酶联免疫法定量检测黄曲霉毒素B_1

黄曲霉毒素是多种霉菌产生的有毒代谢物,主要是由黄曲霉和寄生曲霉产生的次生代谢产物,主要包括四种亚型,黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1和G2,其中B1毒性最强。黄曲霉毒素存在于谷物、坚果、棉花籽及其他食品或饲料中,在湿热地区食品和饲料中出现的机率最高,它是一种强烈的致癌物。对于乳品行业,当奶牛被饲养被污染黄曲霉毒素B1的饲料后,黄曲霉毒素B1通过羟基化作用转化成黄曲霉毒素M1,进而污染牛奶。黄曲霉毒素M1结构稳定,在牛奶加工过程中甚至是巴氏消毒都无法将其去除,直至最后被人体摄入。因此大多数国家都限制食品或饲料中黄曲霉毒素B1的含量。     

黄曲霉毒素简介

1黄曲霉毒素的性能 黄曲霉毒素（Aflatoxin）是由一些霉菌（黄曲霉，寄生曲霉等）产生的次生代谢产物。黄曲霉毒素外观为霉菌，在水中溶解范围为10～20mg／L，可大量溶解于氯仿、甲醇、二甲基亚砜等中等极性的有机溶剂中，不溶于己烷、石油醚和乙醚。黄曲霉毒素分为B1、B2、G1、G2、M1五种，其中毒性最大的为B1，此五种黄曲霉毒素的性质见表1。     

ThermoFisher Scientific检测食品中五种黄曲霉毒素的完整解决方案

黄曲霉毒素因具有致癌性及强急性毒性,所以在食品和农产品贸易中为必检项目,尤其经过蒙牛乳制品中黄曲霉毒素M1超标事件后,人们对黄曲霉毒素的关注愈来愈热.黄曲霉毒素是霉菌的二级代谢产物,目前主要关注的黄曲霉毒素有黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1、G2、M1,其中黄曲霉毒素B1的毒性和致癌性最强,而黄曲霉毒素M1是黄曲霉毒素B1的代谢物.我国规定,乳品及乳制品中黄曲霉毒素M1限量为0.5μg/kg,粮食中黄曲霉毒素B1为10μg/kg.     

稻谷黄曲霉毒素的检测与污染控制研究进展

稻谷在生长、收获和储存的过程中,容易受到黄曲霉菌及黄曲霉毒素的污染,其加工形成的粮食制品进入食物链后,易引发人类急、慢性中毒。黄曲霉毒素是由真菌代谢产生的天然毒素主要分为B族黄曲霉毒素、G族黄曲霉毒素及M族黄曲霉毒素,其中黄曲霉毒素B1是众多霉菌毒素中较常见且毒性较高的一种,过量摄入具有致癌、致畸形、免疫抑制等毒性效应。本文综合国内外研究进展,从稻谷中黄曲霉毒素的分子结构,检测及防控等方面对稻谷中黄曲霉毒素污染展开综述,并对其检测方法和脱除方法进行了概述对比,旨为后续研究提供参考。     

浅述黄曲霉毒素毒性及去毒措施

黄曲霉毒素是一种强致癌物,对人体的危害极大。人们往往从食物中误食,对身体产生重大影响,故卫生部门加强卫生宣传,提高广大居民的公共卫生意识显得十分重要。本文介绍黄曲霉毒素的毒性及防霉去毒措施。 1 黄曲霉毒素的分布 黄曲霉毒素是由黄曲霉和寄生曲霉菌在污染的食物上生长繁殖产生的毒素。这种霉菌在自然界中普遍存在,很容易污染食品,尤其是花生和玉米。 黄曲霉毒素污染的发生和程度受地区和季节因素以及作物生长、收获、贮存的不同条件影响。黄曲霉毒素繁殖的温度为30～38℃,以37℃左右、相对温度80％     

2020年饲料原料霉菌毒素污染状况调查

目的 为更好的指导饲料生产企业对原料质量的把控、采购及配方设计,汇总分析了2020年饲料原料霉菌毒素污染状况。方法 采用胶体金免疫层析法或上转发光免疫分析法（up-conversion immunoassays, UPT）对安佑集团各分子公司在2020年度所收集（含退货）的28519份大宗饲料原料中的呕吐毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮和黄曲霉毒素B1含量进行快速检测。结果 对比安佑集团企业标准,2020年饲料原料霉菌毒素污染总超标率为0.92%,污染整体情况较轻,其中上半年污染较重,主要由玉米副产物和次粉霉菌毒素污染超标所致,下半年霉菌毒素污染程度整体较轻,但第4季度玉米的玉米赤霉烯酮和黄曲霉毒素B1污染情况加重,玉米的霉菌毒素整体达中度污染;从产地来源看,2020年山东、湖北产地的麸皮和次粉呕吐毒素中度污染,四川、陕西产地的次粉重度污染;四川产地的米糠黄曲霉毒素B1达中度污染,山东产地的玉米呕吐毒素和江苏产地的玉米黄曲霉毒素B1达重度污染;且饲料原料中的霉菌毒素并非单一存在,多数情况下是多种毒素共存。结论 与2019年饲料原料霉菌毒素污染调查数据相比,2020年原料的霉菌毒素污染程度较轻。     

发酵果酒中黄曲霉毒素B-1浅析

黄曲霉毒素（ AFT ）是目前世界上公认的强致癌物质之一。由于其分布广、毒性大,对人畜、家禽健康的威胁大,世界各国和联合国有关组织都制定了食品、饲料中黄曲霉毒素B;（AFTB1）最高允许量的标准。我国1981年颁布的食品中黄曲霉毒素B1允许量标准》--GB     

台湾霉菌毒素研究状况

台湾霉菌毒素研究状况Ｔｓｕｎｇ－ｃｈｅＴｓｅｎｇ（台湾）由于６０年代在英国发生“火鸡×病”，从而发现黄曲霉毒素能引起火鸡、猪和牛大量死亡。霉菌毒素引起了国际上的广泛关注。台湾于１９６５年开始研究霉菌毒素，主要集中在食品和饲料中的霉菌毒素污染、产毒菌株...     

黄曲霉毒素的去除方法

对于己被黄曲霉毒素污染的食品或怀疑含有黄曲霉毒素的发霉食物,用下列方法处理后均可收到较好的杀菌去毒效果.剔选、辗磨法:霉菌毒素的污染,往往集中于部分粮食、特别是霉坏的粮粒中,因此剔选可以部分去毒.有人试验,经人工挑选后,可使花生黄曲霉毒素     

有关“黄曲霉毒素”

一、了解黄曲霉毒素的重要性 自从1960年英国十万只火鸡因黄曲霉毒素中毒死亡事件之后,许多国家对黄曲霉毒素进行研究,特别是近十年对黄曲霉毒素的污染、毒性、代谢、作用机理、生物合成及防霉去毒等方面都进行了大量的研究;并对粮食、食品和饲料中黄曲霉毒素含量作了特定的限制。我国有关部门也极为重视,多次修改制定在粮食、食品和饲料中黄曲霉毒素最大可允许限量     

Co-occurrence of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and zearalenone in barley from a northern region of Spain

One-hundred and twenty-three barley samples from a region of Spain (Navarra) were analysed in order to evaluate the possible co-occurrence of aflatoxins (AFB1, AFG1, AFB2 and AFG2), ochratoxin A (OTA) and zearalenone (ZEA). The results indicated that 80% of the samples presented detectable, although very low levels, of two or more mycotoxins. The most frequent combinations were AFB1 and OTA; AFB1, ZEA and OTA; and AFB1 and ZEA. In general, the statistical study did not show significant differences between levels or incidence for the mycotoxins in different years of harvest, variety of barley, farming or origin. The calculated values for daily intake were low and the risk to consumers could be assumed to be very low. However, the co-occurrence of several mycotoxins, and therefore synergic or additive effects, should be taken into account when determining permitted levels or risk assessment.     

生物技术对黄曲霉毒素B1的脱除及机制研究进展

黄曲霉毒素是危害最大的真菌毒素之一,而黄曲霉毒素B₁(AFB₁)是黄曲霉毒素中毒性最大的一种,具有高毒性、致癌、致畸和致突变的作用,对动物和人类健康造成危害。为了有效脱除AFB₁,综述了近年来研究的具有解毒作用的微生物,介绍了采用生物技术脱除AFB₁的方法,重点探讨了生物脱除AFB₁机制。用于脱除AFB₁的菌株有芽孢杆菌、假单胞菌、乳酸菌、非产毒曲霉等,可采用单菌种发酵、多菌种协同发酵和菌-酶协同作用脱除AFB₁。生物脱除AFB₁机制主要为降解脱除和吸附脱除。可进一步筛选具有高优良能力的菌株以及更深层次地研究微生物脱毒的机制,探索微生物制剂对AFB₁的降解作用。     

基于氧化石墨烯的荧光适配体传感器检测食品中真菌毒素

目的：利用核酸适配体（aptamer,APT）和氧化石墨烯（graphene oxide,GO）组装一种基于荧光共振能量转移原理的荧光适体传感器,用于两种真菌毒素的同时检测。方法：GO通过π-π堆积作用将荧光标记的黄曲霉毒素B1（aflatoxin B1,AFB1）APT1和伏马毒素B1（fumonisin B1,FB1）APT2吸附在其表面。由于荧光共振能量转移效应,APT上荧光基团的荧光被GO猝灭;当向溶液中加入靶标AFB1和FB1时,APT1和APT2分别与AFB1和FB1结合,从GO中游离出来,恢复荧光。结果：该传感器为AFB1和FB1的荧光检测提供快速、灵敏的方法,AFB1的检出限为0.15?ng/mL,FB1的检出限为0.12?ng/mL。同时对白酒样品进行加标回收实验,回收率分别为92.00%～100.81%（AFB1）和89.00%～99.50%（FB1）。结论：本研究构建的荧光APT传感器用于两种真菌毒素的同时检测具有高灵敏度和特异性,同时该APT传感器同样适用于其他真菌毒素的多重检测。     

Preliminary data on the presence of mycotoxins (ochratoxin A, citrinin and aflatoxin B1) in black table olives "Greek style" of Moroccan origin

Many mould strains, in particular Aspergillus and/or Penicillium, are able to develop on olive and produce ochratoxin A (OTA) and/or citrinin (CIT) and/or aflatoxin B (AFB) after harvest, during drying and storage of olives. The development of fungi on olives is responsible for the reduction of nutritional quality of olive because they can disturb the synthesis of the fatty acids. OTA, CIT and AFB are particularly dangerous for health, inducing cancer of urinary tracts or liver carcinoma. In this study, ten olive samples bought at retailer and at supermarket in Morocco were analyzed for their OTA, CIT and AFB contents. These three mycotoxins were extracted simultaneously by a method based on solvent partition validated in-house, then separated by HPLC coupled to a fluorescence detector. All olive samples contain OTA ranging from LOQ to 1.02 microg/kg. Respectively, 50 and 25% from retailer and supermarket samples were contaminated by more than 0.65 microg/kg. In addition, 80% of olive samples contained CIT above LOD, and 100% of olive tested contained AFB above 0.5 microg/kg. As simultaneous presence of these toxins increases toxic risks, it is thus essential to have a good control of the conservation of olives after harvest.     

Simultaneous detection of 12 mycotoxins in cereals using RP-HPLC-PDA-FLD with PHRED and a post-column derivatization system

A new method for the simultaneous quantification of 12 mycotoxins was developed and optimized using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with a photodiode array (PDA) and fluorescence detector (FLD), a photochemical reactor for enhanced detection (PHRED) and post-column derivatization. The mycotoxins included aflatoxins (AFB(1), AFB(2), AFG(1), and AFG(2)), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FB(1), FB(2), and FB(3)), T-2 and HT-2 toxins. A double sample extraction with a phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS) and methanol was used for co-extraction of mycotoxins, and a multifunctional immunoaffinity column was used for cleanup. Optimum conditions for separation of the mycotoxins were obtained to separate 12 mycotoxins in FLD and PDA chromatograms with a high resolution. The method gave recoveries in the range 72-111% when applied to spiked corn samples. The limits of detection (LOD) were 0.025 ng/g for AFB(1) and AFG(1), 0.012 ng/g for AFB(2) and AFG(2), 0.2 ng/g for OTA, 1.5 ng/g for ZEA, 6.2 ng/g for FB(1), FB(3) and HT-2 toxin, 9.4 ng/g for FB(2) and T-2 toxin, and 18.7 ng/g for DON. In addition, the limits of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.04 ng/g for AFB(2) and AFG(2) to 62 ng/g for DON. The method was successfully applied to the determination of these mycotoxins in 45 cereal samples obtained from the Malaysian market. The results indicated that the method can be applied for the multi-mycotoxin determination of cereals.     

In vitro model to assess the adsorption of oral veterinary drugs to mycotoxin binders in a feed- and aflatoxin B1-containing buffered matrix

Mycotoxin binders are feed additives which are mixed in the feed to adsorb mycotoxins and thereby reducing their toxic effects on animals. Interactions with orally administered veterinary medicinal products, such as antimicrobials or coccidiostats, have been reported previously. This paper describes an in vitro model to screen the interaction between mycotoxin binders and veterinary drugs with respect to the non-specific binding of drugs. It is designed as a static setup using a single concentration of drug and binder in a feed-containing or a feed-plus-mycotoxin-containing matrix, buffered at different pH values. The model was applied to two frequently used antimicrobials in veterinary medicine, doxycycline (DOX) and tylosin (TYL), one major mycotoxin, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and four mycotoxin binders. Proportions of feed, DOX or TYL, AFB1, and binder are equivalent to the in vivo situation for broiler chickens, while pH and volume of the buffer are representative of the gastrointestinal tract of chickens. A substantial binding of DOX (~ 88%) and TYL (~ 66%) to the feed-matrix was observed. For the mycotoxin binders, similar results were obtained for DOX and TYL; more specifically up to an inclusion rate of 20 g binder/kg feed, no significant binding was demonstrated, determined as the free concentration of DOX and TYL. A single exception was noticed for TYL and one specific bentonite-based mycotoxin binder, for which no significant interaction could be demonstrated up to 10 g binder/kg but there was an effect at 20 g/kg. In all cases, there was no competition between the tested drugs DOX or TYL and the mycotoxin AFB1 for binding to the bentonite-based mycotoxin binder.     

Determination of aflatoxin M1 in breast milk as a biomarker of maternal and infant exposure in Colombia

Chronic exposure to aflatoxins, and especially to aflatoxin B₁ (AFB1), causes hepatocellular carcinoma with prevalence 16–32 times higher in developing compared with developed countries. Aflatoxin M₁ (AFM1) is a monohydroxylated metabolite from AFB1 that is secreted in milk and which can be used as a biomarker of AFB1 exposure. This study aimed to determine AFM1 levels in human breast milk using immunoaffinity column clean-up with HPLC and fluorescence detection. Breast milk samples were obtained from 50 nursing mothers. Volunteers filled in a questionnaire giving their consent to analyse their samples as well as details of their socioeconomic, demographic and clinical data. The possible dietary sources of aflatoxins were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. A total of 90% of the samples tested positive for AFM1, with a mean of 5.2 ng l^?1 and a range of 0.9–18.5 ng l^?1. The study demonstrated a high frequency of exposure of mothers and neonates to AFB1 and AFM1 in Colombia, and it points out the need to regulate and monitor continuously the presence of aflatoxins in human foods. Further research is needed in order to determine the presence of other mycotoxins in foods and in human samples as well as to devise protection strategies in a country where mycotoxins in human foods are commonly found.     

Binding of aflatoxin B1 to bifidobacteria in vitro

Aflatoxins are mycotoxins that cause health and economic problems when they contaminate food and feed. One potential method for reducing human health effects due to aflatoxin ingestion is to block uptake via binding by bacteria that either make up the normal gut flora or are present in fermented foods in our diet. These bacteria would bind aflatoxin and make it unavailable for absorption in the intestinal tract. Bifidobacteria comprise a large fraction of the normal gut flora, are thought to provide many probiotic effects and are increasingly used in fermented dairy products. These qualities targeted bifidobacteria for studies to determine if various strains of heat-killed bifidobacteria can bind aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in vitro. The AFB1 binding affinities of various strains of bifidobacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli were quantitated utilizing enzyme-linked immunosorbent and [3H]AFB1 binding assays. The bacteria analyzed were found to bind significant quantities of AFB1 ranging from 25% to nearly 60% of the added toxin. The data also suggest that there are reproducible strain differences in AFB1 binding capacity.     

Occurrence of aflatoxin B1, citrinin and ochratoxin A in rice in five provinces of the central region of Vietnam

The possible coexistence of three mycotoxins in rice, including aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), citrinin (CIT) and ochratoxin A (OTA), was investigated. The samples of rice were collected in large markets in five provinces of the central region of Vietnam. These toxins were extracted, purified and finally quantified by HPLC with fluorimetry detection. Contamination of AFB1 was found to be the most, followed by OTA, while contamination of CIT was insignificant. The coexistence of CIT with AFB1/OTA in rice was found in high percentage. Some samples overpassed the authorized limit by Europe in OTA and/or AFB1.     

植物源天然产物对黄曲霉和黄曲霉毒素B_1的抑制作用研究进展

黄曲霉毒素B1(aflatoxin B1,AFB1)是化学物质中致癌性最强的一种,对人和动物的健康具有极大的威胁,尤其是对肝脏的损害。AFB1是谷物和粮油中最为多见的真菌毒素,危害性也最强,长期低剂量的摄入AFB1除了会导致肝脏损伤和诱发肝癌之外,也会损害人体的其他器官。因此,能够有效防护人体免遭AFB1损伤的功能食品和新型保健药物已成为研究重点。近年来,天然产物因其具有生物活性显著、副作用小、多靶点等优点而备受关注,多种植物源天然产物已被报道能够抑制黄曲霉的生长产毒和AFB1的毒性作用。该文主要综述了植物源天然产物对黄曲霉生长产毒和AFB1毒性作用的抑制作用以及其相关抑制机制,为进一步开展AFB1毒性损伤的防护研究工作,开发能降低AFB1对人和动物的毒性损伤的新型保健药物和功能食品提供参考。