茉莉酸甲酯对果蔬抗性、抗氧化活性及品质影响的研究进展

茉莉酸甲酯作为与抗损伤相关的植物激素和信号分子,外源应用可激发植物防御基因的表达,诱导其产生与机械伤害相似的防御效果。采后果蔬在贮藏和运输期间总酚、抗坏血酸以及谷胱甘肽等抗氧化物质含量下降,致使其抗氧化活性降低,且品质和抗性受到了不良影响,大大缩短了果蔬的货架期,造成了一定的经济损失。研究发现茉莉酸甲酯可通过提高果蔬抗性物质合成酶和抗氧化相关酶的活性增强果蔬抗性,有效维持果蔬的抗氧化活性、降低品质损失、延长货架期。本文对近些年国内外茉莉酸甲酯在果蔬应用上的研究进展进行了综述,聚焦于其对果蔬抗性、抗氧化活性及品质等方面的影响及作用机理,为今后茉莉酸甲酯在果蔬保鲜上的研究及应用提供参考。     

硫化氢在采后果蔬贮藏保鲜中的应用

硫化氢作为植物体内的一种气体信号分子,可以调节植物的代谢,影响采后果蔬贮藏期间的生理活动及营养品质。硫化氢能够参与调控果蔬的成熟衰老,激发防御基因的表达,诱导植物的病伤害反应、抗性的形成,延缓其采后衰老,延长货架寿命。本文综述了国内外关于硫化氢在采后果蔬贮藏保鲜中的研究进展,从采后生理学角度出发,对硫化氢在果蔬的代谢过程中的作用进行阐述,主要对感官品质、能量代谢、呼吸强度、乙烯生成、褐变和病害6个方面进行探讨,以期为今后硫化氢在果蔬保鲜上的研究及应用提供参考依据。     

过氧化氢处理对采后‘黄冠’梨果皮褐变及果实品质的影响

‘黄冠’梨低温贮藏过程中果皮褐变严重,为解决果皮褐变问题,开发控制果皮褐变的新技术,本研究分别采用3、20 mmol/L的过氧化氢(H2O2)水溶液浸泡处理‘黄冠’梨,探讨H2O2预处理对梨果皮细胞抗氧化防护体系、低温贮藏期间果皮褐变、果实品质的影响。结果表明,与对照组(未经H2O2处理)相比,20 mmol/L的H2O2显著降低了‘黄冠’梨果皮褐变率及褐变指数,抑制了多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)的活性和果皮酚类物质尤其是单体绿原酸、儿茶素和熊果苷的消耗,不同程度地提高了过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活力以及果皮自由基清除能力,降低了丙二醛积累,有效地增强了果皮抗氧化防护能力,并且能够使果实在低温贮藏后的货架期间保持较高的硬度、可滴定酸含量、糖酸比及总可溶性固形物含量,食用感官综合品质在低温贮藏和货架期间均优于对照组。研究表明,采后‘黄冠’梨经H2O2预处理,可以诱导性地增强果皮抗氧化酶活性,抑制PPO酶活性和酚类物质消耗而减少低温贮藏过程中果皮褐变的发生。     

Postharvest physiology and technology of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) fruit

Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) is a subtropical evergreen tree whose fruit is consumed both fresh and processed. Loquat fruit is a good source of minerals and carotenoids, while the kernel is rich in protein and carbohydrates. It has been considered a non‐climacteric fruit, but there is evidence that some cultivars have a ripening pattern similar to that of climacteric fruits. The fruit has a short postharvest life at ambient temperatures and is susceptible to physical and mechanical damage, loss of moisture and nutrients, and decay. Low‐temperature storage extends the shelf life of loquat fruit, but some cultivars are severely affected by chilling injury and flesh browning during cold storage. Purple spot, browning and leatheriness are major postharvest disorders. The shelf life of loquat can be extended by modified or controlled atmosphere storage as well as by postharvest treatment with 1‐methyl cyclopropene or methyl jasmonate. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry     

适宜后熟对猕猴桃果实冷藏后货架品质的影响

该文以‘贵长’猕猴桃为试材,研究适宜后熟对其冷藏后货架品质的影响。结果表明,猕猴桃果实采收后于阴凉处散去田间热,然后转入(4±0.5)℃贮藏,冷藏后货架成熟时果实呼吸速率、乙烯释放速率显著增加,抗氧化物质含量低,超氧阴离子(O-2)和H 2O 2快速积累,活性氧代谢失衡,从而导致其在冷藏40 d后货架时全部腐烂。猕猴桃果实后熟至可溶性固形物9.5%时再转入(4±0.5)℃贮藏,可有效抑制其冷藏后货架时呼吸速率和乙烯释放速率,减少果实营养物质损耗,维持果实抗氧化物含量和活性氧代谢平衡,进而降低果实的腐烂率,延长冷藏期。然而,猕猴桃果实后熟至可溶性固形物含量14.5%再冷藏则加速猕猴桃果实腐烂。因此,适宜后熟通过抑制乙烯释放速率、提高抗氧化物酶活性、维持活性氧代谢平衡来维持其冷藏后货架品质,为猕猴桃贮藏保鲜技术开发奠定了理论基础。     

Cold Plasma‐Mediated Treatments for Shelf Life Extension of Fresh Produce: A Review of Recent Research Developments

Fresh produce, like fruits and vegetables, are important sources of nutrients and health‐promoting compounds. However, incidences of foodborne outbreaks associated with fresh produce often occur; it is thus important to develop and expand decay‐control technologies that can not only maintain the quality but can also control the biological hazards in postharvest, processing, and storage to extend their shelf life. It is under such a situation that plasma‐mediated treatments have been developed as a novel nonthermal processing tool, offering many advantages and attracting much interest from researchers and the food industry. This review summarizes recent developments of cold plasma technology and associated activated water for shelf life extension of fresh produce. An overview of plasma generation and its physical–chemical properties as well as methods for improving plasma efficiency are first presented. Details of using the technology as a nonthermal agent in inhibiting spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms, inactivating enzymes, and modifying the barrier properties or imparting specific functionalities of packaging materials to extend shelf life of food produce are then reviewed, and the effects of cold plasma‐mediated treatment on microstructure and quality attributes of fresh produce are discussed. Future prospects and research gaps of cold plasma are finally elucidated. The review shows that atmospheric plasma‐mediated treatments in various gas mixtures can significantly inhibit microorganisms, inactive enzyme, and modify packaging materials, leading to shelf life extension of fresh produce. The quality attributes of treated produce are not compromised but improved. Therefore, plasma‐mediated treatment has great potential and values for its application in the food industry.     

Pre-drying treatment of plant related tissues using plasma processed air: Impact on enzyme activity and quality attributes of cut apple and potato

During post-harvest processing of fresh cut and dried fruits and vegetables, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) need to be inactivated or inhibited in order to avoid undesirable browning reactions and loss of sensorial or nutritional quality. To meet this goal, the application of plasma processed air (PPA) offers a promising “gentle” alternative to traditional methods, such as pasteurization or the addition of anti-browning compounds. Using ambient air as process gas instead of an expensive noble gas, such as argon, exhibits a substantial improvement for the development of large-scale plasmas at ambient pressure and allows the indirect treatment of larger goods within a remote exposure reactor. In this study the ability of PPA to inactivate PPO and POD in complex food matrices and its impact on quality parameters, such as color, texture and cell integrity directly after freshly cutting and during storage of warm air dried and freeze dried produce was evaluated.The study evidently shows that PPA processing is capable of reducing the activity of PPO and POD in the freshly cut tissue from both apple and potato. Following exposure to PPA for 10 min the PPO activity was reduced by about 62% and 77% in fresh cut apple and potato tissue, respectively. POD, as the more temperature-stable enzyme, was even less stable upon PPA treatment for 10 min and was reduced by about 65% and 89% in fresh cut apple and potato tissue, respectively. Blackening of the potato tissue could be completely prevented by plasma treatment while a browning different from the habitual nature of enzymatic browning occurred upon exposure of the apple tissue to PPA. In both cases, the pH value on the tissue surface dropped to 1.5 while cell integrity and dry matter content were not significantly affected.Industrial relevanceThe quality and shelf life of freshly cut and dried fruits and vegetables greatly depend on the activity of naturally occurring enzymes which catalyze browning reactions at cut surfaces. This study shows that the application of PPA, as a promising nonthermal “pasteurization” technology, enables the inactivation of PPO and POD in complex food matrices. It further describes the impact of the PPA treatment on quality parameters of the freshly cut tissue from apple and potato and goes beyond on evaluating color, texture and enzyme activity in warm air dried and freeze dried tissue over a storage time of three weeks. The results contribute to the understanding and product-specificity of PPA-induced effects on quality and shelf life of fresh cut and dried fruit and vegetable produce and could be a basis for a possible industrial implementation.     

Postharvest Heat Treatment for Mitigation of Chilling Injury in Fruits and Vegetables

Low-temperature storage is widely used as a postharvest treatment applied for delaying senescence in vegetables and ornamentals and ripening in fruits, upholding their postharvest quality. But the refrigerated storage of tropical and subtropical crop plant species provokes a set of physiological alterations known as chilling injury (CI) that negatively affect their quality and frequently renders the product not saleable. The increasing demand for consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables, along with restriction on the use of synthetic chemicals to reduce CI, has encouraged scientific research on the use of heat treatments as an environment-friendly technology for CI mitigation. Membrane damage and reactive oxygen species production are multifarious adverse effects of chilling as oxidative stress in sensitive fruits and vegetables. Chilling mitigation in heat-treated fruits and vegetables could be attributed to (1) enhancement of membrane integrity by the increase of unsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids (unSFA/SFA) ratio; (2) enhancement of heat shock protein gene expression and accumulation; (3) enhancement of the antioxidant system activity; (4) enhancement of the arginine pathways which lead to the accumulation of signaling molecules with pivotal roles in improving chilling tolerance such as polyamines, nitric oxide, and proline; (5) alteration in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and polyphenol oxidase enzyme activities; and (6) enhancement of sugar metabolism. In the present review, we have focused on the impacts of heat treatments on postharvest chilling tolerance and the mechanisms activated by this environment-friendly technology in fruits and vegetables.     

Effects of UV‐C irradiation on the physiological and antioxidant responses of button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) during storage

Novel postharvest technology not only preserves the freshness of fruits and vegetables, but also triggers the biosynthesis of antioxidant compounds as a secondary response. This study examined the browning and antioxidant properties of button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) treated with UV‐C irradiation in combination with cold storage. Three sample preparation methods for antioxidant activity analysis, simulative gastrointestinal digestion (GAR), direct evaluation (QUENCHER) and traditional solvent extraction (TSE), were used to evaluate the samples, and followed analysing by both FRAP and ABTS assays. Broadly, the results indicated that, following an initial increase, UV‐C irradiation suppressed browning during a cold storage period of 18 days. And the total phenolic content of the treated mushrooms were higher than that of the control, while the ascorbic acid content decreased sharply during storage, and UV‐C treatment had negative effects on ascorbic acid content. Results from the QUENCHER and GAR methods showed that UV‐C treatment significantly increases the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of mushrooms throughout the entire storage period, and have a larger magnitude than that of TSE method. In conclusion, the combination of UV‐C irradiation and cold storage showed great potential for improving mushroom quality as a new postharvest technology.     

Activities and conformation changes of food enzymes induced by cold plasma: A review

Food endogenous enzymes have impacts on color, texture and flavor of foods during food processing or preservation. Cold plasma is a novel non-thermal food processing technology, which has been extensively studied for contamination elimination and shelf life extension of foods. Particularly, much work has been reported about the effects of cold plasma on enzyme activities and alterations about enzymes conformational structures. It is thus necessary to understand the mechanisms of actions and applications of cold plasma technology in the conformation of food endogenous enzymes. This review focuses on the applications of cold plasma for the inactivation of various endogenous enzymes, including peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, lysozyme, α-chymotrypsin, alkaline phosphatase, and pectin methylesterase. The activations of several enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and lipase, by cold plasma are also discussed. In addition, this review highlights the transformation of conformational structures including primary and spatial structures induced by chemical reactive species during cold plasma treatments, such as reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, especially, active sites consisting of prosthetic group and specific amino acids are demonstrated. Both extrinsic and intrinsic factors affecting cold plasma treatments are also described. In general, cold plasma exhibits the ability to activate or inactivate enzymes activities with affecting the conformational structures of enzyme. Further studies should be focused on exploration at molecular level for providing more insight on the interaction mechanism. In addition, equipment and process parameters of cold plasma operation for different fresh food products should be optimized for achieving appropriate control on enzyme variation and obtaining maximum efficiency.     

冷藏对南果梨酯类香气合成关键酶活性及蛋白表达的影响

以南果梨为试材,系统分析冷藏及冷藏后常温货架期间南果梨果实酯类香气物质的变化,研究酯类香气物质代谢途径关键酶脂氧合酶(lipoxygenase,LOX)和醇酰基转移酶(alcohol acyltransferase,AAT)活性及蛋白表达水平的变化,探讨冷藏对南果梨酯类香气物质代谢影响的作用机制。结果表明,与冷藏90 d相比,冷藏180 d的南果梨在出库时以及冷藏后转入常温货架期果实后熟至最佳食用期时,果实酯类香气成分种类、主要香气成分与总酯含量均明显减少;冷藏过程中果实LOX和AAT活性与表达量变化不明显,但在冷藏后常温货架期间,冷藏180 d的处理果实LOX和AAT活性以及LOX蛋白表达高峰出现的时间较冷藏90 d的处理果实提早3 d,AAT活性显著低于冷藏90 d的处理,LOX和AAT蛋白表达水平也显著低于冷藏90 d的处理。由此可见,长期冷藏一定程度上抑制了南果梨酯类香气物质合成关键酶活性与蛋白表达,从而影响了果实酯类香气物质的合成,降低了冷藏南果梨的香气品质。     

Developments in osmotic dehydration technique for the preservation of fruits and vegetables

In recent years much attention has been focused on maintaining the freshness of fruits and vegetables by immersion of cellular materials containing water in an osmotic solution. It results in the development of intermediate moisture products having lower water activity, which is imparted by solute gain and water loss. During the process, chemical, physical and biological activities, which deteriorate the foods, are lowered considerably; hence extends the shelf life of food products. In this process moisture is withdrawn from the product at ambient temperature by diffusion, so phase change has been avoided. Besides, it helps to improve the nutritional and sensory attributes of food products and is less energy intensive process as compared to other drying techniques. Osmotic dehydration is influenced by various factors such as osmotic agent, time and temperature, solute concentration, solution to sample ratio, agitation and geometry of the materials. Recently, osmotic dehydration has been combined with several other methods namely, pulsed high electric field, high hydrostatic pressure, ultrasound, centrifugal force, vacuum and gamma irradiation. These techniques have been employed during or after osmotic treatment to enhance osmotic dehydration performance by increasing the cell membrane permeability and mass transfer rate. These combined operations reduce the drying time, minimizing further energy costs. In this study, various segments of osmotic dehydration techniques and its application in food processing as well as recent advances in osmotic dehydration have been reviewed.Industrial relevanceThe osmotic dehydration technique is gaining popularity as a mean of obtaining minimally processed food. This review paper deals with the kinetics and mechanisms of osmotic dehydration technique for the preservation of fruits and vegetables. The various factors effecting osmotic mass transfer rate in food have been reviewed. In this paper, the combined effect of osmotic dehydration and several other innovative techniques (pulsed high electric field, high hydrostatic pressure, ultrasound, centrifugal force, vacuum and gamma irradiation) on the quality and shelf life of fruits and vegetables have been reviewed. These techniques have been employed during or after osmotic treatment to enhance osmotic dehydration performance by increasing the cell membrane permeability. These combined operations reduce the drying time, minimizing further energy costs as well as improving the quality of fruits and vegetables during storage.     

Quality improvement and extension of shelf life by 1-methylcyclopropene in plum as affected by ripening stage at harvest

Plum (Prunus domestica L. cv. ‘President’) fruits were harvested at two pre-climacteric stages of ripeness (stage 1 and stage 2), and then treated with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) at two doses (0.3 and 0.5 μl l⁻¹) followed by 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 weeks of cold storage and their respective 7 days of shelf life at 20 °C. Both 1-MCP doses were effective in terms of ethylene inhibition during shelf life after cold storage, for both ripening stages. Similarly, lower weight losses, delayed colour changes, reduced softening rate and diminished ripening index were found in 1-MCP treated plums than in controls at both stages of ripeness. Hence, during cold storage and shelf life, the efficacy of 1-MCP on ethylene production, weight loss, pulp firmness and ripening index was dose-dependent, while for colour and respiration rate the dose-dependence was only found during shelf life. The storability of 1-MCP treated plums could be extended up to 4 weeks of cold storage plus 7 days at 20 °C, and only up to 1 week of cold storage plus 7 days at 20 °C for controls. Then, 1-MCP is an effective tool for quality improvement and extension of shelf life in plums, and fruit might be harvested in stage 2 of ripening, at which the most desirable organoleptic attributes had been developed on tree.     

褪黑素在果蔬采后品质劣变中的调控作用

褪黑素是广泛存在于生物体内的一种吲哚类色胺, 具有调控果蔬衰老、清除活性氧自由基、防止抗氧化酶钝化等作用。最新研究发现褪黑素可以显著延缓果蔬采后由呼吸作用、乙烯释放、蒸腾作用、自由基代谢等代谢活动导致的品质劣变。本文从果蔬采后品质劣变角度综述了褪黑素对果蔬采后生理的调节作用, 从导致品质劣变的关键生理活动包括呼吸作用、乙烯合成、蒸腾作用、酶促褐变、膜脂氧化、抗性激活等方面阐述了外源褪黑素的调控机制, 系统阐述了外源褪黑素对果蔬品质的影响, 包括感官品质、糖酸代谢、风味变化等, 以期为褪黑素在保持果蔬采后品质及相关贮藏保鲜新技术的应用奠定一定的理论基础和技术支持。     

果蔬和水产品新型干燥预处理技术研究进展及未来展望

果蔬和水产品营养价值丰富,但含水率较高,极易引起微生物生长繁殖,进而导致腐败变质.干燥是延长果蔬和水产品货架期的有效途径,但干燥时间长、干制品品质差是限制该领域发展的瓶颈问题.采用热力或非热力预处理可有效提高干燥效率,改善干制品品质.基于此,本文综述了果蔬和水产品新型烫漂(高湿气体射流冲击烫漂、红外辐射烫漂、微波烫漂、...     

短波紫外线处理对鲜切果蔬品质及抗氧化活性的影响研究进展

鲜切果蔬因具有营养、便利、新鲜、可食率达100%等特点,越来越受到人们的关注。但鲜切果蔬由于受到机械损伤,其品质下降、易被微生物污染。短波紫外线作为一种非热力杀菌技术,近年来被研究者们用于鲜切果蔬保鲜,得到了良好的效果。本文介绍了鲜切果蔬及短波紫外线技术的特点,综述了短波紫外线处理对鲜切果蔬安全品质、营养品质及感官品质的影响及短波紫外线处理对鲜切果蔬抗氧化物质及抗氧化活性的作用,并讨论短波紫外线技术在鲜切果蔬中的应用前景,为短波紫外线处理鲜切果蔬的深入研究和推广应用提供重要的理论依据和参考。     

Radiation preservation of foods of plant origin. III. Tropical fruits: bananas, mangoes, and papayas

The current status of research on the use of ionizing radiation for shelf life improvement and disinfestation of fresh tropical fruits like bananas, mangoes, and papayas are reviewed. The aspects covered are influence of maturity and physiological state of the fruits on delayed ripening and tolerance to radiation; varietal responses; changes in chemical constituents, volatiles, respiration, and ethylene evolution; biochemical mechanisms of delayed ripening and browning of irradiated fruits; and organoleptic quality. The efficacy of the combination of hot water dip and radiation treatments for control of postharvest fungal diseases are considered. The immediate potential of radiation as a quarantine treatment, in place of the currently used chemical fumigants, for disinfestation of fruit flies and mango seed weevil are discussed. Future prospects for irradiation of tropical fruits are discussed in the light of experience gained from studies conducted in different countries.     

硫代乙酸糠酯对鲜切茄子褐变的抑制作用

为延缓鲜切茄子在贮藏过程中的酶促褐变并延长其货架期,以鲜切茄子为试材,研究了最适浓度硫代乙酸糠酯（Furfuryl thioacetate,FT）处理对鲜切茄子感官质量评价、褐变度、褐变相关酶活性、总酚和醌含量及总抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明：0.64 mmol/L FT处理可抑制在低温贮藏条件下鲜切茄子的褐变,较好地保持其总体感官质量,延长鲜切茄子货架期至第5 d。进一步研究表明,与对照相比,0.64 mmol/L FT处理可以抑制鲜切茄子多酚氧化酶（Polyphenol oxidase,PPO）和过氧化物酶（Polyphenol oxidase,POD）的活性,提高苯丙氨酸解氨酶（Phenylalanine ammonialyase,PAL）的活性和DPPH自由基清除率,降低总酚和醌的含量。因此,FT作为一种新型褐变抑制剂能较好地延缓鲜切茄子的褐变并延长其货架期。     

INHIBITORY EFFECT OF ANTHOCYANIN EXTRACT FROM SEED COAT OF BLACK BEAN ON PERICARP BROWNING AND LIPID PEROXIDATION OF LITCHI FRUIT DURING STORAGE

ABSTRACT

Anthocyanins were extracted from seed coats of black beans (Glycine max[L.]) and the inhibitory effects of anthocyanin extract on pericarp browning and lipid peroxidation of litchi fruit were investigated. Litchi fruit were infiltrated for 3 min with 0 (control) or 50 mg/L of anthocyanin extract at a reduced pressure of 53 kPa, then packed in 0.03 mm thick polyethylene bags, and finally stored at 28C for 6 days. Changes in browning index, contents of anthocyanins and total phenol, peroxidase (POD) activity, levels of relative leakage rate and lipid peroxidation, α,α‐diphenyl‐β‐picrylhydrazy (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and reducing power were evaluated. Application of anthocyanin extract from black bean delayed pericarp browning of litchi fruit during storage, which was associated with reduced POD activity and higher contents of anthocyanins and total phenol. Moreover, the anthocyanin extract was found to have a direct inhibition on the POD activity in vitro. Furthermore, application of the anthocyanin extract apparently reduced lipid peroxidation and relatively maintained membrane integrity, which may account for browning inhibition to an extent. Finally, higher DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power of the fruits treated with the anthocyanin extract than control fruits possibly benefited in scavenging free radicals and reducing lipid peroxidation. It is, therefore, suggested that inhibited POD activity and reduced lipid peroxidation by the anthocyanin extract from seed coats of black beans were responsible for the inhibition of pericarp browning of litchi fruits.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Lipid peroxidation is a major cause of quality deterioration of postharvest fruits and vegetables. Some synthetic antioxidants are beneficial in inhibiting lipid peroxidation. However, considering that synthetic antioxidants, such as butylhydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), have potential toxicity, the use of natural extracts to extend the shelf life of postharvest fruits and vegetables is a tendency. In our previous study, it has been found that anthocyanin extract from litchi pericarp has stronger antioxidant activities or free radical scavenging activities than BHT and ascorbic acid ( Duan et al. 2007 ). In this study, the application of anthocyanin extract from seed coat of black soybean showed reduced lipid peroxidation and pericarp browning. It could be used potentially as a postharvest technology for reducing or replacing the use of other chemicals, but it requires further investigation.     

活性氧在果蔬采后衰老过程中的作用及其控制

果蔬采后贮藏过程中,活性氧清除系统功能下降,产生大量活性氧,从而引起果蔬发生细胞膜的氧化损伤和组织衰老。外源活性氧清除剂可以延缓果蔬组织衰老,褐变与膜脂过氧化作用。概述了活性氧与果蔬成熟衰老的关系,外源活性氧清除剂对果蔬衰老的控制作用,旨在了解活性氧对果蔬衰老的调控机理。