前向多翼式离心风机蜗舌附近流场的PIV试验研究

对前向多翼式离心风机建立了性能及流场测试台位,性能试验重复性良好。用粒子图像速度场仪(Particleimage velocimetry,PIV)技术对蜗舌附近速度矢量场做了详细的变工况测量及分析。结果表明,蜗舌附近的主要流动特征由冲向蜗舌的速度矢量方向及蜗舌周围滞止区的影响范围所决定。小流量时,滞止区影响范围主要在蜗舌间隙流道内,造成速度矢量向叶轮内偏斜,蜗舌下游易形成分离旋涡而恶化;大流量时,滞止区影响范围偏向蜗壳出口流道,蜗舌间隙流动较好。此外,在蜗舌间隙沿轴向不同位置返回蜗壳的流量也不同,这主要与叶片不同段做功能力不同有关。     

叶顶间隙对低比转速混流泵性能及内部流场影响的数值研究

为了解叶顶间隙对低比转速混流泵性能及内部流场的影响,选取无叶顶间隙和叶顶间隙δ分别为0.25 mm、0.75 mm和1 mm共四种方案,基于ANSYS-CFX对一比转速为149的混流泵进行了全流道数值模拟。计算域采用ICEM-CFD和TurboGrid进行结构化网格划分。利用Tecplot对计算结果进行处理,得到叶顶间隙对外特性参数、轮缘泄漏、流道中心S2流面流场等的影响。结果显示,叶顶间隙对大流量工况（1.25Q_d和1.5Q_d）下性能参数的影响大于小流量工况（0.5Q_d和0.75Q_d）,且效率减小量与叶顶间隙变化量的比值（Δη/Δδ）和相对流量m之间近似呈二次抛物线关系;当间隙为0.75 mm时,随着流量的增加,在叶轮流道进口附近形成的旋涡逐渐向出口方向移动,且旋涡强度及其对主流的影响范围均增大;当间隙进一步增大到1 mm时,泄漏流和主流之间发生了更为严重的卷吸效应。     

Three-dimensional flow analysis and improvement of slip factor model for forward-curved blades centrifugal fan

This work developed improved slip factor model and correction method to predict flow through impeller in forward-curved centrifugal fan. Both steady and unsteady three-dimensional CFD analyses were performed to validate the slip factor model and the correction method. The results show that the improved slip factor model presented in this paper could provide more accurate predictions for forward-curved centrifugal impeller than the other slip factor models since the present model takes into account the effect of blade curvature. The correction method is provided to predict mass-averaged absolute circumferential velocity at the exit of impeller by taking account of blockage effects induced by the large-scale backflow near the front plate and flow separation within blade passage. The comparison with CFD results also shows that the improved slip factor model coupled with the present correction method provides accurate predictions for mass-averaged absolute circumferential velocity at the exit of impeller near and above the flow rate of peak total pressure coefficient.     

基于ANSYS的离心风机叶轮结构优化研究

叶轮是离心风机的核心部件,由于叶轮是高速旋转的部件,动静之间不能有接触,同时动静之间的间隙通过泄漏损失和二次流损失直接影响风机的效率。为有效地控制叶轮和形环之间的间隙,本文提出在叶轮轮盘侧添加凸台结构,采用4种改进设计方案。利用通用有限元分析软件ANSYS进行计算分析[1-3],综合考虑叶轮应力、应变等因素,最终得到了在新型设计方法下的最优设计方案。结果表明,新型设计改进方案有效地减小了叶轮的轴向位移量和径向位移量,为叶轮和形环之间的间隙设计提供了依据,进而可以最大限度地减少漏气损失和二次流损失。     

对旋轴流风机叶顶形态对其性能的影响

为了探究改变叶顶结构对风机性能的影响，采用Fluent对不同叶顶形态的对旋轴流风机性能进行数值模拟。分析了不同叶顶形态对风机效率、全压、叶顶泄漏流和泄漏涡的影响。结果表明：风机效率随叶顶开槽长度的增加而增大。在开槽长度和深度相同时，与第一级叶轮相比，改变第二级叶轮的叶顶形态对风机性能的改善更加显著。与后缘相比，在叶顶前缘开槽对风机性能改善更大。叶顶开槽后，间隙处形成泄漏涡，且叶顶泄漏流入口处涡流强度明显提高，可有效削弱叶顶泄漏流的发展，改善风机性能。     

COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS TO INCREASE TIP CLEARANCE AND ITS EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE OF TURBOCHARGER CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR STAGE

Tip clearance between the blade tip and casing of a centrifugal compressor can be varied through two methods:by changing the blade height(M1)or by changing the casing diameter(M2). Numerical simulations are carried out to compare these two methods and their effect on the stage and impeller performance.The impeller and diffuser are connected through rotor stator boundary using frozen rotor approach.Overall stage performance and the flow configuration have been investigated for nine tip clearance levels from no gap to 1 mm.Impeller and diffuser performances are also pre- sented separately.It has been found that the overall and impeller performance are comparatively better for M1 below tip clearance of 0.5 mm whereas M2 is found advantageous above 0.5 mm of tip clear- ance.Both M1 and M2 show performance degradation with the increase in tip clearance.Two models have been proposed for the stage total pressure ratio and efficiency,which are found to be in agree- ment with experimental results.The impeller efficiency and the pressure ratio are found to be maxi- mum at tip clearance of 0.1 mm for both the cases however minimum diffuser effectiveness is also observed at the same clearance level.Diffuser effectiveness is found to be maximum at zero gap for both cases.As it is practically impossible to have zero gap for unshrouded impellers so it is concluded that the optimum thickness is 0.5 mm onwards for M1 and 0.5 mm for M2 in terms of diffuser effec- tiveness.Mass averaged flow parameters,entropy,blade loading diagram and relative pressure fields are presented,showing the loss production within the impeller passage with tip clearance.     

T40风机最佳轮毂比数值优化分析

本文运用CFD数值模拟技术,针对T40风机,通过不同轮毂比方案进行流场结构与气动特性的比较分析,结果表明：在推荐轮毂比范围内,轮毂比跟压升和效率几乎呈线性递减关系,最高效率点出现在轮毂比0.35处,T40风机效率值仅处于中间水平;叶片扭曲轴线处和叶顶部分承受了最大载荷,轮毂比0.45时叶片负荷最小;轮毂比0.325时,周向平均径向速度分布出现明显＂畸变＂。     

A numerical investigation of flow and performance characteristics of a small propeller fan using viscous flow calculations

The present work is aimed at investigating an unusual variation in flow and performance characteristics of a small propeller fan at low flow rates. A performance test of the fan showed dual performance characteristics, i.e., radial type characteristics at low flow rates and axial type at high flow rates. Dual performance characteristics of the fan are numerically investigated using viscous flow calculations. The Finite Volume Method is used to solve the continuity and Navier-Stokes equations in the flow domain around a fan. The performance parameters and the circumferentially averaged velocity components obtained from the calculations are compared with the experimental results. Numerical values of the performance parameters show good agreement with the measured values. The calculation simulates the steep variations of performance parameters at low flow rates and shows the difference in the flow structure between high and low flow rates. At a low flow coefficient of ϕ=0.2, the flow enters the fan in an axial direction and is discharged radially outward at its tip, which is much like the flow characteristics of a centrifugal fan. The centrifugal effect at low flow rates makes a significant difference in performance characteristics of the fan. As the inlet flow rate increases, flow around the fan changes into the mixed type at ϕ=0.24 and the axial discharge at ϕ=0.4.     

Numerical study on the effect of the tip clearance of a 100 HP axial fan on the aerodynamic performance and unsteady stall characteristics

In this study, a numerical analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of the tip clearance on the aerodynamic performance, internal flow characteristics, and stall region characteristics of an axial fan. Three-dimensional steady and unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) calculations were conducted with a shear stress transport (SST) turbulence model. Tip clearance ratios of 0, 0.01, and 0.02 were applied to the impeller. As the tip clearance ratio increased, the aerodynamic performance of the axial fan decreased at both the design and the off-design conditions. The correlation between the tip leakage vortex (TLV) and the flow angle of the velocity triangle was presented for the difference in the tip clearance and flow rate. As the flow rate increased, the differences in the aerodynamic performance induced by the tip clearance ratio decreased. As the tip clearance ratio increased, the size of the TLV increased and gradually moved in the circumferential direction to interfere with the main flow at the low flow rate. Meanwhile, the size of the TLV was similar and gradually moved in the axial direction even if the tip clearance ratio increased at the high flow rate. The pressure fluctuations were observed by the fast Fourier transformation (FFT) analysis to compare and analyze internal flow characteristics at the stall region and design point. The static pressure was converted to the appropriate magnitude. The locations of the highest magnitude were shown to be different at the stall region and the design point, respectively.

     

叶轮结构对离心风机流动特性及性能影响的研究现状

通过回顾近年来国内外对叶轮性能的研究现状,结合叶轮结构形式及参数对离心风机不同方面的影响,得出离心风机叶轮内的损失主要是叶道内沿程摩擦损失,叶片上边界层分离,叶轮径向出口速度分布不均匀引起的尾迹流,轴向涡流,叶道进口冲击损失等。并指出今后的研究应以试验研究与采用CFD相结合的方法,在风机设计时考虑上述影响因素,从而降低叶轮内损失,提高离心风机性能。     

对旋轴流风机叶顶间隙对其性能的影响

为了探究改变对旋轴流风机两级叶轮的叶顶间隙对其性能的影响，建立不同叶顶间隙下风机三维模型，利用Fluent进行数值模拟，并结合风机性能试验验证仿真的正确性。分析压升、效率、轴功率、湍流动能和叶顶泄漏涡随两级叶轮叶顶间隙的变化情况，结果表明：在相同流量下，压升、效率随间隙的增大而减小；与第一级叶轮相比，间隙对第二级叶轮的轴功率、湍流动能及泄漏涡影响更加显著；随间隙增大，叶顶泄漏涡的强度和影响区域越大。     

Numerical simulation and analysis of flow characteristics in the front chamber of a centrifugal pump

We performed numerical simulations to study the flow characteristic in a centrifugal pump based on the RANS equations and the RNG k-ε turbulent model. The flow field, including the front and back pump chambers, the impeller wear-ring, the impeller passage, the volute casing, the inlet section and outlet section was calculated to obtain accurate numerical results of fluid flow in a centrifugal pump. The flow characteristic was studied from the internal flow structure in pump chambers, the radial velocity at impeller outlet as well as the pressure inside of the pump, the circumferential velocity and the radial velocity in front pump chamber. The variation of flow parameters in internal flow versus flow rate in the centrifugal pump was analyzed. The results show that the overall performance of the pump is in good agreement with the experimental data. The simulation results show that the distribution of flow field in the front pump chamber is axial asymmetry. The energy dissipation at the impeller outlet is larger than other areas. The distribution of the circumferential velocity and that of radial velocity are similar along the axial direction in the front pump chamber, but the distribution of flow is different along the circumferential and the radial directions. It was also found that the vorticity is large at the impeller inlet compared with other areas.     

叶顶间隙对轴流式叶轮机械性能及噪声的影响研究进展

在轴流式叶轮机械中转子与机壳之间存在一定的间隙,该间隙的大小对叶轮机械的全压、效率和噪声等均有很大影响。结合近年来在叶顶间隙领域开展的研究,详细综述了国内外在叶顶间隙对轴流式叶轮机械性能及噪声的影响等方面的研究进展,并对叶顶间隙在今后的发展方向进行了展望,为叶轮性能的优化提供参考。     

冷却用弯掠轴流风机的变型设计与数值分析

采用Navier-Stokes方程和标准κ-ε湍流模型,对已有的某弯掠轴流风机进行数值模拟,并与实验结果进行对比,验证了数值方法的准确性。为满足给定的性能要求,以该风机弯掠叶片为基础,利用变型设计方法得到四种结构的叶轮并对其进行数值模拟和性能预测。比较分析Z=5时3种结构叶轮出口轴面全压分布云图及叶顶径向回转流面上流线分布图:叶顶前缘高压随叶片安装角的增加而增大;回转流面上流线分布均匀,叶顶吸力面前缘存在小的涡流区域,且随叶片安装角增加而增大。     

非设计工况下带分流叶片半开式离心叶轮内部流动特性数值研究（英文）

In order to investigate the complex flow characteristics inside an unshrouded centrifugal impeller with splitter blades at off-design conditions, and analyze its influence on pump operation stability, a numerical simulation study was carried on using the curvature-corrected SST-CC turbulence model; the head and efficiency accorded with experimental results. The pressure fluctuation, unsteady radial force and velocity were analyzed quantitatively and the numerical results indicate this: the peak to peak value of pressure fluctuation in the impeller channel gradually increases in the flow direction and at 0.49 Qn, the slope of peak to peak value to normalized impeller channel behind the splitter blade is 8.57 times greater than that before the splitter blade. The greater the flow rate deviates from the design condition, the larger the peak to peak value of the pressure fluctuation and radial force; in particular at 0.27 Qn, the maximum radial force is 194.29% greater than that of the design condition. When the operating flow rate is smaller than0.83 Qn, the stall occurs and the stall vortex could block the impeller discharge; as the flow rate decreases further, the pressure amplitude at rotational frequency gradually increases in the impeller channel and the prevailing frequency changes from the blade passage frequency(BPF) to the rotating stall frequency in the diffuser. The tip leakage vortex(TLV) is generated in the tip region and rotated move downstream in the impeller flow channel, and the backflows appear on the blade suction side and in the tip and the tongue regions; the smaller the flow rate, the more serious the TLV and backflow phenomenon. The rotating stall causes uneven flow in the impeller channel, increasing the pressure fluctuation and the radial force, and resulting in an imbalance of the impeller rotation.     

对旋轴流风机叶顶间隙对其气动噪声的影响

为探究改变叶顶间隙对矿用对旋式轴流风机气动噪声的影响，建立不同叶顶间隙的风机三维模型，并结合风机性能试验验证模型的正确性。利用Fluent对风机进行定常模拟、非定常模拟和噪声预估，分析了声功率级和声压级随叶顶间隙的变化情况。结果表明：叶根与轮毂交界处、叶顶间隙处和相邻两叶片中间部位的声功率级随间隙的增加而增大，且叶顶处吸力面声功率级高于压力面。不同间隙下风机的A级声压值总体上呈先急剧下降后上升再逐渐下降的趋势，间隙变大后，风机在各监测点处的A级声压值随之增大。与高频处相比，间隙对中低频处的A级声压值影响更加显著。     

Numerical and experimental investigation of the bell-mouth inlet design of a centrifugal fan for higher internal flow rate

The energy efficiency of a household refrigerator is one of the most critical characteristics considered by manufacturers and consumers. Numerous studies in various fields have been conducted to increase energy efficiency. One of the most efficient methods to reduce the energy consumption of a refrigerator is by improving the performance of fans inside the refrigerator. A number of studies reported various ways to enhance fan performance. However, the majority of these studies focused solely on the fan and did not consider the working environment of the fan, such as the inlet and outlet flow characteristics. The expected performance of fans developed without consideration of these characteristics cannot be determined because complex inlet and outlet flow passage could adversely affect performance. This study investigates the effects of the design of the bell-mouth inlet on the performance of a centrifugal fan in a household refrigerator. In preliminary numerical studies, significant flow loss is identified through the bell-mouth inlet in the target fan system. Several design factors such as tip clearance, inner fence, motor-box struts, and guide vane are proposed to resolve these flow losses. The effects of these factors on fan performance are investigated using computational fluid dynamics techniques to solve incompressible Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations for predicting the circulating flow of the fan. Experiments are then performed to validate the numerical predictions. Results indicate that four design factors positively affect fan performance in terms of flow rate. The guide vane is the most effective design factor to consider for improving fan performance. Further studies are conducted to investigate the detailed effects of the guide vane by varying its install angle, install location, height, and length. These studies determine the optimum design of the guide vane to achieve the highest performance of the fan and the related flow characteristics around the bell mouth.     

Tip clearance effect on through-flow and performance of a centrifugal compressor

Numerical simulations have been performed to investigate tip clearance effect on through-flow and performance of a centrifugal compressor which has the same configuration of impeller with six different tip clearances. Secondary flow and loss distribution have been surveyed to understand the flow mechanism due to the tip clearance. Tip leakage flow strongly interacts with mainstream flow and considerably changes the secondary flow and the loss distribution inside the impeller passage. A method has been described to quantitatively estimate the tip clearance effect on the performance drop and the efficiency drop. The tip clearance has caused specific work reduction and additional entropy generation. The former, which is called inviscid loss, is independent of any internal loss and the latter, which is called viscous loss, is dependent on every loss in the flow passage. Two components equally affected the performance drop as the tip clearances were small, while the efficiency drop was influenced by the viscous component alone. The additional entropy generation was modeled with all the kinetic energy of the tip leakage flow. Therefore, the present paper can provide how to quantitatively estimate the tip clearance effect on the performance and efficiency.     

Centrifugal compressor tip clearance and impeller flow

Compressors consume a considerable portion of the electricity used in the industrial sector. Hence, improvements in compressor efficiency lead to energy savings and reduce environmental impacts. The efficiency of an unshrouded centrifugal compressor suffers from leakage flow over the blade tips. The effect of tip leakage flow on the passage flow differs between the full and splitter blade passages. In this study, the differences in the flow fields between the full and splitter blade passages were studied numerically in detail. An industrial high-speed compressor with a design pressure ratio of 1.78 was modelled. Numerical studies were conducted with six different tip clearances and three different diffuser widths. The results show that increasing tip clearance considerably increases the reversed flow into the impeller with an unpinched diffuser. The reversed flow then partly mixes into the flow in the same blade passage it entered the impeller and the rest migrates over the blade, mixing with the tip clearance flow. Furthermore, as the reversed and clearance flow mix into the wake, the wake is weakened. As pinch reduces both the reversed flow and clearance flow, the passage wakes are stronger with pinches. However, the pinch is beneficial as the losses at the impeller outlet decrease.

     

Numerical investigation of two-phase flow characteristics in multiphase pump with split vane impellers

Multiphase pump is a cost-effective option for subsea oil and gas field development. The ability to handle different inlet gas volume fractions (GVFs) especially high inlet GVF is critical to the development of pump performance. In this study, the two-phase flow characteristics in normal impeller and split vane impeller at different inlet GVFs were investigated by steady numerical simulations. The gas distribution on blade-to-blade plane and meridional flow channel at different inlet GVFs were analyzed and compared. Gas accumulation area and movement characteristics of the gas-liquid flow in impeller flow passage were also pointed out by unsteady simulations. Experimental results of the pump differential pressure were compared with the numerical simulation results, to validate the accuracy of numerical simulation method. The flow characteristics in pump with modified impeller and its performance at different inlet GVFs were both compared with that of the normal impeller. The steady simulation results of normal impeller in different inlet GVFs show that gas concentrating area in the flow passage increases as inlet GVF grows. The unsteady simulation results indicate that gas pocket firstly occurs on the pressure side of impeller, then moves to the suction side in the middle area of blade and finally transfers to outlet of impeller and disappears. The errors between numerical simulation results and experiment data are below 10 %, which validated the feasibility of the numerical simulation method. Simulation results on the split vane impeller demonstrate that the gas accumulation area in flow passage of the modified impeller is dramatically decreased compared to that of the normal impeller. The performance of the modified impeller is generally better than the normal impeller especially in high inlet GVF conditions.