Wear characteristics of spheroidal graphite roll WC-8Co coating produced by electro-spark deposition

Electro-spark deposition(ESD) was adopted for preparing high property coatings by depositing WC-8Co cemented carbide on an spheroidal graphite roll substrate.The microstructure and properties of the coating were investigated by X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray(EDX) and ball-disc configuration wear tester.The results show that nanosized particles and amorphous structures prevail in the coating which is metallurgically bonded to the substrate.The microstructures of the transition zone include columnar structure and equiaxed structure.The primary phases of the coating contain W2C, W6C2.54, Fe3W3C, and Co3W3C.The results of abrasive test show that the coating has low friction coefficients(μaverage = 0.18) and the wear mechanisms are mainly abrasive wear, fatigue wear, and oxidation wear.The maximum microhardness value of the coating is about 17410 N/mm2.The study reveals that the electro-spark deposition process has better coating quality and the coating has high wear resistance and hardness.     

硬质合金工具强电流直流伸展弧等离子体CVD金刚石涂层的均匀性研究

采用自行研制的强电流直流伸展电弧等离子体CVD设备对真空渗硼预处理的YG6刀片进行了金刚石涂层沉积，并对放于有效沉积区域不同位置沉积出的金刚石涂层刀片以及刀片自身不同位置之表面涂层的形貌、厚度、质量进行了分析、研究。结果表明：(1)、硬质合金工具强电流直流伸展弧等离子体CVD金刚石涂层的组织、形貌、厚度、质量都是均匀一致的。(2)、利用强电流直流伸展电弧等离子体CVD设备可进行硬质合金金刚石涂层的批量沉积。     

孕镶金刚石硬质合金基底上沉积金刚石涂层工艺研究

为提高金刚石涂层和基底的结合力,采用化学气相沉积方法在普通硬质合金和孕镶金刚石硬质合金基底上分别沉积金刚石涂层,并通过扫描电镜、拉曼光谱和压痕分析对比研究其结合性能。结果表明:在孕镶金刚石硬质合金基底上可以实现金刚石的同质与异质外延生长;在孕镶金刚石硬质合金基底上沉积的金刚石形核率高,晶形大小均匀,涂层表面平整;孕镶金刚石基底金刚石涂层的结合力优于硬质合金基底金刚石涂层膜基界面的结合力。在孕镶金刚石硬质合金基底上沉积金刚石膜可扩大金刚石涂层的应用范围。      

强电流直流伸展电弧CVD纳米金刚石涂层微型工具

本文研制了强直流伸展电弧金刚石涂层沉积设备,它可产生长达400 mm的等离子体弧柱,可沉积金刚石涂层的区域大,能够在复杂形状硬质合金刀具上沉积金刚石涂层,有利于实现金刚石涂层硬质合金工具的产业化生产.在直径1 mm的微型铣刀上沉积了纳米金刚石涂层,研究了沉积压力对金刚石涂层组织的影响,沉积压力对金刚石涂层的晶粒尺寸和表面形貌有显著影响.随着沉积压力的降低,沉积的金刚石涂层晶粒尺寸减小,当沉积压力为0.80 kPa时,可沉积出纳米金刚石涂层.涂层的厚度均匀,其表面光滑、平整,且与硬质合金基体之间有较好的附着力.用激光Raman对金刚石涂层进行了表征.     

高能量密度脉冲等离子体制备高硬耐磨TiN涂层

用高能量密度脉冲等离子体于室温下在硬质合金刀具上成功淀积了高硬耐磨TiN涂层．实验结果表明，涂层与基体有强的结合力，纳米划痕实验临界载荷达90mN以上；TiN涂层具有很高的硬度和Young’s模量，分别达27和450GPa以上．涂层刀具切削实验表明，刀具可用于硬度高达HRC58-62的CrVVMn钢切削，且磨损量较低，寿命长．     

硬质合金粉末表面电泳沉积制备金刚石涂层

采用电泳沉积法在硬质合金粉末表面涂覆金刚石涂层，分析硬质合金含量和MgCl₂·6H₂O含量对涂层沉积效果的影响，并对制备的涂层粉末进行性能表征。结果表明:电泳沉积法可实现硬质合金粉末表面涂覆金刚石涂层；硬质合金粉末为28.0 g，金刚石粉末为4.0 g，MgCl₂·6H₂O为1.0 g时，制备的金刚石涂层均匀且致密度好。      

深冷处理对TiN涂层硬质合金力学性能的影响

采用电弧离子镀技术在YW2硬质合金基体上沉积了厚度为2μm的TiN涂层,对所获得的TiN/YW2体系进行了-196℃下30 h的深冷处理。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和显微硬度仪分别对深冷前后TiN涂层的相结构和硬度进行了检测,利用洛氏硬度仪采用压痕法研究了深冷处理前后YW2基体和TiN/YW2体系压痕形貌的变化,借助金相显微镜和扫描电镜(SEM)研究了基体显微组织及其对体系断裂韧性、界面结合状况的影响。结果表明:深冷处理后涂层中应力诱导晶粒扭转导致的TiN(111)面择优取向,使体系的硬度得到了提高。基体上压痕径向放射性裂纹密度明显降低,TiN涂层沿压痕周向的块状剥离得到缓解。深冷处理后弥散分布的颗粒状γ相显著减少或消失、孔隙率降低,组织变得更加致密,加之深冷处理过程中裂纹源的弥合,提高了YW2基体和TiN/YW2体系的断裂韧性和界面结合强度。     

硬质合金金刚石涂层工具基体前处理有效方法探讨

利用两种溶液浸蚀硬质合金表面，分别选择性刻蚀WC和Co.这不仅强粗化了硬质合金表面，而且，还能抑制CO在金刚石沉积过程中的负作用，从,而，提高了金刚石薄膜的质量和涂层的附着力。     

Hard and wear-resistant titanium nitride coatings for cemented carbide cutting tools by pulsed high energy density plasma

Hard and wear-resistant titanium nitride coatings were deposited by pulsed high energy density plasma technique on cemented carbide cutting tools at ambient temperature. The coating thickness was measured by an optical profiler and surface Auger microprobe. The elemental and phase compositions and distribution of the coatings were determined by Auger microprobe, x-photon electron spectroscope, and X-ray diffractometer. The microstructures of the coatings were observed by scanning electron microscope and the roughness of the sample surface was measured by an optical profiler. The mechanical properties of the coatings were determined by nanoindentation and nanoscratch tests. The tribological properties were evaluated by the cutting performances of the coated tools applied in turning hardened CrWMn steel under industrial conditions. The structural and mechanical properties of the coatings were found to depend strongly on deposition conditions. Under optimized deposition conditions, the adhesive strength of TiN film to the substrate was satisfactory with the highest critical load up to more than 90 mN. The TiN films possess very high values of nanohardness and Young’s modulus, which are near to 27 GPa and 450 GPa, respectively. The wear resistance and edge life of the cemented carbide tools were improved dramatically because of the deposition of titanium nitride coatings.     

矿用纳米稀土硬质合金的磨损性能研究

以石英砂为磨料,研究了YG12硬质合金的冲击磨料磨损性能与其纳米稀土添加量、硬度及断裂韧度之间的关系。结果表明,随着纳米稀土含量的增加,该硬质合金的磨损体积先减小再增大,加入1wt%纳米稀土时,其磨损量最小;随着硬度、断裂韧度的增加,合金的抗磨损性能提高。岩石颗粒的混合、粘结相的脆变和WC晶粒的破碎是矿用纳米稀土硬质合金的主要磨损机制。     

化学气相沉积过程中Si的引入对硬质合金金刚石涂层附着力的影响

利用微波等离子体化学气相沉积方法，以H2、CH4和八甲基环四硅氧烷(D4)为原料，在硬质合金基体上沉积了金刚石涂层。与一般只使用H2、CH4为原料时的情况相比，金刚石涂层与硬质合金基体间的附着力有了一定程度的提高。对涂层断面的成分分析表明，Si在涂层与基体间的界面处有富集的倾向，而这将有助于抑制Co对涂层附着力的不利影响，提高金刚石涂层的附着力。     

沉积温度对硬质合金金刚石涂层附着力影响的研究

采用压痕实验、扫描电镜与激光Raman光谱分析,实验研究了酸浸硬质合金基底上金刚石涂层的附着力随沉积温度的变化.结果表明,涂层质量随沉积温度降低而显著恶化,涂层应力则随沉积温度提高而上升.从提高涂层附着力的角度考虑,存在一个最佳沉积温度.在较低的沉积温度下,涂层自身的质量较低、力学性能较差,在载荷作用下易于破坏.提高沉积温度,涂层自身的质量可得到改善,但基底中的钴向基底表面扩散的倾向加大,而且热应力增大,会严重降低涂层与基底的附着力.除硬质合金基底的预处理工艺外,沉积工艺对金刚石涂层的组织、性能以及附着力均有重要影响.     

Wear mechanisms of PVD ZrN coated tools in machining

Medium-frequency magnetron sputtered PVD ZrN coatings (ZrN, ZrN/Zr) were deposited on YT15 (WC + 15%TiC + 6%Co) cemented carbide. Microstructural and fundamental properties of these ZrN coatings were examined. Dry machining tests on hardened steel were carried out with these coated tools. The wear surface features were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that deposition of the PVD ZrN coatings onto the YT15 cemented carbide causes great increase in surface hardness. The ZC-1 coated tool (ZrN/YT15 without interlayer) has the highest surface hardness; while the ZC-2 (ZrN/Zr/YT15 with a Zr interlayer) shows the highest adhesion load for the coatings to the substrate. The ZrN coated tools exhibit improved rake and flank wear resistance to that of the YT15 tool. The coated tools with a Zr interlayer (ZC-2) have higher wear resistance over the one without Zr interlayer (ZC-1). The rake wear of the ZrN coated tools at low cutting speed was mainly abrasive wear; while the mechanism responsible for the rake wear at high cutting speed was determined to be adhesion. Extensive abrasive wear accompanied by small adhesive wear were found to be the predominant flank wear mechanisms for the ZrN coated tools.     

抛光涂层硬质合金刀片加工钛合金的耐用度分析

目的提高涂层硬质合金刀具加工钛合金的切削性能及加工效率。方法采用化学机械抛光(Chemical Mechanical Polishing,CMP)对经过磨削加工的YG8硬质合金车削刀片前刀面进行抛光预处理,并使用CVD与PVD涂层工艺制备涂层。运用单因素试验法,对抛光涂层硬质合金刀片进行切削TC4钛合金的刀片耐用度试验,分析钛合金加工过程中刀具种类及切削参数变化对刀片耐用度的影响规律。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)分析刀片的磨损机理。结果经过化学机械抛光处理后,硬质合金刀片的平均粗糙度由87 nm降低为19 nm,降低幅度达78.2%。相同切削参数时,抛光CVD硬质合金刀片的耐用度最大程度上比磨削CVD硬质合金刀片提高了75%,抛光PVD硬质合金刀片的耐用度最大程度上比磨削PVD硬质合金刀片提高了8.3%。可见采用化学机械抛光对硬质合金刀片进行加工是提高刀片表面平整度及耐用度的重要途径。结论抛光CVD硬质合金刀片的耐用度优于磨削CVD硬质合金刀片,抛光PVD硬质合金刀片的耐用度优于磨削PVD硬质合金刀片。     

脉冲电压幅值对等离子体化学气相沉积TiN薄膜膜基结合行为的影响

用工业型脉冲等离子体化学（ＰＣＶＤ）设备。在高速钢（Ｗ１８Ｃｒ４Ｖ）和钴基硬质合金ＳＣ３０基材表面沉积了ＴｉＮ薄膜,用扫描电镜（ＳＥＭ）和连续加载压入仪研究了脉冲电压幅值对膜基结合行为的影响,结果表明：随脉冲电压在５５０－７５０Ｖ之间逐渐增大,ＴｉＮ晶粒增大,膜层脆性增加,沉积速率提高。但膜层结合力下降：在６５０Ｖ以下膜基界面有一伪扩散层出现,通过６５０Ｖ后伪散层消失,这是改善膜基结合行为的关键因     

TiN/Ti(C,N)涂层的显微组织与力学性能

采用磁控溅射在TNMG120408型号的硬质合金刀片上沉积了TiN/Ti(C,N)单层与多层涂层,通过XRD、SEM、纳米压痕、划痕仪与冲击测试等方法,比较分析了TiN/Ti(C,N)涂层的显微组织与力学性能。结果表明,TiN单层涂层的晶粒形貌为典型的喇叭口结构,Ti(C,N)单层涂层为平直的柱状晶结构;而TiN/Ti(C,N)多层涂层为柱状晶结构,形成了TiN、Ti(C,N)交替排列的结构。TiN与Ti(C,N)单层涂层均呈(220)生长织构,而TiN/Ti(C,N)多层涂层呈(111)生长织构。Ti(C,N)单层涂层表现出较好的硬度,而TiN/Ti(C,N)多层涂层则表现出与基体更好的结合力。     

Structure and properties of cathodic vacuum arc deposited NbN and NbN-based multi-component and multi-layer coatings

Binary Nb-N coatings, ternary Ti-Nb-N and Zr-Nb-N, and multi-layer TiN/NbN coatings consisting of up to 100 alternating TiN and NbN layers, were deposited onto WC-Co substrates, using two different vacuum arc deposition (VAD) systems: with and without magnetic guiding of the metal plasma flow. Binary Nb-N coatings were fabricated by deposition of metal plasma produced by a Nb cathode in a background of reactive nitrogen gas at different pressures, P. Ternary coatings were fabricated at co-deposition of plasmas originating from two different cathode materials. Multilayer coatings were fabricated by alternatively depositing plasmas of Ti and Nb in reactive nitrogen gas. The crystalline coating structure, phase composition, hardness and critical load for coating failure were studied.For binary Nb-N coatings fabricated using both deposition systems, the phase composition, the Vickers hardness, HV, and the critical load strongly depended on the deposition pressure. Using VAD with magnetic plasma guiding, the highest HV of ∼ 42 GPa was measured for coatings deposited at low nitrogen pressure. These coatings contained a hexagonal β-Nb₂N phase and had a relatively low critical load. The highest critical load and HV ∼ 38 GPa were obtained for coatings consisted of a single phase NaCl-type cubic δ-NbN structure, deposited at a higher nitrogen pressure. The structure and properties of Nb-N coatings deposited using VAD without magnetic plasma guiding had a similar correlation with the deposition pressure, however, their hardness values were lower.Ternary Ti-Nb-N and Zr-Nb-N coatings fabricated by both deposition processes had a single phase cubic NaCl-type structure and the hardness higher than that of the binary nitrides TiN, ZrN and NbN. The hardest coatings, HV ∼ 51.5 Pa, deposited with magnetic plasma guiding had a single-phase cubic δ-(Ti,Nb)N structure and a Ti:Nb ratio of ∼ 50:50 (at.%).Multilayer coatings TiN/NbN consisting of 20-40 alternating TiN and NbN layers with total thickness of 4-5 μm increased the life time of cemented carbide cutting inserts at turning tough Ni-base alloys by 2-7 times relative to uncoated cutting tools, while conventional vacuum arc deposited TiN coatings were not effective in machining of these alloys.     

Adherent coating on gradient cemented carbide with ultrafine Ti(C_(0.5),N_(0.5))

Gradient cemented carbide is usually employed as the substrate for coated carbide insert. In this work,gradient cemented carbide with ultrafine Ti(C_0.5,N_0.5) was prepared and its microstructure and properties were researched. Moreover, this novel substrate was coated to investigate cutting performance. It is found that the average WC grain size in the gradient zone is larger than that in the bulk. Owing to ultrafine Ti(C_0.5,N_0.5) introduction, gradient cemented carbide prepared by vacuum sintering exhibits full densification. By contrast, the gradient cemented carbide with ultrafine Ti(C_0.5,N_0.5) shows higher transverse rupture strength(TRS) and hardness than the homogenous one. Gradient cemented carbide suffers small TRS reduction after coating, and the bonding between coatings and gradient substrate is tidy and compact. The coated gradient cemented carbide shows much better endurance and impact resistance than the coated homogenous one. It confirms the superiority of gradient cemented carbide when used as the substrate for coating inserts.     

正偏压对微波等离子体CVD法制备金刚石薄膜的影响

线形同轴耦合式微波等离子体CVD法是在硬质合金微型钻头(微钻)表面沉积金刚石涂层的最佳方法之一.本文首先研究了酸碱两步预处理后微钻表面的形貌和成分,然后研究了微钻工作表面金刚石的沉积情况,最后重点研究了正偏压对微钻不同位置金刚石生长的影响.结果表明,在微钻上施加50 V正偏压时,金刚石薄膜具有最佳的形貌和较好的均匀性.     

Improvement of a-C:H film adhesion by intermediate layers and sputter cleaning procedures on stainless steel, alumina and cemented carbide

The adhesion of amorphous hydrogenated carbon (a-C:H) films deposited in a radio frequency (r.f.) plasma discharge on stainless steel, alumina and cemented carbide with different intermediate layers (Ni, Ti and TiC) and sputter cleaning procedures was studied. The composition of the carbon films and the intermediate layers as well as the interface between the coating and the substrate was determined by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). The adhesion experiments were carried out using a scratch tester. Tested specimens were also studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to reveal the morphology of the coatings and the scratches.

Without any intermediate layer, the a-C:H coatings generally had insufficient adhesion to the substrate materials studied. For stainless steel and cemented carbide substrates, the TiC intermediate layer and, for alumina substrates, the titanium intermediate layer gave the best adhesion values evaluated by the scratch test. Also, the sputter cleaning of the substrates prior to deposition was necessary for sufficient adhesion of the coating. The intermediate layers also change the failure mode of the coating in the scratch test in some cases.