水热碳化技术处理废弃生物质的研究进展

本文对采用水热碳化技术处理废弃生物质的影响因素进行了综述,并分析了以水热碳化技术处理废弃生物质时的反应机理,以及可采用的分子模拟软件;最后针对利用水热碳化技术处理废弃生物质的方式提出了展望和建议.虽然目前利用水热碳化技术处理废弃生物质的方式在能源、农业和工业等领域具有广阔的应用前景,但该技术在无法连续处理原料、处理过程...     

生物质水热过程中水热炭理化结构演变特性

为了解生物质水热炭化过程中水热焦炭的形成机制及其理化结构的演变机理,通过选择不同的原料、反应温度、时间等影响因素,利用高温高压反应釜,对生物质水热过程中水热炭的形成和理化结构演变进行系统分析,揭示水热过程中生物质的热分解机理。研究发现:原料不同其水热炭特性明显不同;木材和秸秆类生物质得到的水热炭有较高的产率和热值;虽然水生植物水葫芦所得到的水热炭产率较低,但其形貌最好,可作为一种新型的生物质炭材料,从而提高生物质资源的利用价值。反应温度和停留时间对水热转化均有明显影响,温度对焦炭的化学特性具有明显影响;而停留时间对焦炭的物理特性有明显影响。     

水热提质对木屑燃烧特性和热分解特性的影响

水热处理有效解决了其它热转化技术中湿物料的脱水和干燥问题,避免了复杂的干燥和昂贵的分离程序。文章以松木屑为原料,利用水热技术对其进行提质,研究松木屑在不同水热提质温度提质后的燃烧特性和热分解特性。结果表明:随着水热提质温度的升高,燃烧反应的峰值提前,燃烧温度区间变大,燃烧速率变小,热解残留量增多;水热提质温度为260℃时,木屑的平均燃烧反应速率由0.111 min-1降至0.105 min-1,降幅为38.2%;热解残留量为0.54,是原木屑残留量(0.24)的2.25倍。动力学分析表明:水热提质温度低于240℃时,燃烧反应为二级反应;水热提质温度为260℃时,为一级燃烧反应,木屑的燃烧反应趋于简单,活化能显著降低,燃烧性能得以改善;随水热提质温度的升高,热解反应趋于复杂。水热提质有助于稳定木屑燃烧过程,有利于燃烧过程优化控制。文章的研究结果可为高含水、低能量密度生物质的高效利用提供借鉴。     

污水污泥水热炭化处理研究进展

高含水率是制约污水污泥处理处置的关键因素之一。水热炭化(Hydrothermal carbonization,HTC)是处理高含水物料的有效手段。本文综述了污泥水热炭化机理,对水热炭化固体产物——水热焦(Hydrochar)的脱水干燥特性、燃料及燃烧特性、气化特性、氮磷元素的迁移转化机理、重金属迁移转化机理和典型污水污泥水热炭化工艺能量进行分析。基于吉布斯自由能最小化原理,研究了水热炭化温度和水热炭化时间对水热焦气化特性的影响,发现在200℃和30 min时,碳转化率和冷煤气效率分别达到93.9%和64.38%,水热焦气化特性最佳。最后指出,在污水污泥协同水热炭化、磷形态准确分析及定向转化、水热焦气化机理和耦合水热炭化的污泥气化/焚烧工艺能量、经济和环境评价等方面急待开展研究,最终为实现污泥的减量化、能源化和清洁化高效利用提供科学指导。     

水热处理对生物质成型炭理化性质的影响

棉秆(CS)及木屑(WS)经高压反应釜水热预处理后压制成型,并于固定床热解炉内进行炭化实验,利用电子万能材料试验机、热重分析仪等分析手段分析水热预处理对生物质成型炭的产率、物理性能(机械强度和表观密度)、热值及燃烧性能的影响。研究表明:随着水热温度的升高,生物质成型炭的产率增加且热值稳定,但燃烧性能变差;经水热预处理制得的生物质成型炭灰分产率均小于18%,固定碳产率均大于60%,满足欧标要求;随着水热温度的升高,生物质成型炭的表观密度及抗压强度均先增加后减小;对比所有实验样品,经230℃水热预处理制得的生物质成型炭(CS/WS-HT230-CB)物理性能及燃烧性能最佳,且均优于商用烧烤炭性能。     

锯末水热生物炭特征研究

以锯末(sawdust,SD)生物质为原料,采用水热炭化法在温度170、200、230℃,时间15、30 min下制备水热生物炭,分析水热生物炭的产率、能量产率、热值、元素组成、表面官能团、表观形貌、平衡含水率等变化等特征。工业分析、元素分析表明,温度是影响水热炭化的重要因素。锯末水热生物炭随温度的升高、时间的延长,C含量增大,O含量降低;生物炭产率、能量产率降低,热值增加。当温度为230℃,时间为30 min时,得到生物炭产率为68.78%,能量产率为78.27%,热值为21.57 MJ/kg。范式图、红外光谱分析显示,在低温短时炭化时,转化过程以脱水、脱羰基为主。扫描电镜显示水热炭化能破坏生物质微观结构,水热生物炭表面光滑,锯末在170、200℃炭化后有缝隙结构,230℃表面出现孔洞结构。平衡含水率结果表明,水热炭化能提高锯末生物炭的疏水性质,有利于生物炭燃料的保存利用。     

水热炭化技术在废弃生物质资源化中的应用研究

介绍生物质水热炭化技术及反应原理,分析几类废弃生物质在该技术中的应用现状,探讨性提出了一种生物质水热炭化改进工艺,对该技术的研究方向进行展望。     

生物质催化热裂解技术的研究进展

生物质催化裂解是生物质热化学转化的一种重要途径。综述了生物质催化热裂解技术使用的反应器、催化剂类型,以及催化热裂解过程中热裂解温度、吹扫气、升温速率、生物质原料等条件的影响,展望了生物质催化热裂解技术的发展趋势。     

基于能量产率的油茶壳水热炭化工艺优化

文章以油茶壳为原料,采用水热炭化技术制备水热生物炭,并分析了水热炭化温度、保留时间、固体物含量对水热生物炭的高位热值和能量产率的影响。以此为基础,采用正交试验优化了上述3个工艺条件对油茶壳水热生物炭的影响。研究结果表明:水热炭化温度为200℃,保留时间为30 min,反应体系中固体物含量为10%时,油茶壳水热生物炭的综合评分最好;此时油茶壳水热生物炭的高位热值为22.28 MJ/kg,能量产率为75.07%。燃烧热重分析表明,油茶壳水热生物炭的燃烧过程向高温区转移。研究结果可用于指导生产高热值、高能量产率的油茶壳水热生物炭,可为油茶壳的利用提供参考。     

黑液热转化技术及其热动力学模型

黑液中含有大量的有机物和无机物,随意排放会污染环境。传统的资源化处理方法多种多样,目前备受关注的黑液处理法为热转化法。黑液的热转化技术主要分为热裂解、气化技术、水热转化技术。通过3种热分析的动力学模型,从多个角度了解黑液的整个热力学反应过程。综述了近年来国内外关于黑液热转化技术及其动力学的研究成果,为黑液的热处理提供借鉴依据。     

Capturing and using CO2 as feedstock with chemical looping and hydrothermal technologies

Chemical looping technology for capturing and hydrothermal processes for conversion of carbon are discussed with focused and critical assessments. The fluidized and stationary reactor systems using solid, including biomass, and gaseous fuels are considered in chemical looping combustion, gasification, and reforming processes. Sustainability is emphasized generally in energy technology and in two chemical looping simulation case studies using coal and natural gas. Conversion of captured carbon to formic acid, methanol, and other chemicals is also discussed in circulating and stationary reactors in hydrothermal processes. This review provides analyses of the major chemical looping technologies for CO₂ capture and hydrothermal processes for carbon conversion so that the appropriate clean energy technology can be selected for a particular process. Combined chemical looping and hydrothermal processes may be feasible and sustainable in carbon capture and conversion and may lead to clean energy technologies using coal, natural gas, and biomass. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

生物质电厂节能降耗改造能值分析

以某生物质电厂为研究对象,应用能值理论,借助能值转换率η_(Tr)、能值产出率η_(EYR)、环境负载率η_(ELR)、能值可持续指数η_(ESI)等指标,对企业主要耗能设备降耗改造进行能值分析。研究结果表明:烟气余热回收技术改造后的能值转换率最低,但是环境负载率也最高,所有的改造技术都能提高能值产出率,除了烟气余热回收技术,其余节能技术在能源可持续指标上都有良好的表现。综合考虑经济效益和污染等问题,烟气余热回收虽然有很好的节能效果,但是会对环境造成一定的污染,而光伏水泵发电和变频改造技术则具有较为平衡的效果。     

Recent advances in hydrogen production by thermo-catalytic conversion of biomass

Hydrogen production from biomass is a green, clean, and zero emissions technology that has attracted increasing attention. This technology has been considered to possess a long-term growth potential, and it is expected to gradually reduce environmental pollution and over-exploitation of resources. In this context, we holistically review this technology and focused on the conversion of biomass into hydrogen using chemical methods (i.e., those with potential for obtaining H₂-rich producer gas streams). Several reaction parameters were discussed and classified herein including biomass conversion methods and conditions, hydrogen production and carbon conversion ratios, the effect of different catalysts types, the catalytic properties of these materials, and their related mechanisms. The overall findings provide new insights for the selection of highly effective and suitable hydrogen production catalysts by biomass conversion applications.     

Comparison of thermochemical conversion processes of biomass to hydrogen-rich gas mixtures

Hydrogen can be produced from biomass materials via thermochemical conversion processes such as pyrolysis, gasification, steam gasification, steam-reforming, and supercritical water gasification (SCWG) of biomass. In general, the total hydrogen-rich gaseous products increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature for the biomass sample. The aim of gasification is to obtain a synthesis gas (bio-syngas) including mainly H₂ and CO. Steam reforming is a method of producing hydrogen-rich gas from biomass. Hydrothermal gasification in supercritical water medium has become a promising technique to produce hydrogen from biomass with high efficiency. Hydrogen production by biomass gasification in the supercritical water (SCW) is a promising technology for utilizing wet biomass. The effect of initial moisture content of biomass on the yields of hydrogen is good.     

Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass: A review of subcritical water technologies

This article reviews the hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass with the aim of describing the current status of the technology. Hydrothermal liquefaction is a medium-temperature, high-pressure thermochemical process, which produces a liquid product, often called bio-oil or bi-crude. During the hydrothermal liquefaction process, the macromolecules of the biomass are first hydrolyzed and/or degraded into smaller molecules. Many of the produced molecules are unstable and reactive and can recombine into larger ones. During this process, a substantial part of the oxygen in the biomass is removed by dehydration or decarboxylation. The chemical properties of bio-oil are highly dependent of the biomass substrate composition. Biomass constitutes of various components such as protein; carbohydrates, lignin and fat, and each of them produce distinct spectra of compounds during hydrothermal liquefaction. In spite of the potential for hydrothermal production of renewable fuels, only a few hydrothermal technologies have so far gone beyond lab- or bench-scale.     

Improving fermentative hydrogen and methane production from an algal bloom through hydrothermal/steam acid pretreatment

Algal blooms can be harvested as renewable biomass waste for gaseous biofuel production. However, the rigid cell structure of raw algae may hinder efficient microbial conversion for production of biohydrogen and biomethane. To improve the energy conversion efficiency, biomass from an algal bloom in Dianchi Lake was subjected to a hydrothermal/steam acid pretreatment prior to sequential dark hydrogen fermentation and anaerobic digestion. Results from X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy suggest that hydrothermal acid pretreatment leads to stronger damage of the amorphous structure (including hemicellulose and amorphous cellulose) due to the acid pretreatment, as evidenced by the higher crystallinity index. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that smaller fragments (∼5 mm) and wider cell gaps (∼1 μm) on algal cell surfaces occurred after pretreatment. In comparison to steam acid pretreatment, hydrothermal acid pretreatment resulted in a maximum energy conversion efficiency of 44.1% as well as production of 24.96 mL H₂/g total volatile solids (TVS) and 299.88 mL CH₄/g TVS.     

Valorization of hydrothermal liquefaction aqueous phase: pathways towards commercial viability

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a thermochemical conversion technology that shows promising commercial potential for the production of biocrude oil from wet biomass. However, the inevitable production of the hydrothermal liquefaction aqueous phase (HTL-AP) acts as a double-edged sword: it is considered a waste stream that without additional treatment clouds the future scale-up prospects of HTL technology; on the other hand, it also offers potential as an untapped nutrient and energy resource that could be valorized. As more researchers turn to liquefaction as a means of producing renewable fuel, there is a growing need to better understand HTL-AP from a variety of vantage points. Specifically, the HTL-AP chemical composition, conversion pathways, energy valorization potential, and the interconnection of HTL-AP conversion with biofuel production technology are particularly worthy of investigation. This paper extensively reviews the impact of HTL conditions and the feedstock composition on the energy and elemental distribution of process outputs with specific emphasis on the HTL-AP. Moreover, this paper also compares and contrasts the current state of value-added products separation along with biological (biomass cultivation, anaerobic fermentation, and bioelectrochemical systems) and thermochemical (gasification and HTL) pathways to valorize HTL-AP. Furthermore, life cycle analysis (LCA) and techno-economic assessments (TEA) are performed to appraise the environmental sustainability and economic implications of these different valorization techniques. Finally, perspectives and challenges are presented and the integration approaches of HTL-AP valorization pathways with HTL and biorefining are explored.     

废弃物及生物质的超临界流体转化技术

综述了用超临界流体进行废弃物和生物质的转化。由于超临界流体的特殊性质，使得用超临界流体进行转化具有效率高、速度快、污染性副产品少的特点，是一种很有实用价值的物料处理和转化技术。     

Biorefineries: Current activities and future developments

This paper reviews the current refuel valorization facilities as well as the future importance of biorefineries. A biorefinery is a facility that integrates biomass conversion processes and equipment to produce fuels, power, and chemicals from biomass. Biorefineries combine the necessary technologies of the biorenewable raw materials with those of chemical intermediates and final products. Char production by pyrolysis, bio-oil production by pyrolysis, gaseous fuels from biomass, Fischer–Tropsch liquids from biomass, hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass, supercritical liquefaction, and biochemical processes of biomass are studied and concluded in this review. Upgraded bio-oil from biomass pyrolysis can be used in vehicle engines as fuel.