焊条典型熔滴过渡形态的判读

粗熔滴短路过渡,渣壁过渡,爆炸过渡和喷射过渡是焊条的基本过渡形态.过去一直采用光电示波器记录的电弧电压、焊接电流波形图,定性地描述熔滴过渡的一般特征,不可能进行精确的定量分析.通过对汉诺威弧焊质量分析仪获取的焊条四种典型熔滴过渡形态的电弧电压、焊接电流概率密度分布图的特征和短路时间t1、燃弧时间t2、加权燃弧时间t3和过渡周期tC的数据进行统计分析,可精确地描述焊条熔滴过渡形态的电弧物理特征,并能够判别焊条熔滴过渡形态.为焊条熔滴过渡形态的判定提供了一种新方法.     

电弧电压变化量分析熔滴过渡特征的研究

利用焊接过程中熔滴还没有发生短路瞬间的电弧电压变化量△U，可以区分药芯焊丝气体保护焊(FCAW)熔滴过渡特征．绘制了一定焊接条件下的金属过渡模式图，为最终确定FCAW的最佳工艺参数(焊接电流、电弧电压等)提供指导，可实施长时间在践监控熔滴过渡过程。     

Analysis of arc voltage,current, and light signals in pulsed gas metal arc welding of aluminium

Abstract

The use of readily acquired weld arc data such as voltage, current, or light emissions to identify droplet transfer events or transfer mode, or for quality purposes such as seam tracking is of interest for thin section applications in arc welding of aluminium. In the present study, voltage, current, and light emission signals are acquired at high rates, and synchronised with high speed shadowgraphing. The usefulness of the various signals for identifying droplet detachment events and transfer modes during pulsed gas metal arc welding of aluminium is compared. It is found that individual droplet detachments are consistently identifiable during globular, spray, and streaming transfer, and during peak and background current detachment, using the voltage signal. Although the arc light signal also contains droplet detachment data, it is difficult to identify droplet detachments occurring during the background phase at low background current levels. Preliminary measurements show that these signals can also be used for seam location in thin section lap fillet welding.     

双丝间接电弧氩弧焊的熔滴过渡

采用氙灯背光高速摄像系统及示波器对双丝间接电弧氩气保护焊的熔滴过渡及其对应的电压、电流波形进行了研究.结果表明,双丝间接电弧氩弧焊焊接电流与电弧电压的不同匹配选择,熔滴具有短路过渡、大滴过渡、混合过渡、射滴过渡、射流过渡等不同过渡形式.随着焊接电流的增大熔滴尺寸减小,熔滴细化,随电弧电压的增大,熔滴尺寸减小.熔滴过渡形式与电压、电流的波形之间有很好的对应关系.     

Metal transfer characteristics of GMAW with strip electrode

Abstract

The metal transfer process of gas metal arc welding with strip electrode is observed by a high speed digital camera system. Because the rectangular strip electrode has a large width/thickness ratio, the pendant droplet is elliptical in shape, and multicurrent channels are generated. The Lorentz force induced between the multicurrent channels drives the droplet and welding arc to move along the strip electrode end, but the droplet always lags behind the welding arc. The movement results in uncertain droplet’s detaching location and transition trajectory. The projected transfer mode is promoted, and the streaming and rotating transfer modes are restrained. With the increase in welding power, the droplet motion is faster but more stable. The stability can be reflected from the fluctuation of the welding current and arc voltage waveforms.     

Metal transfer instability in gas metal arc welding

Abstract

This work presents a simplified model of metal transfer in gas metal arc welding. The model incorporates key features of metal transfer including the change in droplet diameters as welding moves from the globular into the spray metal transfer region, and the increase in welding voltage that is observed to occur as the pendant droplet grows. The model predicts that an instability arises in the globular metal transfer region, which leads to deterministic chaos and complex limit cycles with many droplet sizes. The instability also causes deterministic chaos with a characteristic gap in droplet diameters at the transition to spray mode metal transfer. The model explains observed features of metal transfer in some detail, including the existence and location of preferred bands of droplet sizes. Whether the instability is present or not defines the boundary between chaotic globular metal transfer and the stable drop spray transfer mode. The identification of deterministic chaos in gas metal arc welding metal transfer opens the way for new approaches to welding control.     

双丝间接电弧氩气保护焊的熔滴过渡与电弧形态

用高速摄像系统及示波器对双丝间接电弧氩弧焊的熔滴过渡及电弧形态和电弧电压之间的关系进行了深入分析.结果表明,熔滴过渡和电弧电压、电弧形态的规律性变化存在密切的对应关系.熔滴形成、长大、脱离焊丝端部的规律性变化使极性斑点间距及弧柱电阻发生变化导致了电弧电压的波动,从而使电弧形态发生由暗到明、由小到大的规律性变化.随着焊接电流的增大熔滴的过渡形式发生变化,熔滴尺寸减小.不同的熔滴过渡形式其电弧电压的波动也有所不同,射流过渡电压波动较小,而短路过渡电弧电压的波动最大.     

Novel classification method of metal transfer modes in gas metal arc welding by real time input electrical impedance

This paper presents an online, accurate and easy to use method for metal transfer mode classification using the input electrical impedance of arc welding as the signature. The records of the input electrical impedance are obtained by processing the welding voltage and current signals picked up at the output terminal of a welding machine. Similar to a typical linear electrical circuit consisting of a resistor, an inductor and a capacitor connected in series, the real and imaginary part of the input electrical impedance represents the combination of these electrical elements in the arc welding. Their variations directly reflect the switching among the metal transfer modes. A few experiments were conducted to confirm the above working principle and correlations between the input electrical impedance of arc welding and metal transfer. The results were then used to develop a method for online classification of metal transfer modes.     

Steps toward a new classification of metal transfer in gas metal arc welding

This paper is reviewing the metal transfer according to the progress made in the welding sources and techniques development. It critically analysis the actual classification of the metal transfer in GMA welding, describing the relevant phenomenon and proposing improvements, to make the understanding and the work easier in the field of arc welding. Basic concepts are overviewed and defined or re-defined: fundamental transfer modes, natural vs. controlled transfer mode, variants vs. variances, mixed vs. combined modes, drop spray transfer. The new classification is simpler, without loosing the logic of numbering, both from fundamental point of view (the physics of the transfer) and the technological one (the increasing of the values of the welding parameters). It is extremely important for all the specialists involved in study, design or industrial applications of the arc welding technologies to have know–how about the metal transfer and its implications on the process and weld parameters.     

药芯焊丝CO2焊熔滴过渡现象的观察与分析

药芯焊丝CO2气体保护焊熔滴行为对药芯焊丝工艺性有直接的影响.采用焊接过程的高速摄影技术和汉诺威焊接质量分析系统对药芯焊丝的熔滴过渡形态进行观察分析.证实随着焊接参数的变化,药芯焊丝可能形成排斥过渡、表面张力过渡和细熔滴过渡.在排斥过渡时,由于大熔滴在焊丝端部较长时间的停留,出现明显的熔滴自身的爆炸飞溅,气体的强烈逸出飞溅等现象,表面张力过渡是介于大熔滴的排斥过渡与细熔滴过渡二者之间的一种过渡形式.细熔滴过渡时,焊接过程稳定、飞溅小、焊缝成形良好、生产效率较高,是药芯焊丝理想的过渡形式.在细熔滴的过渡的条件下形成的渣柱对熔滴的过渡起着导向作用.     

Metal Transfer of Twin-wire Indirect Arc Argon Welding

Metal transfer of twin-wire indirect arc argon welding was investigated with high speed camcorder system based on a xenon lamp source and digital oscillograph, forces on droplet were analyzed in this paper. Results show metal transfer mode that of anodal and cathodal is not completely the same. It was divided into seven types of transfer mode; spray transfer and spray-projected transfer are the important transfer mode. The base-plate was melted by energy that of the arc and drop carrying, the drop transfer ...     

Influence of longitudinal magnetic field on metal transfer in MIG arc welding

Metal transfer is an important phenomenon in metal inert gas (MIG) arc welding with longitudinal alternating magnetic field. It is of great significance to observe the metal transfer modes under different excitatory currents and frequencies. However, it is very difficult to view the metal transfer process directly during welding, due to the strong interference from the arc light. To obtain the relationship between the metal transfer modes and the different magnetic fields, a high-speed video camera was used to acquire the images of globules. Different metal transfer modes under the conditions of different magnetic fields and welding parameters were studied. The experiment shows clear images of droplet transfer as well as influence of longitudinal magnetic field on both metal transfer and globule shape.     

Study on metal transfer modes and welding spatter characteristics of self-shielded flux cored wire

Abstract

The metal transfer behaviour of self-shielded flux cored wire and the resultant welding spatter were investigated by using a high speed camera. Three modes of metal transfer were found, i.e. bridging transfer without arc interruption in explosive form or by surface tension, globular repelled transfer and droplet transfer, while the former two modes played a key role in the weld metal transfer. Correspondingly, the bridge explosion, discontinuous globular repelled process and the misalignment of droplets transfer were the main factors causing the welding spatter.     

带状电极MAG焊工艺熔滴过渡分析

采用氙灯背光高速摄像系统对带状电极MAG焊的熔滴过渡进行了研究.试验发现,随焊接工艺参数的增大,钢带端部熔化变得均匀,由多个熔滴并存转变为只产生一个熔滴.熔滴在长大过程中沿钢带端部移动,过渡位置不定.随焊接参数由小到大变化,熔滴依次呈现短路过渡、大滴过渡、射滴过渡、射流过渡和旋转射流过渡等形式.结果表明,射滴过渡是带状电极MAG焊熔滴过渡的主要方式;电流、电压波形与熔滴过渡形式之间有很好的对应关系;由于其特殊的电极形状和熔滴过渡特点,带状电极MAG焊适合大电流高速焊,可以提高焊接效率.     

Effect of power source characteristic on CO2 short circuiting arc welding

Abstract

Some problems are reported concerning the observation of the weld pool and effects of the power source characteristic on arc stability in CO₂ short circuiting arc welding. First, the effect of a power source with a constant voltage characteristic on CO₂ short circuiting arc welding is investigated by analysing the behaviour of the voltage and the current. From the results of this analysis, the cause of spatter generation is identified. A new power source characteristic is then proposed to improve the stability and the self-regulation of the arc. By adjusting the power source characteristic, the metal transfer can be stabilised in the CO₂ short circuiting arc welding process, i.e. the present authors have developed a power source having a non-linear characteristic. Its performance is verified by carrying out experiments.     

面向工程应用的BA-GMAW熔滴过渡形态

综述了涉及工程应用的潜弧熔化极气体保护焊(Buried arc gas metal arc welding,BA-GMAW)熔滴过渡形态特征.结果表明,在大电流和相应的焊接参数下,BA-GMAW工艺的熔滴过渡形态有3种,即呈滴状过渡、摆动过渡和旋转过渡.BA-GMAW电弧空腔中电弧形态属于连续、敞开、非活动型;电弧空腔...     

基于高速CCD摄像的短路过渡焊接熔滴检测与分析

建立了基于高速CCD摄像的熔滴图像检测和焊接电流、电弧电压同步采集系统,在给出短路过渡模式下的熔滴尺寸定义并简述基于MATLAB平台的熔滴尺寸与电弧信号分析系统的基础上,对平特性电源短路过渡CO2焊接熔滴尺寸变化特征及其与工艺性能间的关系进行了试验研究.结果表明,熔滴尺寸呈分散性较大的正态分布(1～2倍焊丝直径),过大或过小的熔滴尺寸均不利于短路过渡焊接过程的稳定性.根据熔滴的形成和过渡过程,初步分析了影响熔滴尺寸的主要因素及控制熔滴尺寸的途径,即短路过程结束后焊丝端部的残余液态金属量和燃弧能量的随机性导致了熔滴尺寸的不确定性,对其进行有效控制将提高熔滴尺寸和短路过渡过程的一致性,进而改善短路过渡CO2焊接的工艺性能和焊接质量.     

金属粉末再压缩等离子弧焊接工艺

提高电弧穿透能力是等离子弧焊接领域的重要课题.自主设计并搭建了金属粉末再压缩等离子弧焊接新工艺试验平台,采集焊接过程电信号、视觉信号、弧光光谱信号等,并从焊缝成形、电弧电压、熔融金属过渡、弧光光谱等方面对金属粉末再压缩等离子弧焊接过程进行了初步的研究.在相同焊接电流195 A条件下,与常规等离子弧焊接工艺相比,金属粉末再压缩等离子弧焊接焊缝熔深增加1.29 mm、熔宽减少1.65 mm、电弧电压升高0.63 V.在波长为230 ~ 270 nm范围内,与常规等离子弧焊接相比,金属粉末再压缩等离子弧焊接中Fe和Cr元素的特征谱线明显增多. 结果表明,在相同电流条件下,与常规等离子弧焊接相比,金属粉末再压缩等离子弧焊接电弧穿透能力增强.     

熔化极脉冲焊熔滴过渡合理形式的研究

本文利用高速摄影机和示波器研究了钢焊丝熔化极脉冲焊的各种熔滴过渡形式,试验是在平焊和仰焊位置进行的。作者指出虽然一脉冲一滴和一脉冲多滴的过渡形式在平焊和仰焊位置都能提供稳定而有力的轴向熔滴过渡,但前者只能在很窄的焊接规范区存在,而后者有较宽的焊接规范区间。因此一脉冲多滴的过渡形式是更合理的。熔化极脉冲焊存在两个区分不同熔滴过渡区的临界电流。第一个称为“临界脉冲过渡电流”它是一脉冲过渡一滴的下限电流。第二个称为“临界跳弧电流”,它是一脉冲过渡多滴的下限电流。文中还对熔化极脉冲焊的电弧形态与熔滴过渡形式的关系进行了研究和讨论。发现一脉冲多滴过渡的产生过程总是伴随着“跳弧”现象,亦即附着在熔滴端面上的烁亮弧根突然上跳到缩颈的根部。这种跳弧现象在一定的脉冲电流幅值和相应的脉冲电流时间产生。在通常的熔化极气电焊中,当由颗粒过渡转变到射流过渡时也出现这种跳弧现象。实质上,常规的熔化极气电焊过程的临界电流就是连续电流下的临界跳弧电流。下面的现象可说明这一点,在熔化极脉冲焊过程中,当延长脉冲电流时间时,临界跳弧电流将逐渐接近常规熔化极气电焊的射流过渡临界电流。在一脉冲一滴和一脉冲多滴的过渡过程,在脉冲电流停止后还能出现熔滴脱离的现象,这可能是由于焊条熔化金属运动的惯性和焊条端头上金属细液柱的失稳现象所引起的。     

脉冲TCGMAW电流占空比对熔滴过渡和焊缝成形的影响

基于建立的熔滴过渡高速摄像分析系统,对高速脉冲TCGMAW在脉冲电流占空比变化下的熔滴过渡过程进行观察分析,并就脉冲电流占空比变化对熔滴过渡和焊缝成形质量的影响进行了研究。试验结果表明,在所用焊接规范下,当脉冲电流占空比较小时,焊丝熔化速度不能与送丝速度匹配,熔滴过渡方式表现为短路过渡形式,焊缝成形较差,甚至出现断弧、焊不起来的情况;随着脉冲电流占空比的提高,焊丝熔化能量加大,熔滴过渡方式逐渐过渡到射滴过渡和射流过渡,电弧电压的波动范围变小,焊缝成形良好。