流场测试资料,探讨了加糙后紊动强度、雷诺应力和紊动能等参数的变化特征。结果表明:床面粗糙对紊动参数的影响主要体现在内区,而外区紊动参数的变化相对较小。加糙后纵向和垂向紊动强度相对值u'~+、v'~+在内区呈现不同的变化规律,流量相同时,粗糙雷诺数Re_*越大,v'~+越大,而u'~+越小;床面粗糙对内区水流有抑制纵向紊动和加强垂向紊动的双重作用,而对外区水流有加强纵、垂双向紊动的作用;床面加糙对垂向紊动强度的影响总体大于纵向。加糙后内、外区的雷诺应力绝对值均增大,内区增幅尤为明显,雷诺应力增大的原因在于水流质点混掺强度和频次均增大。不同工况紊动能相对值E~+在内区差异明显,随着相对水深η的增大,E~+差异逐渐减小,在水面附近趋于一致;加糙后内区紊动能绝对值总体减小,而外区紊动能绝对值有所增大,内、外区紊动能变化与床面粗糙抑制水流纵向紊动强度和加强质点垂向混掺作用等因素有关。     

卵砾石河道摩阻流速计算方法探讨

通过水槽试验,采用6种方法:对数流速分布回归法、外延雷诺应力分布法、三维紊动能法、垂向紊动能法、韩其为经验公式法和拖曳力系数法,计算了卵砾石河床的摩阻流速。以韩其为计算摩阻流速的经验公式为标准,分析了各种方法中参数取值对计算结果的影响及其在不同水力和床面条件下各种方法的适用性。提出了2种可行的计算途径:光滑床面条件下各方法计算摩阻流速所得结果最大均方差为2.15,其中对数流速分布回归法较准确,三维紊动能法计算值普遍偏小;相对粗糙床面条件下各方法计算摩阻流速的结果均方差最大达到8.84,其中对数流速分布回归法和三维紊动能法较准确。     

风生流水动力特性试验研究

从以往对太湖和其他浅水湖泊的研究来看,水流走向主要受湖泊表面的风向支配,主要运动形式是由风驱动而形成的风生流。为了研究浅水湖泊风生流的基本特性,构建了一套模拟风生流的水槽试验装置,模拟了15m/s风速下的风生流,并采用高采样频率PIV系统对风生流水动力特性进行了精细的测量,获得了风生流的垂向流场信息。试验表明该系统测量结果符合风生流的形成规律,具有模拟风生流的能力。通过不同流程处、相同风速下风生流时均流场、水平流速、涡量、紊动切应力和紊动强度垂线分布的对比,分析了风生流的水动力特性。风生流水槽试验的结果可以为今后进一步深入研究浅水湖泊风生流提供基础数据。     

曲率缓变型反弧段水流的时均特性

本文提出一种曲率缓变型反弧曲线设计方法，用激光测速系统研究了该反弧水流的时均特性，得出反弧段水流时均流速分布，壁面压强，壁面切应力及紊流边界层的沿程变化，与单圆弧反弧体型试验成果比较表明，的反弧曲率的连续缓变，使壁面压强分布和空化数变化缓和，消除了曲率突变存在的逆、顺压力梯度；过渡层紊流强度减小２０－３０％；切应力系数有所下降，反弧末端切应力系数Ｃ＇ｆ减小１０％，本文还对反弧水流紊流边界层厚度的变     

Large eddy simulation of oscillatory boundary layer at REδ=3500

The oscillatory boundary layer at Reynolds number of 3500 over an oscillating wall is simulated by the method of large-eddy simulation (LES). The Reynolds number is chosen as Re _δ =3500 in according with one of the well-known experimental cases (Test No. 10, Ref. [3]). The simulation presents the first- and second-order statistics of the oscillatory boundary layers, which are in good agreement with the experimental data. By investigating of the existence of the logarithmic layer in the velocity profiles, the fully developed turbulence state is identified; During half a cycle (90°–270°), the logarithmic layer starts to appear at about 110°, and lasts till 250° in the current simulation. The evolutions of the turbulent energy spectra are also illustrated.

     

振荡层流边界层运动的格子Boltzmann模拟

将波浪作用下的振荡边界层问题化为振动平板边界层问题，利用格子Boltzmann方法中不可压缩的模型模拟了线性波和椭圆余弦波作用下的层流边界层流速变化，并和理论解进行了比较。算例表明，不同波浪条件下的数值模拟结果和理论解吻合较好，仅在流速较小的相位时两者在近床面处有较大误差，误差的形成主要与边界条件的精度有关。     

THREE-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL MODEL FOR WINDING TIDAL RIVER WITH BRANCHES

Natural rivers are usually winding with branches and shoals,which are difficult to be simulated with rectangular grids. A 3-D current numerical model was established based on the orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system and vertical σ coordinate system. The equations were discretisized using a semi-implicit scheme. The “predictor” and “corrector” steps were applied for the horizontal momentum equations to meet the basic requirement that the depth-integrated currents obtained from the equations for 2-D and 3-D modes have identical values. And a modification of traditional method of dry/wet discriminance was proposed to determine accurately the boundary and ensure the continuity of variable boundary in the simulation. This model was verified with the data measured in a winding tidal river with branches in April,2004. The simulated data of water levels and velocities agree well with the measured ones,and the computed results reveal well the practical flow characteristics,including the vertical secondary flow in a winding reach.     

波流耦合作用下紊流边界层水沙数学模型

在河口地区,波流相互作用下紊流边界层的泥沙起动输移规律非常复杂,深入探讨其泥沙运动规律很有必要。该文基于波浪边界层的控制方程,引入了时均水流压力,通过波流相互作用下的摩阻流速反映波浪与水流的夹角,用标准k-ε模型封闭方程,建立了波流叠加的紊流边界层内的弱耦合水流模型,分别讨论了波浪速度振幅、时均流速等的分布情况,与实测数据对比得到了较好的模拟结果。其次,基于水流模型建立了泥沙模型,采用对称振荡流和波流相互作用两种情况下的泥沙实测数据验证了泥沙模型的正确性,讨论了不同分布规律的涡黏系数对于模型的影响,为实际工程提供理论参考,结果具有一定的指导意义。     

坡面流阻力研究进展

坡面流阻力的研究对了解坡面流水流特性、汇流过程、土壤侵蚀和坡面产沙机理都非常重要。本文分5个方面总结了坡面流阻力研究的最新进展:(1)坡面流阻力系数与雷诺数的关系;(2)光滑床面上的坡面水流阻力;(3)粗糙床面上的坡面水流阻力;(4)降雨对坡面流阻力影响的研究;(5)坡面流阻力的计算模型。综合前人研究发现,阻力系数与雷诺数在不同的条件下呈正相关或负相关关系;用叠加法计算不同条件下的坡面流阻力有其合理的一面,也有不足之处;粗糙动床条件下的坡面水流阻力计算模型更接近实际情况。最后,本文指出了当前坡面流阻力研究存在的主要问题和未来需要突破的主攻方向。     

SECONDARY INSTABILITY WITH RESPECT TO SPATIAL GROWING THREE－DIMENSIONAL SUBHARMONIC DISTURBANCES IN BOUNDARY LAYER FLOW WITH SUCTION

ＳＥＣＯＮＤＡＲＹＩＮＳＴＡＢＩＬＩＴＹＷＩＴＨＲＥＳＰＥＣＴＴＯＳＰＡＴＩＡＬＧＲＯＷＩＮＧＴＨＲＥＥ－ＤＩＭＥＮＳＩＯＮＡＬＳＵＢＨＡＲＭＯＮＩＣＤＩＳＴＵＲＢＡＮＣＥＳＩＮＢＯＵＮＤＡＲＹＬＡＹＥＲＦＬＯＷＷＩＴＨＳＵＣＴＩＯＮ￥ＺｈａｏＧｅｎ...     

3-D simulation of transient flow patterns in a corridor-shaped air-cushion surge chamber based on computational fluid dynamics

The 3-D characteristics of the water-air flow patterns in a corridor-shaped air-cushion surge chamber during hydraulic transients need to be considered in the shape optimization. To verify the reliability of the water-air two-phase model, namely, the volume of fluid model, the process of charging water into a closed air chamber is successfully simulated. Using the model, the 3-D flow characteristics under the load rejection and acceptance conditions within the air-cushion surge chamber of a specific hydropower station are studied. The free surface waves, the flow patterns, and the pressure changes during the surge wave process are analyzed in detail. The longitudinal flow of water in the long corridor-shaped surge chamber is similar to the open channel flow with respect to the wave propagation, reflection and superposition characteristics. The lumped parameters of the 3-D numerical simulation agree with the results of a 1-D calculation of hydraulic transients in the whole water conveying system, which validates the 3-D method. The 3-D flow structures obtained can be applied to the shape optimization of the chamber.     

Simulation of fine sediment transport in oscillatory boundary layer

Sediment transport and resulting morphodynamics take place at vastly different spatial and temporal scales. Bottom boundary layer dynamics is one of the most critical small-scale processes controlling sediment transport. However, it is very challenging as it involves highly nonlinear turbulent flow phenomenon that occurs at a scale as small as Kolmogorov scales. The unsteady nature of the flow forcing in the coastal environment, such as waves, is another important factor that further complicates the process. This paper aims to take a step to better understand wave-driven turbulent boundary layer and corresponding transport process. The problem of wave-driven sediment transport is simplified into fully developed oscillatory channel flow. Particles are assumed to be fine and dilute and hence they can be approximately considered as passive except gravitational settling with its settling velocity estimated from Stokes' law. Highly accurate pseudo-spectral flow solver has been employed and Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) is carried out to resolve all scales of flow turbulence without sub-grid closure. Sediment concentration is then updated via mass conservation. Clear fluid simulation for intermittently turbulent condition (i.e., Stokes Reynolds number Re_Δ = 1000) is validated with earlier DNS results reported by Spalart and Baldwin [1989. Direct simulation of a turbulent oscillating boundary layer. Turbulent Shear Flows 6. Springer]. Fine sediment with dilute concentration is then added in the numerical simulation to study sediment suspension events under oscillatory flow. Suspension events are evaluated both qualitatively, by observing vortex structures, and quantitatively by the statistics of vertical fluxes. For fine particles and dilute concentration considered here, it is observed that particle phase is well-mixed in the boundary layer. Suspension is highly dependent on turbulent vortical structures at different wave phases.     

水库坝前冲刷漏斗形态三维水沙数学模型研究

利用"动刚盖法"处理自由表面边界,结合水库坝前水沙运动规律导出坝前局部床面泥沙边界条件及泄流初期河床滑塌变形的判别条件,通过坐标变换建立坐标系下水库坝前冲刷漏斗形态三维水沙数学模型.分别利用正向和侧向底孔泄流条件下冲刷漏斗水槽试验资料对模型进行验证.模拟结果表明,不同泄流方式下底孔附近三维水流结构、横断面、纵剖面及平面形态特征等均与实测资料基本一致,模型关于自由表面边界、近底泥沙交换条件、河床纵坡、横坡滑塌处理是合理的.