润滑油黏度对液体静压导轨性能的影响

为了提高液体静压导轨的性能,采用5种牌号润滑油,定量分析了润滑油黏度对导轨性能的影响。首先,根据现场工况确定了导轨系统的初始设计参数,计算了不同温度、不同牌号润滑油的动力黏度;接着,基于导轨的力平衡方程及流量方程,建立了导轨系统总功率损失、静态性能、动态性能的线性化数学模型,以总功率损失、承载能力、静刚度、固有频率、调整时间和动刚度作为导轨系统的性能指标;最后,利用MATLAB软件分析了润滑油黏度对导轨性能的影响。研究表明：增大润滑油牌号(VG22→VG100),降低工作温度(60℃→10℃),润滑油黏度增大,导轨系统总功率损失由507.58W (VG22,60℃)降低至33.93W (VG100,10℃),承载能力、静刚度、固有频率恒定不变,调整时间由29.84μs (VG22,60℃)缩短至0.46 μs (VG100,10℃),动刚度由173kN/μm (VG22,60℃)增大至10 369kN/μm (VG100,10℃)。因此,增大润滑油的动力黏度,能降低导轨系统的功率损失,静态性能不受其影响,动态性能大大提高。     

计入轴瓦弹性的应力偶流体润滑分析

推导了计入轴瓦弹性的应力偶流体润滑轴承的变形雷诺方程。数值分析表明,刚性轴瓦的最大油膜压力值比弹性轴瓦的最大油膜压力值大,且随着应力偶参数的增大,最大油膜压力提高明显;润滑油分别为牛顿流体和应力偶流体时,弹性系数越大轴承的承载力越小,应力偶参数越大轴承的承载力越大,且轴承的偏心率越大,应力偶参数对承载力的影响越明显,应力偶参数对刚性轴瓦材料的影响比对弹性轴瓦材料的影响大。     

Non-parallel operation of rectangular hydrostatic thrust bearings

A theoretical study of the behaviour of capillary-compensated rectangular hydrostatic thrust bearings with tilt and sliding was made. The influence of the aspect ratio on the load-carrying capacity, flow and stiffness and damping characteristics is discussed.     

Tribological study on hydrostatic slipper bearing with annular orifice damper for water hydraulic axial piston motor

Hydrostatic slipper bearing is an effective way to maintain a fluid film between slipper pad and swash plate that slide against each other, and thereby mitigate direct surface-to-surface contact in water hydraulic axial piston motor (WHAPM). The hydrostatic slipper bearing with an annular orifice damper is proposed, and the reaction force of the bearing in WHAPM is investigated. The effects from the friction within the cylinder bore, the dynamics of the piston, and the centrifugal force of the piston–slipper assembly are examined. The characteristic equation of the hydrostatic slipper bearing with an annular orifice damper is formulated, where the effects of various geometric parameters (e.g. damping length, supporting length, and clearance between the piston and the cylinder bore) are reflected. The relevant criterion for designing the hydrostatic slipper bearing can then be established. Results of the theoretical analyses indicate that (a) the friction coefficient, the swash plate angle, and the inertia and centrifugal loads (generated under a high motor rotating speed) would have significant influences on the reaction force; (b) an appropriate swash plate angle can help eliminate the fluctuation of the reaction force; (c) the load-carrying capacity of the hydrostatic slipper bearing is more sensitive to the damping length than to the supporting length of the piston; (d) a short damping length can help enhance the load-carrying capacity; (e) a small clearance between the piston and the cylinder bore would help improve the adaptive ability to the varying load for the hydrostatic slipper bearing, when clearance between the slipper pad and the swash plate ranges from 5 to 20 μm. Experimental studies of the slipper pads sliding against the swash plates are conducted at a custom-manufactured test apparatus, given different material combinations and design methods. The experimental results indicate that the hydrostatic slipper bearing with an annular orifice damper would decrease the possibility of the severe wear between the slipper pad and the swash plate in comparison with the hydrostatic clamping ratio bearing in the WHAPM, and the CRA laser cladding (compared to the ZrO₂·MgO-plasma-sprayed coating and the stainless steel 2Cr13) is a promising candidate as the tribo-material when sliding against composite materials in water lubrication system. The hydrostatic slipper bearing with an annular orifice damper has been successfully applied to a WHAPM developed at the Huazhong University Science and Technology. The result demonstrates that the developed bearing has a satisfactory tribolgical performance, and can be extended to the manufacture of water hydraulic axial piston pumps.     

Dynamic characteristics of a hydrostatic journal bearing

The results of experimental investigations into the performance of a six-pocket hydrostatic journal bearing subjected to a range of dynamic loads are presented. The bearing performance was studied in terms of the load-carrying capacity and oil-film stiffness. The experimental results show that the test bearing has a better load-carrying capacity under dynamic load than under static load and that the load-carrying capacity and stiffness of the bearing are only limited by its mechanical strength.     

油膜厚度对闭式液体静压导轨性能的影响

为了研究油膜厚度对静压支承的影响,以闭式液体静压导轨为研究对象,确定了导轨系统的初始参数;基于力平衡方程及流量方程,建立了功率损失、静态性能、动态性能的数学模型;将总功率损失、承载能力和静刚度、固有频率、调整时间和动刚度等参数作为导轨的性能指标,利用MATLAB软件定量分析了油膜厚度对导轨性能的影响。研究结果表明：增大油膜厚度,则液体静压导轨的总功率损失增大,调整时间变长,承载能力不变,静刚度、固有频率及动刚度减小。因此,减小油膜厚度,可降低导轨总功率损失,提高静态性能和动态性能。研究结果为工程实际中闭式液体静压导轨静压油膜的设计提供了理论依据。     

The simultaneous effects of inertia and temperature on the performance of a hydrostatic thrust bearing

An analytical investigation was made of the simultaneous effects of inertia and temperature on the performance of a parallel stepped hydrostatic thrust bearing. Expressions for pressure profile and load-carrying capacity were obtained under conditions of adiabatic flow. Numerical results for pressure distribution and load-carrying capacity were obtained at different step positions and film thickness ratios for several values of thermal conductivity.     

速度滑移影响下液体静压止推轴承静态性能分析

为了研究微尺度下速度滑移对液体静压止推轴承性能的影响,将速度滑移模型引入传统雷诺方程中,得到修正的雷诺方程;通过求解修正后的雷诺方程,得到速度滑移影响下八油腔液体静压止推轴承的静态性能特性。研究结果表明:速度滑移的存在并没有改变轴承性能的变化趋势,但使得相同油膜厚度下油膜压力、轴承承载力和刚度增大;随着滑移长度的增大,轴承油腔压力、承载力及刚度增大,最优油膜厚度变小;轴承的承载力和刚度随着供油压力的增大而增大,供油压力相同时,速度滑移使得轴承承载力和刚度有一定程度的增大。     

The influence of the molecular mean free path on spherical thrust gas bearing performance

The performance of a spherical thrust gas bearing under slip flow conditions was investigated and it was shown that as the ratio of the mean free path to the minimum film thickness increased the bearing load-carrying capacity and the lubricant mass flow rate increased while the frictional torque decreased. The effect is more pronounced at lower values of inlet pressure and film thickness.     

Incompressible and Analytical Study on an Out-Pump Type Complex Thrust Gas Bearing

ABSTRACT

The structure of an out-pump type thrust gas bearing was described, and an analytical model was developed under completely incompressible condition. The objectives were to investigate the coupling between aerodynamics and aerostatics in a complex thrust gas bearing and to improve the performance of the bearing. The model showed that the load-carrying capacity had five parts to it and that apparently there were pressure coupling and structure coupling between aerodynamics and aerostatics. The surface feature function was identically positive: it increased the load-carrying capacity greatly. There was also no limit regarding the pressure ratio—when the pressure ratio was 0, the load-carrying capacity increased to about 25%.

     

Static characteristics of a water-lubricated hydrostatic thrust bearing with a porous land region and a capillary restrictor

In this paper, a water-lubricated hydrostatic thrust bearing with a porous land region and capillary restrictor is proposed, and the results of theoretical and experimental investigations of its static characteristics are presented. The results showed that the water-lubricated hydrostatic thrust bearing with a porous land region had good operating characteristics; in particular, it had a high load capacity and static stiffness close to that of a porous bearing when operating with a clearance of less than 15 μm, and a high load capacity and static stiffness equivalent to that of a pocket bearing when running with a clearance larger than 15 μm.     

小孔节流深浅腔动静压气体轴承承载特性分析

以小孔节流深浅腔动静压气体轴承为研究对象,采用Fluent软件对轴承的承载特性进行分析,研究偏心率、供气压力、主轴转速、气膜厚度、浅腔深度比等因素对轴承承载力和刚度的影响。结果表明:小孔节流深浅腔动静压气体轴承浅腔区的平均压力大于深腔区的平均压力,压力最大区域出现在浅腔末端靠近轴承端面处;随着供气压力的增加,承载力逐渐增大,但供气压力不应超过0.95 MPa;当主轴转速在3×10~5 r/min以内时,承载力和刚度随着转速的增加呈线性增长规律,当主轴转速超过3×10~5 r/min继续增加时,承载力和刚度的增长趋势明显放缓;承载力与刚度随着浅腔深度比的增加先增大后减小,当浅腔深度是气膜厚度的1～1.5倍时,承载力与刚度接近最大值。     

刚性和弹性支撑可倾瓦推力轴承稳态特性分析

建立刚性球头支撑和弹性橡胶垫支撑可倾瓦推力轴承热弹流耦合模型；在弹性橡胶垫支撑可倾瓦推力轴承橡胶垫的弹性变形分析中采用了变形协调矩阵方法，以协调匹配橡胶垫变形和水膜厚度分布，同时在搜索稳态解的过程中引入模拟退火算法；基于变分原理求解Reynolds方程，得到了轴承水膜压力分布，并比较2种推力轴承在转子存在角不对中时的静特性。结果表明：理想工况下，刚、弹支可倾瓦推力轴承稳态特性没有明显区别；当转子存在不对中时，刚性球头支撑可倾瓦轴承在不同瓦块之间受力偏载严重，进而导致瓦面最小水膜厚度过小，瓦块容易出现磨损，而弹性支撑瓦不同瓦块之间水膜力分布更均匀，利于轴承的长期可靠运行。     

弹性流体静压润滑理论与光弹试验研究及应用

在设计高压液体静压支承时,目前均忽略了压力油膜作用表面的“压力-弹性变形”对承载特性的影响,因此与实际差别较大,甚至使静压支承润滑失效。本文在考虑了油液的“粘压效应”和支承表面“压力-弹性变形”的基础上,对高压静压支承油膜压力分布和承载特性进行了理论分析,并经过了激光光弹试验验证。从而为高压静压支承的设计,首次提出了新的计算理论—弹性流体静压润滑理论。     

基于气固耦合的静压气体轴承静态性能仿真研究

为了探究静压气体轴承的静态性能,运用CFD软件进行气固耦合仿真,对可变节流静压气体止推轴承的静态性能相关影响因素进行研究,得到不同状况下的轴承静态性能变化规律。结果表明:可变节流静压气体轴承速度流场变化过渡更为平稳,可有效促进工作时稳定性;提高供气孔压力可以提高轴承的承载力和刚度,同时耗气量会明显增加;增大节流孔的直径可以有效提升轴承承载力,但峰值刚度反而下降,耗气量亦会增加。     

Thermal Effects on a Cylindrical Hydrostatic Bearing with Central Fluid Supply

A numerical solution is presented for the problem of a circular, hydrostatic thrust bearing with central fluid supply, under the conditions of negligible rotational speed and isothermal boundaries.

The conservation equations for energy, momentum, and mass are derived for the system, considering viscosity as a function of temperature, and solved by a relaxation method. The solution for the temperature, velocity, and pressure distribution within the bearing and the load-carrying capacity are obtained and compared with results from isothermal theory.

It was found that the load-carrying capacity is affected considerably by changes in viscosity. For the particular fluid properties used in the numerical example, the load-carrying capacity predicted was 32% less than the value obtained by isothermal theory. The latter value was based on a viscosity corresponding to incoming fluid. If an average value of viscosity is used instead, then the discrepancy between the two values is decreased to about 10%.     

Finite element application to the study of hydrostatic thrust bearings

A finite element method was developed using linear triangular elements to solve the two-dimensional Reynolds equation in the polar coordinate system including the rotational lubricant inertia term. The validity of the method was verified by comparison with the finite difference solution for parallel and non-parallel operation of the hydrostatic thrust bearing. The method was applied to the study of plane and conical hydrostatic thrust bearings with circular recesses. Experiments were conducted to estimate the load-carrying capacities for a typical case and the test results were compared with the finite element solution.     

利用边界层理论确定弹性金属塑料瓦油膜能量方程的进油温度边界条件

针对推力轴承的基本结构，利用边界层理论确定弹性金属塑料瓦（EMP瓦）油膜能量方程的进油温度边界条件，结合“三峡推力轴承方案”中EMP瓦推力轴承数据，分析考虑热边界层对进油温度影响时，EMP瓦推力轴承润滑性能的变化情况。计算结果表明：考虑热边界层对进油温度的影响时，进油平均温度和最高油膜温度均有所升高，最大压力也有所增加，最小油膜厚度、流量及功耗都有所下降，说明热边界层对推力轴承的润滑性能产生了一定的影响。     

Design of annular recess hydrostatic thrust bearing under dynamic loading

Design charts are presented of a dynamically loaded thrust bearing with as annular recess. The effect of non-parallelism between the bearing and the runner surfaces is also considered, since this is a common problem in hydrostatic thrust bearings. Based on pre-assigned dynamic excitations the pressure equation is solved numerically by finite difference methods to render the bearing performance characteristics namely: load capacity; bearing stiffness; damping coefficient; and lubricant flow rate. Results concluded that the bearing performance chareacteristics are dependent on the bearing radii ratios, the squeeze number, the bearing number and the tilt parameter.     

平衡率对柴油机曲轴轴承润滑与振动特性的影响

在柴油机强化设计过程中,曲轴的不平衡惯性力会引起轴颈倾斜加剧,因此研究平衡率对曲轴振动和主轴承、连杆轴承润滑特性的影响尤为必要。基于含机油填充率的平均Reynolds方程、Greenwood-Tripp粗糙接触和平衡率计算理论,计入表面粗糙度和弹性变形等因素的影响,以12V150柴油机为例分析不同平衡率对曲轴润滑与振动特性的影响。结果表明:在一个工作循环内,随着平衡率的增加,主轴承和连杆轴承的最小油膜厚度在大部分时间内均有所增加,最大油膜压力和摩擦损失功在大部分时间内均有所减小,而主轴颈和连杆轴颈水平弯曲振动和自由端扭转振动在大部分时间内整体减小;在高功率密度柴油机曲轴轴承润滑设计及振动控制中,应综合考虑曲轴平衡率的影响。