激光焊接质量实时检测技术的研究现状

从检测信号和内容两个方面介绍了国内外激光焊接质量实时检测技术的研究现状。用于检测的信号主要有可听声波、超声波、紫外辐射、可见光、红外辐射、等离子体电信号以及机器视觉等，分析了每种信号的优缺点；目前实时检测的内容主要有焊接过程的稳定性、装配质量、离焦量、焊缝熔深和表面形貌、熔池与小孔的形态等。     

激光焊接中的等离子体与小孔行为分析

试验采用光、声信号检测设备,对1.8 mm镀锌钢板的CO₂激光焊接过程中的蓝紫光信号、红外辐射信号、可听声信号进行了高速采集,对比激光深熔焊与热传导焊过程中三路信号的联系与区别,分析研究了激光深熔焊过程的小孔与等离子体产生过程的瞬态行为.结果表明,等离子体与小孔并不总是同时产生,等离子体要先于小孔产生,热传导焊过程中也可能存在等离子体,在试验条件下,等离子体在激光作用于工件后3~4 ms产生,稳定的小孔在焊接后约14 ms后形成,并且激光焊接中产生等离子体的激光功率密度阈值要小于产生小孔的阈值.     

CO2激光拼焊熔透性实时监测

在利用统计分析工具对激光拼焊等离子体的可听声（Audible Sound）、UV（Ultraviolet Emission）,熔池（Emission）的RMS均值进行统计分析的基础上,进一步对特征信号进行时域和频域分析。在此基础上提取的曲线能够很好地反映激光拼焊过程的状态变化。研究了焊接工艺参数和熔透状态发生改变时3路信号的变化规律,发现当改变激光功率时,紫外信号和声信号的变化规律最能反映熔透状态的改变;改变焊接速度时,紫外信号和红外信号的变化规律最能反映熔透状态的改变。     

激光焊接过程多传感器信号调理电路的设计

介绍了一种激光焊接声、光信号采集与信号调理电路的设计原理，并结出了相应的电路图。试验表明：该采集电路能够正确采集激光焊接过程特征信号，并能有教反映焊接过程的变化．可以满足激光焊接过程实时监测的要求。     

TiO2活性剂对不锈钢激光焊接等离子体声发射效应的影响

针对不锈钢采用添加TiO₂活性剂进行活性脉冲激光焊接研究,通过实时检测焊接过程的结构负载声发射信号,研究了激光焊接过程等离子体信息的表征方法及其活性焊接机理.结果表明,添加TiO₂活性剂增强了材料对激光能量的吸收,增强了等离子体的能量及其对材料的传热,从而影响焊接过程传热效应,这是添加TiO₂活性剂的脉冲激光焊接熔深增加的主要机理.利用实时检测焊接过程中的等离子体声发射信号可以对活性脉冲激光焊接过程的等离子体变化行为进行检测和评估.由焊接过程中采集得到的等离子体声发射信号统计而来的振铃计数特征值,以及计算而来的RMS波形和相应信号的功率谱分布,均反映了活性剂的添加增强了激光焊接过程等离子在时频域上的活动.     

激光焊接声信号与熔深的相关性

激光焊接过程伴随着强烈的声信号,这些声信号中包含焊接过程的重要信息,反映了焊缝质量.以平板激光堆焊为研究对象,详细地分析了焊接过程声信号的特征.研究发现,声信号的强度和功率频谱分布与焊缝熔深具有良好的对应关系.声信号功率频谱主要集中在2～10kHz之间,并且具有明显的谱线族.随焊缝熔深的减小,声信号强度减弱,并且声信号频谱族由相对集中单一向分散多族化变化.以激光焊接过程产生的声信号特征作为传感信息,采用人工神经网络技术建立了声信号与焊缝熔深之间的关系模型.结果表明,该模型能够根据声信号特征定量地检测焊缝的熔深,为激光非熔透焊接熔深的实时检测提供一种有效的手段.     

CO2激光焊接不锈钢光致等离子体动态特性分析

光致等离子体是CO2激光焊接中一个重要的物理现象，它与焊接的稳定性、焊接质量及能量利用率等都有密切的关系。利用高速摄像及光信号监测两种手段对等离子体的动态变化过程及其对焊接稳定性的影响进行了深入的研究。提出了等离子体的变化每个周期内分为四个阶段，而影响焊接稳定性的根本原因是等离子体在穿透与未穿透之间的波动。     

激光焊接中的等离子体变化规律及气孔缺陷快速测试方法——气孔缺陷特征参数提取方法

在激光焊接等离子体面积信号整体分析法研究的基础上，针对气孔缺陷生成时的激光小孔变化特征，继续研究了气孔缺陷与等离子体面积信号整体分布模型间的特征关联性，提出了可识别等离子体面积信号最大概率密度分布区域信号强度的基值和描述等离子体面积信号波动程度的躁动值两种特征参数的提取方法，研究了两种特征参数与实际焊接条件以及焊接气孔缺陷的关联性。结果表明，基值的大小与实际焊接条件密切相关，而躁动值的数值可较好反映出激光焊接气孔缺陷的情况。     

Relation between welding parameter and acoustic emission information during laser deep penetration welding

In laser non-penetration deep penetration welding process, welding material will vaporize, metal vapor and ambient gas will produce a higher degree ionization, which forms plasma of high concentration. In the case of forming a small hole, plasma will eject .from the hole, and form acoustic emission ( AE ) signals. Because AE information has many advantages such as non-contact measuring, fast response, and high ratio of signal to noise, it can be used as a monitor variable for in-process control. By studying AE information, information of welding pool and small hole can be obtained. According to characteristic of AE information, this paper reveals the correlation between welding parameters and AE signals, and provides a good base for further quality control.     

Multi-frequency fibre optic sensors for in-process laser welding quality monitoring

Laser welding is a high temperature machining process in which there are two principal methods of beam absorption: absorption by the plasma and Fresnel absorption by the surface. The plasma absorption and reradiation generates shorter wavelength light waves whereas the heated surface reradiates in the longer wavelengths. This paper describes the experimental relationships between weld quality and the multi-frequency fibre optic sensor signals during laser welding. An analysis of the likely meaning of the signals is presented together with an appraisal of the technique as an on-line weld monitor.     

激光-微束等离子弧复合焊接过程的结构负载声发射信号表征

采用脉冲YAG激光焊、微束等离子弧焊和激光-微束等离子弧复合焊对304不锈钢进行焊接试验,实时采集焊接过程中的结构负载声发射信号,研究声发射信号对焊接过程的表征. 结果表明,激光离焦量为-2 mm的激光-微束等离子弧复合焊接,热源复合效果更好,焊缝表现出更显著的复合热源焊接特征. 焊缝获得了更好的表面成形和熔深、熔宽. 热源复合效果更好的焊接过程,其声发射信号波形表现出更大振幅,且更为均匀,并与激光热源的周期性相符,呈现出明显的复合热源焊接周期性. 因此可以利用焊接过程检测到的结构负载声发射信号表征激光和微束等离子弧两种热源复合效果特征.     

Improvement of ultrasonic testing of concrete by combining signal conditioning methods, scanning laser vibrometer and space averaging techniques

This paper deals with the combination of several techniques to improve the ultrasonic pulse echo testing of concrete elements when a laser doppler interferometer is used as the ultrasonic receiver. This techniques involves specially designed ultrasonic probes, a pulse compression technique, random speckle modulation and space time signal processing methods. The pulse echo technique is carried out by sending frequency modulated chirp signals and performing a cross-correlation between the received and the transmitted signals. In combination with the application of recently available ultrasonic concrete probes as transmitter, this leads to an improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio. A laser doppler interferometer, equipped with a random speckle modulator, is used as detector of the ultrasound. Finally, the data sets are processed with various methods, involving time signals of several space points. Examples are the space averaging and the synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT). The advantage of the suggested technique is demonstrated by practical measurements on a test specimen. The improvement in results as compared to standard laser interferometric measurements will increase the feasibility of laser interferometric detection for non-destructive testing in civil engineering.     

Role of side assisting gas on plasma and energy transmission during CO2 laser welding

In this paper, the effect of how the side assisting gas influences the laser-induced plasma and energy transmission in CO₂ laser welding is studied. Under different configurations of the side assisting gas, the optical emission and spectrum signals from the laser-induced plasma were obtained and compared. From signal analysis and evaluation of weld results, it shows that the application of side assisting gas greatly suppresses the laser-induced plasma and enhances the efficiency of laser energy transmission, which in turn results in a sound weld quality with full penetration. A physical model of plasma consisting of diffusive plasma and residual plasma was also proposed and validated to illustrate the role of side assisting gas. The results suggest that the diffusive plasma can be blown away by the side assisting gas. This observation provides a promising solution to increase the absorption rate and utilization efficiency of the laser energy during laser welding by diminishing the diffusive plasma through side assisting gas.     

钛合金激光焊接过程中等离子体光信号的检测与分析

通过试验的方法探讨了钛合金激光焊接过程中的等离子体光信号与焊接质量的关系，结果分析表明，钛合金的激光焊接过程比低碳钢产生更强烈的等离子体云，等离子体光信号可以较好地反映焊接过程的稳定性和焊接质量的变化。焊接质量良好时，等离子体光信号幅值在某一固定值上下波动，当改变焊接参数使焊接熔深或熔宽改变时，信号的平均幅值亦有明显改变；当较大间隙或错边存在时，等离子体光信号的平均值明显降低，但两种信号的特征不尽相同，前者造成等离子体光信号剧烈动荡而均值很低，而后者一定范围内，随着错边量增加，信号幅值逐渐减小。上述试验结果表明，可以用等离子体光信号的幅值高低和波动大小作为焊接质量实时监测和控制的特征信号。     

铁磁材料磁记忆信号与切口宽度的相关性

为探索裂纹宽度与磁记忆信号之间的关系,以45CrNiMoVA钢为试验材料,对具有不同预置切口宽度的试件进行静载拉伸试验,并采用磁记忆检测仪检测试件表面的磁记忆信号,研究了不同外加载荷下试件表面磁记忆信号的变化,并对各预置切口位置处磁记忆信号梯度变化进行分析。结果表明:随着外加载荷的增加,试件表面磁记忆信号不断增强,矩形槽位置处磁记忆信号梯度变化加剧,磁记忆信号梯度值随外加载荷的增加而单调增大;外加载荷值相同时,磁记忆信号梯度随裂纹宽度先减小后增大,而非简单的线性关系。     

激光功率对激光-双丝脉冲MIG复合焊接电弧形态及熔滴过渡的影响

通过搭建激光-双丝脉冲MIG复合焊接系统,利用高速摄像与电信号采集系统对激光-双丝脉冲MIG复合焊接在不同激光功率下的电压电流信号及高速摄像信号进行同步采集,研究激光功率对焊接过程的电弧形态、熔滴过渡过程的影响.结果发现,由于激光等离子体与电弧等离子体的相互作用,电弧形态和熔滴受力状态发生改变.随着激光功率的增大,激光对电弧的吸引能力增强,促进熔滴过渡的等离子流力竖直向下的分力减小,熔滴过渡频率降低.     

Crucial role of beam spot position in laser assisted plasma arc welding

Recently, laser assisted plasma arc welding applying a coaxial arrangement of both heat sources has been developed. This process is now utilised to investigate the impact of beam spot positioning in relation to the arc axis. Arc shapes, arc voltage signals and weld seam geometries for arrangements with a leading and trailing laser beam are compared. The analysis clearly demonstrates the crucial role of small variations in beam spot positioning on the characteristics and the performance of laser assisted plasma arc welding. The results provide new insights into the most efficient driving mechanisms for synergistic effects in laser arc processing.     

Progress in real time laser process monitoring: theory and practice

Abstract

Real time detection of defects in laser welds has been the subject of substantial research and development efforts. In this review, the state of progress in developing so called emission based monitoring systems is described. These monitors collect and analyse various forms of energy radiated from the laser–material interaction site as the weld is being formed. The most common emissions that have been used for monitoring purposes include optical and near optical wavelength electromagnetic radiation, audible and ultrasonic airborne acoustic waves, and integrated charged particle flux. The various system configurations and the weld quality characteristics that have been measured with these emissions are summarised. As researchers continue to refine these systems, there has been increasing interest in the mechanisms by which the signals are produced and their relationship to the various physical processes occurring in the laser weld keyhole. A review of the current literature pertinent to the sources of electromagnetic, acoustic, and plasma charge emissions is given. Finally, results illustrating the relationships between the various emissions signals are presented.     

Continuous wavelet transform technique for fault signal diagnosis of internal combustion engines

A fault signal diagnosis technique for internal combustion engines that uses a continuous wavelet transform algorithm is presented in this paper. The use of mechanical vibration and acoustic emission signals for fault diagnosis in rotating machinery has grown significantly due to advances in the progress of digital signal processing algorithms and implementation techniques. The conventional diagnosis technology using acoustic and vibration signals already exists in the form of techniques applying the time and frequency domain of signals, and analyzing the difference of signals in the spectrum. Unfortunately, in some applications the performance is limited, such as when a smearing problem arises at various rates of engine revolution, or when the signals caused by a damaged element are buried in broadband background noise. In the present study, a continuous wavelet transform technique for the fault signal diagnosis is proposed. In the experimental work, the proposed continuous wavelet algorithm was used for fault signal diagnosis in an internal combustion engine and its cooling system. The experimental results indicated that the proposed continuous wavelet transform technique is effective in fault signal diagnosis for both experimental cases. Furthermore, a characteristic analysis and experimental comparison of the vibration signal and acoustic emission signal analysis with the proposed algorithm are also presented in this report.     

模具钢硬铣削过程振动和声发射信号监测与分析

硬切削作为绿色切削的重要组成部分,已成为金属切削的一个研究热点。为了对硬切削过程进行监测,建立了一套信号采集系统,通过该系统采集模具钢铣削过程中的振动信号和声发射信号,并从时域、频域对其进行了分析研究。研究结果表明：模具钢硬铣削过程的振动信号和声发射信号的时域波形呈现不同的特点;振动信号和声发射信号的均方根值随切削速度的增大均呈明显的增大趋势,而受每齿进给量和铣削深度影响很小;随着切削速度的提高,振动信号各频段的幅值均增大,但频谱分布基本不变;随切削速度的提高,声发射信号的频谱成分增多,并导致了均方根值的增大。