Dual band dielectric resonator antenna for wireless application

The proposed technique is an integration of a slot antenna and a dielectric resonator antenna (DRA). This is designed without compromising miniaturisation and efficiency. It is observed that the integration of slot and dielectric structure itself may be merged to achieve extremely wide bandwidth over which the antenna polarisation and radiation pattern are preserved. Here the effect of slot size on the radiation performance of the DRA is studied. The antenna structure is simulated using the CST software. The simulated results are presented and compared with the measured result. This DRA has a gain of 7.1 and 6.3?dBi at 5.7 and 8.1?GHz, respectively, its 10?dB return impedance bandwidth of nearly 4.5% and 5.5% at two resonating frequencies. A total of 98% efficiency has been achieved from the configuration. It is shown that the size of the slot can significantly affect the radiation properties of the DRA and there are good agreements between simulation and measured results.     

Bandwidth Enhancement of Miniaturized Slot Antennas Using Folded, Complementary, and Self-Complementary Realizations

Folded and self-complementary structures are considered as two effective approaches to increase the bandwidth of miniaturized antennas. A folded realization of a previously reported miniaturized slot antenna is devised and shown to provide more than 100% increase in the bandwidth as compared with that of the miniaturized slot antenna with the same size and efficiency. The complementary pair of the miniaturized folded slot, namely, the folded printed wire is also discussed in this paper. It is shown that the folded slot has a much higher radiation efficiency when compared with its complementary folded wire antenna. Another approach for bandwidth improvement is the implementation of the self-complementary structure of the same miniaturized topology to moderate the frequency dependence of the antenna input impedance. To examine this approach, a folded self-complementary miniature antenna is studied, where further increase in bandwidth is observed. A miniaturized folded slot, its complementary miniaturized folded printed wire, as well as their self-complementary realization, were fabricated and tested. These antennas can fit into a very small rectangular area with dimensions as small as 0.065lambda_o x 0.065lambda_o. While the folded slot ranks the highest in the efficiency/gain, the self-complementary structure falls between the slot and printed wire since it consists of equal proportions of the both slots and strips. A self-complementary H-shape antenna is also introduced to demonstrate that by relaxing the miniaturization to a moderate value, a significant improvement in bandwidth can be accomplished. With yet small dimensions of 0.13lambda_o x 0.24lambda_o, a very wide bandwidth of (2.3:1) is obtained. For the case of no dielectric substrate, even wider bandwidth of (3:1) is achievable.     

Experimental study of wideband hybrid dielectric resonator antenna on small ground plane

A wideband hybrid dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) is investigated experimentally. The proposed hybrid DRA comprises a rectangular dielectric resonator and a conductor-backed coplanar waveguide (CB-CPW) slot etched on a small ground plane. Dual resonances of the two radiators are merged to expand the antenna bandwidth. By utilising the CB-CPW structure, a back-cavity is formed underneath the slot to suppress the backward radiation. Hence consistent unidirectional radiation pattern is achieved across the matching band.     

A wideband high gain dielectric resonator antenna for RF energy harvesting application

A novel high gain and broadband hybrid dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) is designed and experimentally validated. To obtain the wide impedance bandwidth, the proposed antenna geometry combines the dielectric resonator antenna and an underlying slot with a narrow rectangular notch, which effectively broadens the impedance bandwidth by merging the resonances of the slot and DRA. An inverted T-shaped feed line is used to excite both antennas, simultaneously. It supports amalgamation of different resonant modes of the both, DRA and slot antenna. The measured results show that the proposed antenna offers an impedance bandwidth of 120% from 1.67 to 6.7 GHz. The antenna gain is next enhanced by a reflector placed below the antenna at an optimum distance. On engineering the height and dimension of this reflector the antenna gain is improved from 2.2 dBi to 8.7 dBi at 1.7 GHz. Finally, antenna operation is attested experimentally with a rectifier circuit in the frequency range of 1.8–3.6 GHz, where various strong radio signals are freely available for RF energy harvesting. The measured maximum efficiency of the rectifier and rectenna circuit were found to be 74.4% and 61.4%, respectively.     

Performance Analysis of a Low Profile Hybrid Antenna for Broadband Applications

In this paper, a low profile dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) is proposed and investigated. To achieve the broad impedance bandwidth the proposed antenna geometry combines the dielectric resonator antenna and an underlying microstrip-fed slot with a narrow rectangular notch, which effectively broadens the impedance bandwidth by merging the resonances of slot and DRA. The physical insight gained by the detailed parametric study has led to find out a set of guidelines for designing the antennas for any particular frequency band. The design guidelines have been verified by simulating a set of antennas designed for different frequency bands. For validation, a prototype antenna is fabricated and tested experimentally. The measured results show that the proposed DRA offers an impedance bandwidth of about \(125.34\%\) from 1.17 to 5.1 GHz with reasonable gain between 3.5 and 5.7 dBi. The volume of the proposed DRA is \(0.16\lambda _{dr}^{3}\), where \(\lambda _{dr}\) is the wavelength at center operating frequency of the DR. A comprehensive study on bandwidth shows that the proposed DRA provides maximum bandwidth in terms of the DR volume (\(\hbox {BW}/V_{dr}\)) and the DR height (\(\hbox {BW}/h_{dr}\)) than the other similar reported work on hybrid wideband DRA designs.     

On the Dual-Band DRA-Slot Hybrid Antenna

A dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) is placed on top of a slotted cavity to form a hybrid dual-band antenna. The zonal slot cut onto the cavity is fed by an embedded L-probe, whereas the DRA is fed by a coupling rectangular slot cut on the top face of the cavity. It is found that the resonance frequencies of the zonal slot and DRA are primarily dependent on the zonal slot and the DRA, respectively, which greatly facilitates the dual-band design. To demonstrate the idea, the proposed hybrid dual-band antenna is designed for IEEE802.11a/b WLAN applications. The reflection coefficient, radiation pattern, and gain of the dual-band antenna are studied, and the simulation and measurement are in reasonable agreement. A parametric study of the proposed configuration was carried out to characterize the antenna.     

Offset Cross-Slot-Coupled Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Circular Polarization

A cross-slot-coupled cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) is studied theoretically and experimentally. In previous papers, a cross-slot of unequal slot lengths was centered under the dielectric resonator (DR), resulting in circular polarized operation of the antenna. In the present study, the design is enhanced by setting the centers of the two slots at different positions and taking into consideration the partial independence of the slot modes from the DRA mode. Thus, circular polarization (CP) bandwidth of up to 4.7% is attained experimentally in the broadside direction. It is also shown that a largely asymmetrical structure results in a very high bandwidth, but with the tradeoff of distorted CP operation off-broadside.     

Performance Analysis of Dielectric Resonator Antennas

Compact, lightweight and low cost electronics components are attracting much attention because of the rapid growth of the wireless communication systems. The antenna designers are thus in continuous search for new advanced design of miniaturized antennas. One solution is to use a dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) which provides various benefits in terms of the performance. This paper presents fundamental concepts, theory and review study carried out on DRAs. The achievable performance of DRAs designed for wide impedance bandwidth, low profiles, circular polarization, compactness, and high gain are illustrated. The latest techniques for improving the results are also covered.     

The slot-coupled hemispherical dielectric resonator antenna with a parasitic patch: applications to the circularly polarized antenna and wide-band antenna

The aperture-coupled hemispherical dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with a parasitic patch is studied rigorously. Using the Green's function approach, integral equations for the unknown patch and slot currents are formulated and solved using the method of moments. The theory is utilized to design a circularly polarized (CP) DRA and a wide-band linearly polarized (LP) DRA. In the former, the CP frequency and axial ratio (AR) can easily be controlled by the patch location and patch size, respectively, with the impedance matched by varying the slot length and microstrip stub length. It is important that the AR will not be affected when the input impedance is tuned, and the CP design is therefore greatly facilitated. For the wide-band LP antenna, a maximum bandwidth of 22% can be obtained, which is much wider than the previous bandwidth of 7.5% with no parasitic patches. Finally, the frequency-tuning characteristics of the proposed antenna are discussed. Since the parasitic patch can be applied to any DRAs, the method will find applications in practical DRA designs.     

加载对拓结构介质的高增益Vivaldi天线

Vivaldi天线属于渐变缝隙天线的一种, 被广泛应用于平面超宽带天线设计中.Vivaldi天线在理论上可以展宽带宽到无限大, 但受限于加工工艺和尺寸, 其增益提高效果并不明显.文中立足于经典Vivaldi天线, 在天线辐射前端加载对拓结构的介质, 仿真结果表明相对带宽扩展了79.1%, 在5.5 GHz与12 GHz处提高增益达3 dBi.过孔矫正技术可以使天线辐射的相位分布更加均匀, 提高幅度分布的口径效率.在对拓结构基础上, 天线辐射端加载相位矫正的过孔阵列结构, 仿真结果表明加载该技术后, 天线提高增益2 dBi以上.包含以上两种技术的天线结构具有高增益、便于设计、小型化的特点, 这为端射天线提高增益和增强定向性提供了新的思路.     

Circularly polarised dielectric resonator antenna with metallicstrip

A new design of circularly polarised slot fed dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) is presented. The dissymmetry of the design enabling circular polarisation relies on a metallic strip printed on top of the resonator. Simulations are compared with measurements for a single antenna as well as a four DRA sequential rotation array     

一种适用于波束扫描的宽带低剖面介质谐振器天线

近年来,为解决传统介质谐振器天线（dielectric resonator antenna, DRA）体积庞大等问题,新颖的低剖面DRA如介质贴片天线和平面介质天线被提出并迅速成为研究热点. 然而,现有的低剖面DRA设计要么平面尺寸较大（>0.5λ₀×0.5λ₀）,要么带宽较窄（<10%）,限制了它们的实际应用. 文中提出了一种具有小型化平面尺寸的宽带低剖面DRA. 本天线采用介质贴片设计,顶部为高介电常数的介质贴片,中间为低介电常数的介质基板,底部为缝隙馈电结构. 缝隙馈电结构可激励起介质贴片谐振器的基模TE₁₁₁和高次模TE₁₃₁两种工作模式,这两种模式的场分布在贴片边缘部分存在基模场强较弱而高次模场强较强的显著区别. 本设计巧妙地利用了该区域的模式场强区别,通过略微增加贴片边缘部分高度来显著影响高次模谐振频率而轻微影响基模谐振频率,从而将高次模TE₁₃₁的谐振频率迅速下拉并与基模TE₁₁₁的谐振频率靠近合并,在不增大介质贴片平面尺寸的前提条件下获得宽带工作效果. 本天线的三维尺寸为0.35λ₀×0.35λ₀×0.08λ₀ (λ₀为中心频率处的空气中波长),线极化实物案例测试结果表明该天线具有18.5%的?10 dB阻抗带宽以及7.3 dBi的最大增益. 该天线平面尺寸小,适用于具有波束扫描功能的阵列天线设计;且提出的设计理念还可进一步拓展应用于圆极化天线设计.     

一种新型垂直极化同轴波导缝隙天线

结合波导缝隙和同轴线结构,提出了一种新型同轴波导缝隙结构实现天线小型化。首先,分析了同轴波导缝隙天线内金属摆线上的电流分布,改进了缝隙形式和摆线设计;然后,利用HFSS软件建立不同缝隙数目的同轴波导缝隙天线模型进行仿真,对比分析驻波带宽和方向图带宽;最后,建立不同缝隙数目的同轴波导缝隙天线有限阵列,对比分析阵列中天线增益和效率。     

Microstrip-fed slot antennas with suppressed harmonics

In this paper, microstrip-fed slot antennas with suppressed harmonics are proposed. To obtain this operation, conductor lines connected with ground plane are inserted in slot antennas. To verify the validation of the proposed antennas, the equivalent circuit analysis is presented. Also, the miniaturization and bandwidth enhancement of the antenna for various applications are achieved and analyzed through parameter study. From the measured return losses, input impedances, and radiation patterns, it is shown that the proposed antennas offer excellent harmonic suppression characteristic in harmonic bandwidth including the second and third harmonic frequencies.     

Bandwidth enhancement and further size reduction of a class of miniaturized slot antennas

In this paper, new methods for further reducing the size and/or increasing the bandwidth (BW) of a class of miniaturized slot antennas are presented. This paper examines techniques such as parasitic coupling and inductive loading to achieve higher BW and further size reduction for this class of miniaturized slot antennas. The overall BW of a proposed double resonant antenna is shown to be increased by more than 94% compared with a single resonant antenna occupying the same area. The behavior of miniaturized slot antennas, loaded with series inductive elements along the radiating section is also examined. The inductive loads are constructed by two balanced short circuited slot lines placed on opposite sides of the radiating slot. These inductive loads can considerably reduce the antenna size at its resonance. Prototypes of a double resonant antenna at 850 MHz and inductively loaded miniaturized antennas at around 1 GHz are designed and tested. Finally the application of both methods in a dual band miniaturized antenna is presented. In all cases measured and simulated results show excellent agreement.     

Cross-T-shaped dielectric resonator antenna for wideband applications

A new dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) is introduced for wideband applications, where the wideband of this DRA design comes from three factors: a compact cross-T-shaped dielectric resonator, a conformal inverted-trapezoid patch as a feed mechanism, and a copper-clad substrate as a baseboard. Measured results demonstrate that the proposed DRA achieves an impedance bandwidth of about 71.8% for VSWR les 2, covering a frequency range from 3.56 to 7.57 GHz. This antenna also provides a stable broadside radiation pattern and a gain range of 3.2-7.3 dBi across the operating bandwidth.     

Cross-slot-coupled microstrip antenna and dielectric resonatorantenna for circular polarization

Circular polarization (CP) design of microstrip antennas and dielectric resonator (DR) antennas through a cross slot of unequal slot lengths in the ground plane of a microstrip line is demonstrated. The proposed CP design is achieved by choosing a suitable size of the coupling cross slot, which results in the excitation of two near-degenerate orthogonal modes of near-equal amplitudes and 90° phase difference. This CP design can be applied to both configurations of microstrip antennas and DR antennas and has the advantages of easy fine-tuning and less sensitivity to the manufacturing tolerances, as compared to their respective conventional single-feed CP designs. For the proposed design applied to a low-profile circular disk DR antenna of very high permittivity studied here, a large CP bandwidth, determined from 3-dB axial ratio, as high as 3.91% is also obtained. Details of the proposed antenna designs are described, and experimental results of the CP performance are presented and discussed     

Antenna miniaturization and bandwidth enhancement using a reactive impedance substrate

The concept of a novel reactive impedance surface (RIS) as a substrate for planar antennas, that can miniaturize the size and significantly enhance both the bandwidth and the radiation characteristics of an antenna is introduced. Using the exact image formulation for the fields of elementary sources above impedance surfaces, it is shown that a purely reactive impedance plane with a specific surface reactance can minimize the interaction between the elementary source and its image in the RIS substrate. An RIS can be tuned anywhere between perfectly electric and magnetic conductor (PEC and PMC) surfaces offering a property to achieve the optimal bandwidth and miniaturization factor. It is demonstrated that RIS can provide performance superior to PMC when used as substrate for antennas. The RIS substrate is designed utilizing two-dimensional periodic printed metallic patches on a metal-backed high dielectric material. A simplified circuit model describing the physical phenomenon of the periodic surface is developed for simple analysis and design of the RIS substrate. Also a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) full-wave analysis in conjunction with periodic boundary conditions and perfectly matched layer walls is applied to provide comprehensive study and analysis of complex antennas on such substrates. Examples of different planar antennas including dipole and patch antennas on RIS are considered, and their characteristics are compared with those obtained from the same antennas over PEC and PMC. The simulations compare very well with measured results obtained from a prototype /spl lambda//10 miniaturized patch antenna fabricated on an RIS substrate. This antenna shows measured relative bandwidth, gain, and radiation efficiency of BW=6.7, G=4.5 dBi, and e/sub r/=90, respectively, which constitutes the highest bandwidth, gain, and efficiency for such a small size thin planar antenna.     

Compact dielectric resonator antenna for WLAN applications

A new dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with reduced size for WLAN applications is presented. The proposed antenna consists of a rectangular dielectric resonator with partial vertical and horizontal metallisations which is coupled to a microstrip line through a rectangular aperture in the ground plane. A 9.6 reduction coefficient is obtained compared to the volume of an equivalent isolated DRA. An experimental 12% bandwidth is also achieved in spite of the compact size.     

Two-Layer Dielectric Rod Antenna

A dielectric rod antenna (DRA) design that consists of two concentric dielectric cylinders and achieves more than 4:1 bandwidth is described. The new DRA is composed of a launcher section, followed by a waveguide section and ends in a radiation section. The utilization of two-layer structure avoids the excitation of high-order modes, thus extending the operational bandwidth. Properly chosen radii and dielectric constants of each layer in conjunction with a properly tapered radiation tip ensure frequency-insensitive radiation properties (gain and pattern) and stable phase center. The design example of a two-layer dual-polarization DRA presented in this paper operates from 2 to 8 GHz and produces symmetric radiation patterns with half-power beamwidth greater than 55deg. The current design is one of the most ideal antennas to be used as a near-field probe or reflector feed.