A Review of Pollution from Waste Incineration

The paper reviews the pollutant emissions from the incineration of waste. The emissions to the atmosphere are discussed in detail in terms of odour, dust and litter, particulate metals and salts, and chlorine, fluorine, sulphur and nitrogen compounds. The products of incomplete combustion of waste are reviewed with particular emphasis on polycyclic aromatic compounds, dioxins and furans. The pollution arising from contaminated wastewater and ash is discussed. The sampling and analysis of the pollution emissions are also reviewed.     

Hazardous Waste: Future Consideration

In most industries the goods and money move in opposite directions, but in waste management the goods and money travel in the same direction. Consequently to the customer, quality of goods and service might be measured only by price. However, customers are now becoming more sensitive to factors such as environmental quality. They are also becoming aware of the range of disposal options, together with the names of the companies which operate these disposal or treatment sites. Essentially the options are: recyling and recovery, sea disposal, landfill, physico-chemical treatment, solidification, biological treatment and thermal destruction. The Control of Pollution Act 1974 requires that all landfill sites and treatment centres are licensed by the waste disposal authority. These authorities are obliged to act in the public interest, and hence there is a complex interaction of science and politics. This situation often gives rise to localized opposition to facilities which are needed by the community. The UK disposes of 83 per cent of its potentially difficult wastes to landfill whilst Holland disposes of 52 per cent via this route. The cost of disposal varies throughout Europe but, in general, prices in the UK are lower than in Europe, which has led to the importation of wastes from the continent. Economics applies to the waste-disposal industry as much as any other industry, therefore facilities are supplied in response to demand. Price alone will not always be adequate in obtaining the ‘best practical environmental option’. disposal the goods and the money go in the same direction, i.e. to the waste management contractor. This at first sight may not seem important until it is realized that the major control upon the quality of a service is, in fact, the satisfaction with the goods and service which the customer receives. In most cases it is sufficient that the customer disposes of the waste material in a legal manner. However, the judgement of quality of disposal could be of little consequence to him. The factors that concern a customer when he chooses a service include the price, the quality of service, market presentation and reputation. These factors apply in the waste management industry, but the difficulty for the customer is to judge the quality of the service and the market presentation or, more correctly in this case, the quality of operation of the waste contractor. If the latter two factors become difficult to judge, the price becomes a critical factor. This leads to a low standard of operation in the business where price competition becomes more important than the quality of the service. Companies are looking not just for the cheapest legal option but for the best option and what has been referred to as the ‘best practical environmental option’. In the UK the vast majority of hazardous waste disposal is carried out by private-sector companies. Therefore it is essential that the Government sets the correct framework, and that an examination is carried out as to whether the framework is satisfactory and whether it achieves the needs of the Government.     

Assessment and Control of Farm Pollution

This paper describes the elements and some early results of a major national research programme which was initiated to address the continuing serious problem of the pollution of rivers by farm wastes. This has involved a national assessment of the extent of the problem, aimed at identifying 'high-risk'areas in the UK. Biological assessment techniques have been developed on the basis of extensive surveys at sites in West Wales, which show potential for the rapid detection of water-quality problems caused by farm effluents. Detailed studies at selected sites have illustrated the variability in the ways that farming activities can affect the biology and chemistry of rivers. The development of tools, which provide the basis for decisions on acceptable levels of farming activity in accordance with environmental quality objectives, is discussed.     

养殖场废水处理技术的研究

随着中国的畜禽养殖业的不断发展带来了一系列的环境问题,尤其是养殖场废水,其废水产量大,污染负荷高,如果不加以处理,任意排放,势必对环境造成严重的影响。因此,需要适当的处理方法来解决目前出现的问题。文章分析了养殖场废水的处理技术及应用情况,包括物化处理法、厌氧处理法、好氧处理法、自然生态处理法和几种方法的混合处理技术。     

城市垃圾处理技术评述

城市垃圾的处理技术日益成熟和多样化,其宗旨是实现无害化、资源化、减量化。该文综合评述了目前世界各国对城市垃圾处理方法,分析了垃圾处理残余物的利用方法和效果。在此基础上,提出了适合我国城市垃圾处理的有效途径。     

植物修复技术在地表水污染治理中的应用

介绍了一项新兴的地表水污染治理技术——植物修复技术。该项技术与传统的物理方法和化学方法相比，具有成本低、处理效果好（去除率可达99％以上）、对环境扰动小、操作简便，在处理设备和处理规模上没有限制等优点。这些优点决定了植物修复技术在地表水污染治理中具有很好的应用前景。综述了国内外植物修复技术的研究进展情况，并对该项技术的发展趋势进行了探讨。     

突发性水污染事故的应急处理

近年来，我国城市水源地突发性污染事件日益增加，如何保护水源地生态环境安全和城市供水系统安全，以及如何快速、有效地处理突发性水污染事故已成为亟需解决的问题。介绍了突发性水污染事故应急处理的一般程序，重点讨论了应急措施、处理技术及区域污染物的处理方法。对于危及城市自来水厂区域的突发性污染事故，若在其处理能力范围内，可采用强化混凝、三级处理、备用水源地取水、开启与邻近城市间的备用供水管网等应急处理方法向城市供水；对于自来水厂取水口等遭受污染的水域，可采用吸附、化学沉淀、化学氧化、强化消毒等方法对不同污染物进行治理或隔离。     

建筑装修材料导致室内甲醛污染的预评价研究

室内装修污染问题已被广泛重视,其中室内甲醛污染尤为严重,文章提出的室内甲醛污染预评价方法是在装修方案设计时,通过控制装修材料的用量来达到最终控制室内甲醛释放量的目的。     

以社会治理的理念改善水环境

以绍兴市为例,从水环境治理、污染治理、民生发展的角度对社会化治水理念的内涵进行了研究和探索,以全力打造水城美景,构建水景交融新城市。     

高层建筑生活饮用水水质污染及对策

对高层建筑生活饮用水水质污染的原因进行了分析，阐述了防止生活饮用水水质污染的必要性，在此基础上提出了生活饮用水水质污染防治的措施。     

日本固体废弃物处理与再资源化的现状及课题

随着日本经济的发展 ,固体废弃物的产量也大大增加 ,已成为环境污染中很明显的问题 .介绍了日本固体废弃物处理和再资源化的现状及面临的课题     

水生植物在水污染控制中的应用与发展

利用水生植物净化污水具有投资、维护和运行费用低，管理简便，污水处理效果好，可改善和恢复生态环境、回收资源和能源以及收获经济植物等优点，是一种低成本高效益的生态工程技术，在污水处理和富营养化水体净化等方面均表现出良好的效果，引起国内外专家关注．介绍了风眼莲、芦苇、水花生、香蒲、水葱和大薄等几种应用较广泛的水生植物对不同类型污水的净化效果，指出了目前水生植物处理系统中存在的问题，提出了今后的发展方向．     

贵州岩溶地区废渣堆场渗漏污染研究

在贵州岩溶地区 ,由于废渣堆场选址和防渗处理措施不当 ,产生渗漏 ,使强酸碱废水污染了岩溶水 ,直接影响了岩溶水资源的开发利用。根据对各种废渣堆场渗漏污染的勘查 ,归纳出 3种渗漏类型 ,并分析了污染效应 ,应用水动力弥散叠加模型和混合稀释模型 ,进行了预测评价 ,为渗漏污染治理提出了建议措施并取得了显著的效果。     

受污染含水层抽水——处理最优化及对地下水污染生物修复的基本认识

本文讨论了修复受污染含水层的抽水———处理技术的最优化问题,提出建立抽水———处理最优化模型时应注意的三个要素,以确定含水层修复的最佳战略。认为抽水———处理技术是一种好方法。涉及与地下水污染有关的问题,需要能够模拟在地下进行的生物修复和污染物运移的计算机模型。近年来,研发了许多数字程序来认识生物降解/生物变换过程。可是,对这种生物修复系统进行数值模拟,总是需要做出确实的计算上的努力。如果有一些恰当的解析解可作为适宜应用的筛选手段,则便于在详细研究以前进行生物修复评价。本文提出了模拟生物修复和有反应运移的解析模型的文献评论。     

玻璃工业企业对于大气环境及水环境的污染及防治

简述了玻璃工业企业对大气环境及水环境造成的污染情况,并提出了相应的防治措施。     

突发性氰化物污染原水的应急处理工艺研究

为应对水源水受到突发性污染,以常规净水工艺为基础,以氰化物为目标污染物,开展了应急处理工艺研究.试验结果表明:单独混凝工艺对氰化物的去除率较低,只有20%～30%.高锰酸钾预氧化对去除氰化物无增强作用.预氯化可以有效去除氰化物,但会生成相应量的氯化氰;调节原水的pH>9,可以使生成的氯化氰最终转化为氨氮,再将pH值调回8后,氰化物和氯化氰浓度均无明显变化,氰化物污染得以稳定、无害化去除.投氯量与原水中氰化物浓度存在线性关系,可据此指导水厂的应急生产.     

滇池流域村镇生活污水污染及处理技术

由于种种原因 ,滇池受到严重污染 ,其中面源污染对滇池污染的影响越来越大 .滇池流域村镇生活污水在面源污染中占相当大比重 ,对该污水进行处理已成为当务之急 .笔者介绍了土地处理工艺处理该生活污水的环境影响及去除机理 .综合考虑多项因素 ,土壤毛管渗滤系统、慢速渗滤系统和湿地系统成为处理滇池流域村镇生活污水三种优先考虑的工     

雨水径流携带污染负荷对水体影响的评价方法

分析了城市排水系统规划中对雨水径流所携带污染负荷进行评价的必要性,介绍了在德国ATV规范框架下雨水径流所携带污染负荷对水体影响的评价思路,提出了雨水径流所携带污染负荷对水体的影响以及雨水设施处理效果的量化评价方法。     

“多规整合”研究进展与评述

目前,多角度的规划整合研究已经展开,但系统性的研究框架尚未建立,众多研究还处于分散化、隔离式的状态.在分析了近年相关研究的基础上,指出了当前空间规划协调研究的局限,并尝试探讨未来研究所需积极应对的几方面内容,以期为今后的研究提供参考.     

医疗废物高温蒸汽处理中产生废水的处理

以天津市医疗废物处理处置中心工程为例，介绍了医疗废物高温蒸汽处理产生废水的处理情况。实际运行表明，采用的物化与生化相结合的处理工艺高效、经济，处理出水水质可达到《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978-1996）的二级标准。