Characteristic properties of cutting fluid additives derived from half esters of dimer acids

A number of half esters were prepared from the reaction of alcohols with dimer acids and screened for anti-rust properties and antimicrobial activity in spent coolants of water-based cutting fluids. Aqueous solutions of triethanolamine salts with lower-alcohol half esters of dimer acid showed good anti-rust properties for water-based cutting fluids.     

Characteristic properties of cutting fluid additives derived from fatty alcohols

Many 3-aminopropyl alkyl ethers were prepared and their characteristics as water-based cutting fluids were examined. 3-Aminopropyl octyl-, decyl- and dodecyl ethers showed good lubricities and antimicrobial properties for a water-based cutting fluid.     

Characteristic properties of cutting fluid additives derived from the adducts of diamines and acid chlorides

A number of N,N′-diacylalkyldiamines were prepared from the reaction of acid chlorides with 1,8-diaminooctane and 1,12-diaminododecane and screened for anti-rust properties and antimicrobial activity in spent coolants of water-based cutting fluids. Aqueous solutions of N,N′-dihexanoyl-1,8-diaminooctane and N,N′-isobutyroyl-1,12-diaminododecane showed good anti-rust properties for water-based cutting fluids. Aqueous emulsions of N,N′-dibutyroyl-, dipentanoyl-, dihexanoyl- and dioctanoyl-1,12-diaminododecane showed good lubricities and antimicrobial activity for water-based cutting fluids.     

Characteristic properties of cutting fluid additives made from the derivatives of some polymeric nonionic surface-active agents

A series of esters was prepared from the reaction of acid chlorides with polymeric nonionic surface-active agents (copolymer of propylene oxide and ethylene oxide), and they were screened for antirust and other properties associated with water-based cutting fluids. An aqueous emulsion of an adduct of triethanolamine and the oleic acid ester of polymeric nonionic surface-active agent showed excellent antirust properties when used as a water-based cutting fluid. The emulsion of triethanolamine and the mono nonyl ether of the surface-active agent also showed antirust properties.     

Characteristic properties of cutting fluid additives derived from the reaction products of hydroxyl fatty acids with some acid anhydrides

Several adducts were prepared from the thermal reaction of hydroxyl fatty acids (ricinoleic acid oligomers, 12-hydroxystearic acid oligomers, oleyl alcohol, dehydrated castor oil fatty acids, and dimer acid) with maleic anhydride and screened as water-soluble cutting fluids. For example, aqueous solutions of triethanolamine salts with the products of ricinoleic acid oligomers, 12-hydroxystearic acid dimer, and 12-hydroxysteric acid hexamer showed good antirust properties for waterbased cutting fluids. Various half esters of hydroxyl fatty compounds with acid anhydrides were prepared. Aqueous solutions of triethanolamine salts of half esters of maleic anhydride and succinic anhydride and phthalic anhydride with hydroxyl fatty acids gave good antirust and antiwear properties for waterbased cutting fluids.     

Water-soluble metalworking fluid additives derived from the derivatives of 3-mercaptopropionic acid

A number of derivatives of thiocarboxylic acid were prepared from the reaction of 3-mercaptopropionic acid and alkyl halides, and screened for anti-rust properties in water-soluble metalworking fluids. Aqueous metalworking fluids containing octylthiopropionic acid or hexylthioacetic acid showed excellent anti-rust properties for water-soluble metalworking fluids.     

Adducts of cyclic acid anhydrides and fatty amines as anti-rust additives in water-based cutting fluids

A variety ofN-alkyl carboxylic acid amides was prepared from the reaction of cyclic dicarboxylic acid anhydrides and various amines, and screened for anti-rust properties and antimicrobial activity in spent coolants of water-based cutting fluids. The triethanol amine salts of the adducts of maleic anhydride with octylamine, decylamine, dodecylamine and oleylamine, and the one of phthalic anhydride with octylamine showed both good anti-rust and antimicrobial activity.     

Review: The adsorption of functional polymers from their organic solutions: applications to fuel additives

Functional polymers are used as additives in the formulation of fuels either for their detergency properties or for retaining cold weather operability. Examples of recent research work aimed at a better understanding of the physico‐chemical phenomena involved and at the design and synthesis of new polymers are described. One phenomenon common in most applications is the adsorption of the polymers on various surfaces (gums, soot, metal walls, paraffin crystals). In the case of chain‐end functional polymers, strong affinity of the functional groups for the surface sites is required in order to reach the high adsorption densities that allow optimum stabilization properties. This can be achieved by a correct choice of the functional group (of its polymeric nature, having a primary amino group that will strongly interact with surface sites) or by the design of the macromolecular architecture. In the case of very complex systems (eg the crystallization of paraffins in diesel fuel), the selection of relevant experimental models allows investigations into mechanisms at a microscopic level. Such studies would obviously not be possible on the diesel fuel itself, which is nevertheless the only really representative sample. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Photo-DSC and dynamic mechanical studies on UV curable compositions containing diacrylate of ricinoleic acid amide derived from castor oil

A difunctional acrylate of ricinoleic acid amide (COEDA) was synthesized from castor oil, which was non-irritant, odorless and capable of fast polymerization. Cross-linked networks were prepared by photo polymerization of the COEDA monomer as well as with varying amount of reactive diluents namely tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA) and trimethylol propane triacrylate (TMPTA) with the aim of modifying the curing and viscoelastic characteristics of the networks. Conversion as well as rate of conversion of COEDA copolymers enhanced with diluents percentage. Cure kinetics indicated an auto-accelerated process in which the rate constant increased with increasing amount of diluents. Storage modulus and glass transition temperature of UV-cured films were determined by DMTA. Films containing varying amount of TPGDA showed very close T_g-values where as those with increasing amount of TMPTA exhibited higher values of T_g.     

Enzymatic preparation of ricinoleic acid esters of long-chain monohydric alcohols and properties of the esters

Apart from the conventional chemical esterification process, long-chain alkyl ricinoleates also can be prepared by enzymatic esterification or by enzymatic alcoholysis with high yield and without undesirable side reactions. On sulfonation to the hydroxyl group, the alkyl ricinoleates produce surface-active compounds. The tetradecyl ricinoleate shows the best surface-active behavior and seems to be much better than that of sulfonated castor oil commonly known as “Turkey Red Oil”.     

高浓度切削液废水酸析-混凝破乳试验研究

针对某机械制造厂机械加工过程中产生的高浓度切削液废水进行破乳预处理试验,比较8种絮凝剂的混凝破乳效果,研究了投加助凝剂聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)以及调节p H对混凝破乳的影响,通过正交试验,综合技术可行性,优选出最佳破乳条件。结果表明,聚合氯化铝(PAC)为最佳絮凝剂;废水加浓硫酸酸析,p H降至6后,PAC投加量为6 g/L,PAM投加量为0.1 g/L,混合快搅5 min,絮凝慢搅5 min,静沉30 min后,废水COD去除率可达61.2%。     

Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some polymers derived from modified amino polyacrylamide by reacting it with benzoate esters and benzaldehyde derivatives

Functionalized polymers have gained much interest in the last decades. This is due to their functional groups and their polymer nature, which give them unique properties and more advantages than the corresponding small molecules. In this trend, we modified polyacrylamide by introducing an amino group in the side chain of the polymer by reacting it with ethylenediamine. The amine‐modified polymer was reacted with two classes of active compounds. The first group is aromatic aldehydes containing active groups such as p‐hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin, p‐chlorobenzaldehyde, and anisaldehyde. The second group is phenolic ester derivatives such as p‐hydroxymethylbenzoate, 2,4‐dihydroxymethylbenzoate, 2‐hydroxymethylbenzoate and 3,4,5‐trihydroxypropylbenzoate. The antimicrobial activity of these two classes were explored by cut plug method against Candida albicans SC5314, Aspergillus flavus, and Fusarium oxysporium as fungal organisms and Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus as bacterial organisms. It was found that the diameter of inhibition zone varied according to the active group in the modified polymer and the examined microorganism. In general, the modified polymers showed antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisms. However, the polymer derivative of p‐chlorobenzaldehyde being the most effective on bacteria and fungi species. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006     

Synthesis and optical properties of azobenzene side chain polymers derived from the bifunctional fumaric acid and itaconic acid

Three type polymers containing the same azobenzene side chain group with different backbone structures, poly(DMAz6Fm), poly(DMAz6It) and poly(MAz6Ac) derived respectively from fumaric acid, itaconic acid and acrylic acid, were synthesized. The dependence of photo-response properties on the polymeric architecture was investigated for the solutions and films. By irradiation of the linearly polarized light (436 nm), uniaxial orientations of the thin films were induced and anisotropic properties were investigated by measurements of the order parameters and birefringence values.     

Influence of the Polymer Architecture and Functionalization with Carboxylate Groups over the Release of Octenidine Hydrochloride from Poly(lactic acid)-Based Nanoparticles

Healthcare-associated infections affect every year more than four million people due to the increasing resistance of bacteria to traditional antibiotics. In turn, the systematic use of quaternary ammonium salts as antiseptics is hampered by their inherent toxicity and high hydrophilicity that leads to their rapid elimination from the body. Therefore, a carefully controlled release of these antiseptics is pivotal to achieve prolonged therapeutic efficacy reducing the side effects. In this work, high encapsulation efficiencies and good control over the release of octenidine hydrochloride from poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based nanoparticles (NPs) is achieved by introducing functional carboxylate groups in the polymer. The influence of the polymer structure and functionalization over the drug release is systematically investigated. Star-like and brush-like polymers with tunable number of ionizable chain end-groups are synthesized via combination of ring-opening polymerization and reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. These polymers are formulated in NPs and loaded with octenidine through emulsion/solvent evaporation. Brush-like polymers demonstrate to be a versatile tool for the modulation of the initial burst and long term release of the antiseptic through the tuning of the electrostatic interactions between the negative groups on the polymer, whose number can be precisely controlled, and the positively charged drug.