Erosionskorrosion von Eisenwerkstoffen in feststoffhaltigen Flüssigkeiten

Erosion Corrosion of Ferrous Materials in Solids Containing Liquids A flow loop with a pipe and a pipe contraction is used for erosion corrosion on iron materials. The paper consists (a) of a parameter study of a 13% chromium steel in sand containing formation water oil and gas winning for evaluation of the effect of flow velocity, flow geometry, particle size and particle concentration and (b) the investigation of pump, armature and process equipment materials behaviour under standardized test conditions. The results are discussed from the point of view of materials technology, flow mechanics and erosion corrosion mechanisms.     

Reproducing kernel collocation method applied to the non-linear dynamics of pipe whip in a plane

A windowed collocation method, based on a moving least squares reproducing kernel particle approximation of functions, is explored for spatial discretization of the strongly non-linear system of partial differential equations governing large, planar whipping motion of a cantilever pipe subjected to a follower force pulse (the blow-down force) normal to the deflected centreline at its tip. This problem was discussed by Reid et al. [An elastic–plastic hardening–softening cantilever beam subjected to a force pulse at its tip: a model for pipe whip. Proc R Soc London A1998;454:997–1029] where a space–time finite difference discretization was employed to solve the governing partial differential equation of motion. It was shown that, despite the deflected shape predictions being accurate, numerical solutions of these equations might exhibit problematic (possibly spurious) steep localized gradients. The resolution of this problem in the context of structural mechanics is novel and is the subject of this paper. In particular, it is demonstrated that it is possible to reduce significantly such spurious and localized numerical instabilities through a windowed collocation approach with a suitable choice of the window size. The collocation procedure presently adopted is based on the moving least squares reproducing kernel particle method. Material and structural non-linearity in the beam (pipe) model is incorporated via an elastic–plastic-hardening–softening moment–curvature relationship. The projected ordinary differential equations are then integrated in time through a fifth order, explicit Runge–Kutta method with adaptive step sizes.     

J integral solution for semi-elliptical surface crack in high density poly-ethylene pipe under bending

The goal of this work is to analyse the severity of semi-elliptical crack defects and to study the degree of damage in the poly-ethylene pipe in bending during the crack propagation. The semi-elliptical cracks are considered in this work located in different position in the wall of the pipe. The three finite element method based on the computation of the J integral was used to analyse the fracture behaviour of these structures. The effect of the position, shape and size of the crack on the J integral values was highlighted. The effects of strain rate and the temperature on the J integral values were also examined. The obtained results show that the strain rates have a strong influence on the J integral values especially for circumferential crack at higher bending moment. However, the energy for circumferential crack is more important compared to axial crack. The effect of the depth of the crack becomes important when the ratio (a/t) reaches a critical value of 0.6 (a/t = 0.6), especially when the ratio a/c is weak (semi-elliptical crack, a/c = 0.2) where the J integral values becomes independently of the crack depth, this conclusion is opposite to the above for the poly-ethylene pipe subjected to internal pressure. We recall finally, that the temperature effect on circumferential cracks behaviour is more important compared to the axial cracks at critical crack size (a/c = 0.2 and a/t = 0.6). It is also shown that in the wall of pipe, the internal cracks are more dangerous than the external cracks.     

Numerical prediction of particle erosion of pipe bends

In the present study the Euler/Lagrange approach in combination with a proper turbulence model and full two-way coupling is applied for erosion estimation due to particle conveying along a horizontal to vertical pipe bend. Particle tracking considers both particle translational and rotational motion and all relevant forces such as drag, gravity/buoyancy and transverse lift due to shear and particle rotation were accounted for Laín and Sommerfeld (2012). Moreover, models for turbulent transport of the particles, collisions with rough walls and inter-particle collisions using a stochastic approach are considered Sommerfeld and Laín (2009). In this work, the different transport effects on spherical solid particle erosion in a pipe bend of a pneumatic conveying system are analysed. For describing the combined effect of cutting and deformation erosion the model of Oka et al. (2005) is used. Erosion depth was calculated for two- and four-way coupling and for mono-sized spherical glass beads as well as a size distribution of particles with the same number mean diameter (i.e. 40?μm). Additionally, particle mass loading was varied in the range from 0.3 to 1.0. The erosion model was validated on the basis of experiments by Mazumder et al. (2008) for a narrow vertical to horizontal pipe system with high conveying velocity. Then a 150?mm pipe system with 5?m horizontal pipe, pipe bend and 5?m vertical pipe with a bulk velocity of 27?m/s was considered for further analysis. As a result inter-particle collisions reduce erosion although the wall collision frequency is enhanced Sommerfeld and Laín (2015); additionally, considering a particle size distribution with the same number mean diameter as mono-sized particles yields much higher erosion depth. Finally, when particle mass loading is increased, bend erosion is reduced due to modifications of particle impact velocity and angle, although wall collision frequency grows.     

Residual stress determination in a dissimilar weld overlay pipe by neutron diffraction

Residual stresses were determined through the thickness of a dissimilar weld overlay pipe using neutron diffraction. The specimen has a complex joining structure consisting of a ferritic steel (SA508), austenitic steel (F316L), Ni-based consumable (Alloy 182), and overlay of Ni-base superalloy (Alloy 52M). It simulates pressurized nozzle components, which have been a critical issue under the severe crack condition of nuclear power reactors. Two neutron diffractometers with different spatial resolutions have been utilized on the identical specimen for comparison. The macroscopic ‘stress-free’ lattice spacing (d_o) was also obtained from both using a 2-mm width comb-like coupon. The results show significant changes in residual stresses from tension (300-400 MPa) to compression (−600 MPa) through the thickness of the dissimilar weld overlay pipe specimen.     

Experimental and numerical analysis of a variable area ratio steam ejector

In the present paper, experimental and CFD results for a 5 kW capacity steam ejector with variable primary nozzle geometry are presented and compared. The variable geometry was achieved by applying a movable spindle at the primary nozzle inlet. Operating conditions were considered in a range that would be suitable for an air-conditioning application, with thermal energy supplied by vacuum tube solar collectors. The CFD model was based on the axi-symmetric representation of the experimental ejector, using water as working fluid. The experimental entrainment ratio varied in the range of 0.1–0.5 depending on operating conditions and spindle tip position. It was found that the primary flow rate can be successfully adjusted by the spindle. CFD and experimental primary flow rates agreed well, with an average relative error of 7.7%. CFD predicted the secondary flow rate and entrainment ratio with good accuracy only in 70% of the cases.     

Modification of Takaishi-Sensui formula for a diaphragm gauge system connected by an arbitrary length pipe

The thermal transpiration effect in a vacuum system, where a circular pipe connects a capacitance diaphragm gauge (CDG) and a vacuum vessel, was numerically investigated using the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. The simulated pressure ratios were plotted versus the Knudsen number K, over the range 10⁻³ ≤ K ≤ 10³, for a fixed diameter and various pipe lengths. The curve obtained here was compared with that obtained using the Takaishi-Sensui formula (T-S curve). For a long pipe, with λ ≥ 10, (λ: aspect ratio of length to diameter), the simulated curve agreed well with the T-S curve over the entire examined range of K. For a shorter pipe (λ < 10), the simulated curve seemed to shift in the low K (high pressure) direction, with respect to the T-S curve, and the distance between the curves abruptly increased with decreasing λ. The discrepancy for a short pipe was found to be removable by rescaling the Knudsen number. The discrepancy that originally existed for a long pipe could also be reduced, if the reflection on the pipe wall obeyed an incompletely accommodated Maxwell model.     

基于CFD和试验的商用车高位引气管预滤性能的 分析与优化

为延长恶劣工况下某商用车进气系统空气滤清器滤芯的使用寿命,避免频繁更换滤芯,提出了增加旋流扇的高位引气管方案,并通过优化旋流扇夹角来提高进气系统预滤灰尘和液雾的效率,达到降低成本的目的。首先,采用计算流体力学（computational fluid dynamics,CFD）方法,对进气过程中高位引气管的内部流场进行数值模拟,分析了3款高位引气管的速度流线图和速度梯度云图,得到了高位引气管预滤灰尘和液雾的机理,并基于高位引气管速度流场的变化规律,提出了旋流扇夹角优化方向;其次,利用台架试验对优化后的高位引气管进行灰尘和液雾的预滤试验,并计算出灰尘和液雾的预滤效率;最后,对比不同高位引气管预滤灰尘和液雾的效率,根据两预滤效率的变化趋势,选择旋流扇最优夹角为75°。仿真和试验结果表明：旋流扇夹角对进气系统工作过程中高位引气管的流场及预滤效率有重要影响,优化旋流扇夹角有助于提高进气系统的预滤性能,从而减少进入空气滤清器的灰尘和液雾,达到延长空气滤清器滤芯寿命的目的。     

Preparation of porous magnetic nanocomposites using corncob powders as template and their applications for electromagnetic wave absorption

Strong absorption, low density, and thin matching thickness are important parameters for electromagnetic (EM) wave absorbers. In this study, we prepared novel porous magnetic nanocomposites using corncob powders as template. The presence of corncob will significantly decrease the bulk density of samples from more than 4.0 to about 0.55 g cm⁻³. The porous structures remarkably decreased the permittivity (ε) and permeability (μ) and enhanced the impendence matching between the absorber and air. The porous magnetic nanocomposites exhibit enhanced absorption for EM waves at thin matching thickness. The optimum thickness is only 1.0–1.4 mm, with bandwidth of RL < −5 dB of about 8 GHz, covering the half X-band and the whole K_u-band. The areal density of magnetic absorbers at this study is only about 0.7–1.0 kg m⁻² at thickness of 1.0–1.4 mm, much lower than the reported values of other magnetic absorbers. Due to the strong absorption at low density and thin matching thickness, the porous magnetic nanocomposites prepared using corncob powders as template are promising light-weight EM wave absorbers.     

Optimum thickness of joints made of GFPR pultruded adherends and polyurethane adhesive

This paper presents results of experimental and numerical investigations on double-lap joints composed of pultruded GFRP profiles and polyurethane adhesive subjected to quasi-static axial tensile loading. The objective was to investigate the effect of the joint geometry on the structural response of adhesively-bonded joints and, in particular, to seek for experimental evidence of an optimum adhesive layer thickness. The influence of the adhesive thickness (0.3–10.0 mm) and the overlap length (50–200 mm) on the joint behavior was investigated. It was found that there is an optimum adhesive thickness of approximately 1.0 mm and joint strength consistently increases with the overlap length.     

Structural integrity analysis of HDPE pipes for water supplying network

A problem of reliability of polymer pipes manufactured with the high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) for drinking water supply was considered. The safety of the pipelines network was analyzed with taking into account two main factors: arising of sudden overpressure (water hammer phenomenon) and presence of defects on pipe surface. Based on elastoplastic fracture mechanics and using of J‐integral approach, the numerical model of cracked pipe was developed and verified by direct experimental test. The formula for calculation of crack initiation pressure, which is the function of pipe size and size of external surface defect, was derived. The validity of this relation was proved for pipes of diameter 450 to 800 mm. It was also shown that the pressure peaks of the water hammer phenomenon are quickly damped because of the high deformability of the polyethylene pipes and the defect depth that is equivalent to 40% of pipe wall thickness can be considered as acceptable. The applicability of developed tools was demonstrated under analysis in the real state of South Tunisian water supply network.     

Particle trajectory in a pipe bend

This paper is an extension of previous paper by Salman et al., where numerical simulations of particle motion in a dilute horizontal pipe were carried out and variation of aerodynamic forces described. A bend was added to the pipe and numerical simulation compared with experimental measurements on the new geometry. It was found that the bend causes an increase in mean particle velocity compared with a horizontal pipe. Results show that the number of impacts in the bend decreases as the velocity of the particle increases. The results from the simulation agree closely with the experimental time-of-flight measurements.     

Experimental study on cooling enhancement of crushed rock layer with perforated ventilation pipe under air-tight top surface

Under the warm and ice-rich nature of permafrost and the scenarios of climate warming on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, it will be necessary to use combinatorial techniques of cooling the ground temperature in the proposed Qinghai-Tibet Express Highway of construction. For the crushed rock highway embankment embedded a perforated ventilation pipe in permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the mechanism of impact on the cooling capability enhanced by a perforated ventilation pipe in the air-tight crushed rock layer was studied using laboratory experiment. All boundary conditions at each edge of the crushed rock sample with dimensions of 100 × 60 × 100 cm except the inlet and outlet of the perforated pipe are air-tight. A ventilation steel pipe with an inner diameter of 8 cm was drilled with many small holes with a diameter of 1 cm and horizontally embedded in the length direction of the crushed rock sample with a depth of 53 cm. The laboratory experiments with a periodically fluctuating air temperature in the inner test tank regulated by program control were performed. The perforated pipe is only ventilated during the negative temperature fluctuation period in the inner test tank. The results show that the heat transfer processes in the crushed rock layer embedded a perforated ventilation pipe with an air-tight surface include pure heat conduction, forced convection that occurs in the crushed rock layer forming directly a pore air circulation in conjunction with the in-duct air by the small holes of perforated pipe wall absorbed from the inner test tank, and convective heat transport between the in-duct air and the inner surface of ventilation pipe wall. When air temperatures in the inner test tank are colder than the pore air temperatures in the crushed rock region around the perforated ventilation pipe, the perforated ventilation pipe can produce a significantly enhanced cooling of the crushed rock layer base due to the direct formation of a complete pore air circulation in the crushed rock layer in conjunction with the in-duct air via the small holes of the perforated pipe wall. When the fluctuating air temperature in the inner test tank rises from a minimum value to a warmer one than the pore air temperature in the crushed rock region around the perforated pipe during the negative temperature ventilating period, a warming process begins to occur in the crushed rock layer due to a warmer in-duct air absorbed from the inner test tank. This stronger warming process in the crushed rock region around the perforated pipe may decrease the cooling capability of the air-tight crushed rock layer. Thus, in order to avoid this warming process at this stage before ventilating end, the ventilating end time of ventilation pipe ought to be brought forward.     

Development of a reference strain approach for assessment of fracture response of reeled pipelines

As a result of recent increase in exploitation of hydrocarbon resources in harsher environments and also installation techniques which utilize the materials plastic deformation capacity, accurate assessment of fracture response of pipelines subject to large plastic strains (e.g., typical of reeled pipes) has attracted particular interest nowadays. In this paper, an approach, based on the evaluation of the J-integral, is developed for assessing the integrity of such pipelines, manifested in a model of a pipeline with a circumferential part-through crack subjected to plastic bending. The proposed approach is an extension of the reference strain method developed earlier by other researchers, and takes advantage of the displacement controlled loading nature in such pipes (thus being suitable for Strain Based Design methodologies), and the resulting high strain levels, which often cause fracture response of the material in the plastic regime. The developed formulation relates the fracture response of the pipe (in terms of the non-dimensionalized J-integral) as a linear function of the axial strain in the pipe at its uncracked state. A series of 300 3D nonlinear finite element models using the ABAQUS software were analyzed in preparation of the equation that could assess the fracture response of such pipes with great accuracy. The resulting equation, calibrated by the finite element results, can predict the fracture response of pipes with a maximum error of 2% for a practical uncracked material strain range of 1.5% ? ε_unc ? 4%.     

Ductile fracture of a pipe with a rectangular three-dimensional defect

A model is constructed to describe the ductile fracture of a pipe with a rectangular three-dimensional defect. Upper and lower bounds are obtained for the burst pressure. The first is calculated for a rectangular crack, while the second is calculated for an axisymmetric three-dimensional defect. It is shown that if the half-width of the defect b₀ is equal to 2(Rt_n)^1/2 — where R is the radius of the pipe and t_n is the net thickness of the pipe wall—then the defect can be regarded as axisymmetric. Calculated values of burst pressure are compared with literature data from full-scale tests of pipes. The results can be used to analyze actual defects in pipelines (pitting, etc.), as well as in conducting full- scale tests of pipes and pressure vessels.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 9, pp. 55–66, September, 1995.     

Oscillatory behavior of the magnetic properties of Nd–Fe–B films with Mo and Mo–Cu additions

A series of Ta/NdFeB/Ta thin films with Mo and Mo–Cu additions embedded by alloying and by stratification have been prepared by r.f. sputtering. The influence of additions, their embedding mode, and annealing temperature on the structural and magnetic behavior of Ta/NdFeB/Ta thin films is presented. The use of additions of Mo and Mo–Cu leads to refined grain structure and improvement in the hard magnetic characteristics of Ta/NdFeB/Ta thin films. The Ta/[NdFeBMo(540 nm)/Ta films and Ta/[NdFeB(180 nm)/MoCu(dnm)] × n/Ta multilayer films present enhanced coercivities and M_r/M_s ratios in comparison with the Ta/NdFeB(540 nm)/Ta films. The stratification of Ta/NdFeB/Ta thin films with Mo–Cu interlayers leads to an oscillatory behavior of hard magnetic characteristics of the Ta/[NdFeB(180 nm)/MoCu(dnm)] × n/Ta multilayer films, when the thickness, d, of Mo–Cu interlayers varies by increments of 1 nm. When the thickness of Mo–Cu interlayers varies by increments of 2 nm the oscillatory behavior of the magnetic characteristics is not revealed. For a thickness of the Mo–Cu interlayer of 3 nm in the Ta/[NdFeB(180 nm)/MoCu(3 nm)] × 3/Ta thin films annealed at 650 °C, the c-axis of part of the hard magnetic Nd₂Fe₁₄B grains is oriented out-of-plane.     

新型钻杆的携岩原理研究与数值仿真分析

随着川渝地区的钻井深度不断增大,管柱在下入过程中易受到井内岩屑的影响,进而出现卡钻现象,甚至发生钻具断裂等重大事故。为了提高川渝地区页岩气水平井内的岩屑运移能力,设计了2种新型钻杆——悬浮式铝合金钻杆和新型脉冲射流钻杆,并与普通钻杆进行对比分析。首先,对3种钻杆的结构与携岩原理进行理论分析。然后,在ANSYS软件中建立3种钻杆的携岩仿真模型,通过采用不同的网格划分方法来验证各仿真模型的网格无关性与收敛性,并利用搭建的室内岩屑运移装置验证了仿真模型的准确性。最后,在岩屑粒径、钻井液入口排量和井斜角等因素改变的情况下,对3种钻杆的携岩能力进行了仿真分析。结果表明,悬浮式铝合金钻杆和新型脉冲射流钻杆的携岩能力相比普通钻杆有所提高。研究结果对提高水平井内的岩屑运移速度、改善井眼清洁度和减少岩屑床生成具有重要意义。     

Hypervelocity penetration of concrete

Experiments have been conducted with 6.25 mm diameter tungsten rods striking concrete at 2.2 km/s. Three concretes were used—one was 2.35 g/cm³ and the other two were 2.27 g/cm³. The erosion rates were measured to be T/ΔL = 2.4–3.1 depending on the density of the concrete. This is greater than the hydrodynamic value, which shows that the strength of the penetrator is affecting the penetration. The cratering efficiency was computed (which included surface spall) and was found to be commensurate with the strength of the concrete, 28–34 MPa. CTH calculations were conducted using the brittle fracture kinetics (BFK) and Holmquist–Johnson–Cook (HJC) material models for concrete. Density in the calculations was 2.25 g/cm³. It was not possible to match erosion rates at 2.2 km/s, which were too high in the calculations. Also, computed crater volumes were much too small, mainly due to spall in the experiments that was not shown in the computations. Another significant inaccuracy of the calculations was the damage extent, which became unrealistically widespread as time increased in the BFK model.     

Tribo-electrification of particles under sudden change of fluid flow in the junction between branch pipe and straight pipe

An experimental investigation of the tribo-electrification of glass beads fed by an ejector has been conducted by measuring both the current generated at the pipe wall and the specific-charge measured by a Faraday cage under sudden change of fluid flow in the junction between a stainless-steel branch pipe and a stainless-steel straight pipe. In measuring a current per unit mass, for D_p,50 ? 206 μm at the branch pipe section the current has a positive value as expected by the contact potential difference between glass beads and stainless-steel. On the other hand, for D_p,50 ? 105 μm at the branch and straight pipe section, the current has a negative value couldn’t be explained solely by the contact potential difference. In measuring a specific-charge by the Faraday cage, the specific-charge has a negative highest value at the ejector. The negative specific-charge decreases along the particle flow direction. Therefore, an “unusual” charge-transfer, which couldn’t be explained solely by the contact potential difference, was confirmed also by the Faraday cage. Although the charge-transfer between the beads and the inclined stainless plate with high impact speed has been examined, the sign of the current is positive for all data. It was found that the “unusual” charge-transfer in this study couldn’t be caused by the high speed impaction. An negative current in air by using a stainless steel needle detected at the ejector for D_p,50 = 51 μm while an positive current in air detected at the branch and straight pipe. The reason is suggested that the ion balance in the air does not keep between the ejector and the branch pipe due to both the adsorption of some negative ions on the pipe wall and the decrement of negative charge of particles. Therefore the “unusual” charge-transfer consists of not only the ionization caused by the self-discharge but also an adsorption of ions on the inner wall of the pipe.     

Compressive and impression creep behavior of a cast Mg–Al–Zn–Si alloy

Creep behavior of an Mg–6Al–1Zn–0.7Si cast alloy was investigated by compression and impression creep test methods in order to evaluate the correspondence of impression creep results and creep mechanisms with conventional compression test. All creep tests were carried out in the temperature range 423–523 K and under normal stresses in the range 50–300 MPa for the compression creep and 150–650 MPa for impression creep tests. The microstructure of the AZ61–0.7Si alloy consists of β-Mg₁₇Al₁₂ and Mg₂Si intermetallic phases in the α-Mg matrix. The softening of the former at high temperatures is compensated by the strengthening effect of the latter, which acts as a barrier opposing recovery processes. The impression results were in good agreement with those of the conventional compressive creep tests. The creep behavior can be divided into two stress regimes, with a change from the low-stress regime to the high-stress regime occurring, depending on the test temperature, around 0.009 < (σ/G) < 0.015 and 0.021 < (σ_imp/G) < 0.033 for the compressive and impression creep tests, respectively. Based on the steady-state power-law creep relationship, the stress exponents of about 4–5 and 10–12 were obtained at low and high stresses, respectively. The low-stress regime activation energies of about 90 kJ mol⁻¹, which are close to that for dislocation pipe diffusion in the Mg, and stress exponents in the range of 4–5 suggest that the operative creep mechanism is pipe-diffusion-controlled dislocation viscous glide. This behavior is in contrast to the high-stress regime, in which the stress exponents of 10–12 and activation energies of about 141 kJ mol⁻¹ are indicative of a dislocation climb mechanism similar to those noted in dispersion strengthening mechanisms.