气升式反应器中生物脱硫过程工艺因素的研究

利用已分离所得的具有高脱硫活性的微杆菌ZD-M2,以正十六烷为模拟油相,二苯并噻吩(DBT)为模型含硫化合物,在自行设计的气升式反应器中进行模拟燃料油生物脱硫的研究.通过与摇床的对比实验,确定不同休止细胞浓度下反应器中最佳比脱硫速率为0.283mmol·(kg DCW)-1·min-1,是摇床实验最佳比脱硫速率的2.26倍;进一步确定实验条件下的最适空塔气速为7.07 cm·s-1,并考察了不同生长介质和DBT浓度对生物脱硫的影响.结果显示过高气量下氧的传质速率反而降低,影响脱硫效果;ZD-M2休止细胞在生长介质(培养基)和非生长介质(磷酸缓冲溶液和生理盐水)中具有几乎相同的脱硫活性;较高的休止细胞浓度和DBT浓度都不利于传质的进行;推断ZD-M2降解正十六烷中DBT发生在有机相-水相界面.     

红平红球菌LSSE8–1的培养及其对二苯并噻吩中硫元素脱除的影响

红平红球菌(Rhodococcus erythropolis)LSSE8-1是一株新分离的专一性脱硫菌，HPLC分析表明该菌能选择性地脱除二苯并噻吩(DBT)中的硫，最终代谢产物是2-羟基联苯(2-HBP). 适宜的初始pH为6.5~9；能利用多种碳源，其中以甘油为最佳，适宜的甘油浓度为8 g/L；2 g/L的乙酸铵是菌体生长和脱硫的合适氮源；二甲基亚砜是提高该菌细胞收率和脱硫比活性的有效硫源.     

微杆菌ZD-M2降解二苯并噻吩的特性及其生长条件优化

分离得到的微杆菌(Microbacterium sp.)ZD-M2是一株专一性脱硫菌,GC-MS分析表明该菌能选择性地脱除二苯并噻吩(DBT)中的硫,沿“4S途径”代谢的终产物2-羟基联苯(2-HBP)会进一步氧化为2-甲氧基联苯(2-MBP),同时降解产物中还有联苯（还原产物）存在.在水溶液中降解DBT的结果表明：该菌的适宜生长pH范围为6.5～9.5,最适生长温度为30 ℃,氯化铵为最佳氮源,生长的最佳浓度为1.0 g•L^-1.该菌能利用多种碳源和硫源进行生长,但以甘油和DBT为最佳,最适浓度分别为2.0 g•L^-1和0.2 mmol•L^-1.     

燃料油的生物脱硫

从大港油田的污泥中分离出一株能以二苯并噻吩(DBT)为唯一硫源而生长的菌株(Rhodococcussp.EBT-2)。HPLC分析结果表明,EBT-2可专一性降解DBT,生成2-羟基联苯(2-HBP)。以DBT为唯一硫源考察了培养基的初始pH、温度、碳源和氮源等因素对EBT-2生长和脱硫的影响。结果表明,EBT-2的最适初始pH为7.5,最适温度为30℃,最佳碳、氮源分别是葡萄糖和氯化铵。在最适条件下,EBT-2能够在48 h内将DBT从0.25 mmol/L降解到0.03 mmol/L,同时生成0.19 mmol/L 2-HBP。     

红球菌H-412生长细胞脱除正十六烷中的有机硫

利用实验室筛选的能够通过“4S”途径进行脱硫代谢的红平红球菌H-412(Rhodococcus sp.H-412)作为生物脱硫催化剂,二苯并噻吩(DBT)为含硫模型化合物,考察了红球菌H-412生长细胞脱除正十六烷中有机硫的脱硫性能.在油相体积分数20％的反应体系中,相同浓度的生长细胞比休止细胞的脱硫效率高.利用红球菌H-412生长细胞在油相分率20％的情况下,初始发酵液菌体浓度为0.048 g/L,初始DBT浓度为0.25 mmol/L的条件下分批培养的脱硫效率较高,达到了57％.红球菌H-412生长细胞在油相体积分率分别为0,5％,10％和20％条件下进行脱硫,DBT的消耗量及二羟基联苯(2-HBP)的生成量随油相体积增加而增大,20％条件下均达最大值,脱硫效率最高.细胞生长量随油相体积增大而减少,无油存在的条件下,细胞生长量最大.     

柴油催化氧化深度脱硫研究

以二苯并噻吩(DBT)代表柴油中的有机硫化合物,将其溶解于正辛烷配成反应原料,以30%过氧化氢溶液为氧化剂,考察了饱和吸附DBT活性炭在甲酸存在下的催化性能,并且研究了活性炭加量、甲酸浓度、过氧化氢初始浓度、DBT初始浓度及反应温度对DBT氧化的影响.实验结果表明: H2O2-HCOOH-活性炭三元体系产生的羟基自由基和过氧甲酸能将模型有机硫化合物氧化,二苯并噻吩的氧化脱硫率可达到100%;活性炭-甲酸的催化氧化性能明显优于单纯使用甲酸.甲酸浓度、活性炭加量、过氧化氢初始浓度及反应温度对二苯并噻吩的氧化脱除均有影响.随着DBT初始浓度的增加,氧化深度脱硫难度增加.     

加氢法与生物法联合脱除催化柴油有机硫探索实验

由于存在空间位阻,二苯并噻吩(DBT)及其烷基化衍生物(Cx-DBT)中的硫原子很难与加氢催化剂接触.因此,作为柴油脱硫的主要工艺,加氢催化对于柴油中的主要有机硫化物DBT和Cx-DBT的脱除率比较低,难以实现深度脱硫.针对硫质量分数为3 358 μg/g的催化柴油,采用加氢脱硫与生物脱硫相结合的办法进行处理后,催化柴油的硫质量分数降低到20μg/g以下,使用气相色谱-原子发射仪对柴油脱硫前后的硫分布进行检测,发现2种工艺的结合能有效地脱除催化柴油组分中绝大多数的DBT和Cx-DBT,显示出良好的应用前景.     

烟曲霉脱除油品中有机硫的实验研究

用能脱除DBT的烟曲霉经再驯化后同时代谢多种复杂有机硫化合物,尤其是4,6-二甲基二苯并噻吩.烟曲霉对低含硫量的油品脱硫效果显著.48 h脱硫率98%以上;对0#柴油的循环脱硫效果显著,96 h脱硫率90.43%.脱硫烟曲霉环境耐受能力强,可直接应用于脱除石油及其产品中的有机硫.     

不同硫源对小球诺卡氏菌R-9生长和脱硫活性的影响

用氯化钡沉淀结合傅里叶变换红外光谱法，证明小球诺卡氏菌（Nocardia globerula）R-9从二苯并噻吩中脱除的含硫产物以硫酸盐的形式存在于水相.比较了R-9分别以二苯并噻吩、硫酸钠和二甲基亚砜作为惟一硫源时的生长和脱硫活性.结果表明，二苯并噻吩、硫酸钠和二甲基亚砜均可以作为R-9的生长硫源，且高浓度（25 mmol•L^-1）硫酸钠和二甲基亚砜对细胞的生长不产生抑制作用.2 mmol•L^-1左右的硫酸钠或二甲基亚砜作为硫源时培养的细胞脱硫活性最高.提高硫源和碳源浓度可以提高R-9在发酵罐中的比生长速率和细胞浓度(OD600).     

生物质对红球菌属菌株lawq生长和脱硫酶活力的影响

红球菌属菌株lawq是专一性脱硫菌,其脱硫酶系由dszA、dszB和dszC组成,其中关键酶是dszC。文章以脱硫活力作为产脱硫酶系的基准,研究了基本营养物质C、N和S对发酵产酶的影响,实验结果发现最佳的碳源、氮源和硫源分别为甘油、氯化铵和二苯并噻吩(DBT),甘油和氯化铵适宜质量浓度为2 g/L,DBT适宜浓度为0.2 mmol/L;还研究了生物质对菌体生长和脱硫酶活力的影响,实验结果发现,添加VB类物质对菌体的生长和酶活力有不同程度的提高。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

基于ATRP法制备的触角状亲水性羟胺树脂的吸硼性能的研究

以大分子引发剂氯乙酰化聚苯乙烯微球(PS-acyl-Cl)经原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)法引发丙烯酰胺(AM)和甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)单体的共聚接枝,制得一种触角状亲水性环氧载体(PS-acyl-g-P(AM-co-GMA)),再经二乙醇胺(DEA)的环氧基开环胺化反应,得到一种含多个-NCH2CH2OH螯合配基的多齿-五元螯合环的触角状亲水性羟胺树脂(PS-acyl-g-P(AM-co-GMA)-DEA)。将此树脂用于硼吸附研究,结果表明,PS-acyl-g-P(AM-co-GMA)-DEA树脂对硼的吸附满足Langmuir方程,为单分子层吸附;饱和吸附量约为37.7 mg·g-1,且树脂5 min即可达到吸附平衡,与其它已报道的吸硼树脂相比,该树脂具有更高的吸附量和吸硼速率。吸附动力学研究表明,树脂吸附硼的过程主要由颗粒扩散过程控制。重复使用5次后该树脂的吸附量基本不变,解吸率均在90%以上,重复使用性能良好。