浙江某工业废水处理厂升级改造运行效果解析

浙江某工业废水处理厂升级改造,采用AAO—MBBR复合生物膜工艺,在未新增建设用地和扩建池容的基础上,日处理量由3×10⁴m³/d提高至6×10⁴m³/d。改造后实际运行出水COD、TP、NH₃-N和TN浓度分别为(37.7±6.61)、(0.09±0.03)、(0.25±0.14)和(5.87±1.54)mg/L,出水水质稳定达到一级A标准。实际监测表明,在好氧MBBR区存在TN去除现象,约占TN总去除量的10.36%。系统内的优势硝化菌属为硝化螺旋菌属Nitrospira,其在悬浮载体生物膜和活性污泥中的相对丰度分别为8.98%和0.92%,悬浮载体的投加使硝化细菌得到有效富集;反硝化菌在生物膜中的占比为7.94%,为悬浮载体同步硝化反硝化(SND)效果的发生提供了微观保证,提高了TN去除率。     

Development of a 2-sludge, 3-stage system for nitrogen and phosphorous removal from nutrient-rich wastewater using granular sludge and biofilms

A novel 2-sludge 3-stage process using a combination of granular sludge and biofilm was developed to achieve biological removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from nutrient-rich wastewater. The system consists of a granular sequencing batch reactor (SBR) working under alternating anaerobic/anoxic conditions supplemented with a short aerobic phase and an aerobic biofilm SBR. The wastewater is first fed to the granular SBR reactor, where easily biodegradable carbon sources are taken up primarily by polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs). The supernatant resulting from quick settling of the granular sludge is then fed to the biofilm SBR for nitrification, which produces oxidized nitrogen that is returned to the granular reactor for simultaneous denitrification and phosphorus removal. While maximizing the utilization of organic substrates and reducing operational costs, as do other 2-sludge processes previously reported in literature, the proposed system solves the bottleneck problem of traditional 2-sludge systems, namely high effluent ammonia concentration, due to its high-volume exchange ratios. An ammonia oxidation rate of 32 mg N/Lh was achieved in the biofilm SBR, which produced nitrite as the final product. This nitrite stream was found to cause major inhibition on the anoxic P uptake and also to result in the accumulation of N(2)O. These problems were solved by feeding the nitrite-containing stream continuously to the granular reactor in the anoxic phase. With a nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency of 81% and 94%, respectively, the system produces an effluent that is suitable for land irrigation from a wastewater stream containing 270 mg N/L of total nitrogen and 40 mg P/L of total phosphorus.     

同时硝化/反硝化除磷过程的控制策略研究

为实现同时硝化/反硝化除磷(SNDPR)过程,在SBR反应器内,采用模拟低碳源污水和厌氧-交替好氧/缺氧的运行方式对污泥进行培养驯化,成功实现了反硝化聚磷茵和硝化茵的良好共存.在此基础上,考察了厌氧/间歇曝气和厌氧/连续曝气两种模式下SNDPR工艺对污水的处理效果.结果表明,在上述两种模式下,系统对TP的去除率分别为92%和90%,对TN的去除率分别为83%和72%;厌氧/间歇曝气模式更有利于SNDPR工艺对低碳源污水的处理.另外,对电化学参数的研究表明,pH曲线上的"膝点"可近似预示SNDPR过程的结束,而ORP的变化范围及稳定性可预示SNDPR过程中硝化和反硝化除磷同时发生的平衡程度.     

污泥减量工艺:HA-A/A-MCO的好氧脱氮机制分析

针对污泥减量技术存在对氮、磷去除能力低的问题,开发了一种具有强化脱氮除磷功能并可实现污泥减量化的HA-A/A-MCO工艺。在该工艺取得同步脱氮除磷和污泥减量优异效果的条件下,采用其处理校园生活污水,当进水TN平均为47 mg/L时,出水TN为10.9 mg/L,系统的总脱氮率为76.8%,其中好氧脱氮量占总脱氮量的50%,缺氧脱氮量占26%;HA-A/A-MCO系统存在着在好氧条件下具有反硝化能力的菌属,对好氧脱氮有一定贡献,且DO浓度对其反硝化能力没有抑制作用;好氧池中的DO浓度梯度有利于在污泥絮体内形成缺氧环境,从而促进同步硝化反硝化(SND)的发生,但减小污泥絮体尺寸会削弱絮体内部缺氧区域比例、降低SND的脱氮效率。     

MLSS、pH及NO-2-N对反硝化除磷的影响

利用DPB反硝化聚磷污泥以SBR进行试验,以考察MLSS、pH值和NO-2-N浓度对聚磷菌厌氧放磷和缺氧吸磷过程的影响.结果表明:增大MLSS可缩短放磷和缺氧吸磷反应时间,但MLSS过高易导致反硝化吸磷后期出现磷的二次释放;随着pH值的升高(pH=6～8)则P/C值也升高,继续升高pH值到8以上时发生了磷酸盐的沉淀,影响到正常的放磷反应.此外,在反硝化吸磷过程中pH值的大幅升高也会对生物除磷效果造成干扰;控制NO-2-N浓度为5.5～9.5mg/L可使聚磷污泥以NO-2-N作为电子受体进行吸磷反应,当NO-2-N达到15 mg/L时反硝化和吸磷反应均受到了抑制.     

HA-A/A-MCO工艺的基质转化与除污特性研究

针对现有污泥减量技术对氮、磷去除率低的问题,开发了一个具有同步脱氮除磷和污泥减量功能的HA-A/A-MCO工艺.采用该工艺处理校园生活污水,当进水COD为316～407mg/L时,出水COD≤18 mg/L,对COD的平均去除率为96%;将相当于进水量2%的厌氧释磷污泥回流至水解酸化池与原水-并进行水解处理后,大部分污泥转化为溶解性有机物,且主要是VFA(约275 mg/L),为原水中VFA(58 mg/L)的4.74倍,这为后续A~2/O单元进行脱氮除磷提供了充足的碳源.通过考察各反应池出水的三维荧光特性还发现,HA-A/A-MCO系统的各工段对原水中的溶解性有机质(DOM)具有显著的降解作用.     

Comparison of recirculation configurations for biological nutrient removal in a membrane bioreactor

A 12-L lab-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR), consisting of an anaerobic and anoxic compartment followed by an oxic plate-frame membrane compartment, was evaluated for carbonaceous and nutrient removals by varying the recirculation of mixed liquor and permeate. The hydraulic retention times (HRTs) for the anaerobic, anoxic, and oxic compartments were 2, 2, and 8h, respectively. The solids residence time (SRT) for the oxic compartment was 25 days. Five different recirculation configurations were tested by recirculating mixed liquor and/or permeate recirculation equal to the influent flow rate (identified as 100%) into different locations of the anaerobic and anoxic compartments. Of the five configurations, the configuration with 100% mixed liquor recirculation to the anaerobic compartment and 100% permeate recirculation to the anoxic compartment gave the highest percentage removal with an average 92.3+/-0.5% soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD), 75.6+/-0.4% total nitrogen (TN), and 62.4+/-1.3% total phosphorus (TP) removal. When the mixed liquor and permeate recirculation rates were varied for the same configuration, the highest TP removal was obtained for 300% mixed liquor recirculation and 100% permeate recirculation (300%/100%) with a TP removal of 88.1+/-1.3% while the highest TN removal (90.3+/-0.3%) was obtained for 200%/300% recirculation. TN and TP concentrations as low as 4.2+/-0.1 and 1.4+/-0.2mg/L respectively were obtained. Mass loading rates were generally low in the range of 0.11-0.22kgCOD/kgMLSS/d due to high biomass concentrations within the oxic reactor (approx. 8000mg/L). The BioWin model was calibrated against one set of the experimental data and was found to predict the experimental data of effluent TN, TP, and NO(3)(-)-N but over-predicted sCOD and NH(3)-N for various recirculation rates. The anoxic heterotrophic yield for the calibrated model was 0.2kg biomass COD/kg COD utilized while the maximum growth rates were found to be 0.45day(-1) for mu(max-autotroph), 3.2day(-1) for mu(max-heterotroph), and 1.5day(-1) for mu(max-PAO).     

A/A/O污水处理工艺脱氮效果模拟及优化

针对武汉某污水处理厂因进水总氮浓度高、碳氮比值低而导致脱氮效果不稳定的问题,基于ASDM模型建立了该污水处理厂A/A/O工艺模型,并利用历史数据对脱氮效果进行了优化模拟。分别对硝化液回流比(0~600%)、好氧段DO(1~6 mg/L)、缺氧段DO(0.005~0.2 mg/L)、温度(16~29℃)等工艺运行参数进行了模拟分析,通过模型模拟筛选出的最优运行参数如下:硝化液回流比为100%,好氧段DO为1 mg/L,污泥回流比为65%,排泥量为550 m3/d,且缺氧段DO浓度越低越有利于脱氮。根据以上结论并结合该污水处理厂实际情况,确定如下优化实施方案:硝化液回流比为300%,好氧段DO为3 mg/L以下,同时关闭硝化液回流点前的曝气头以降低缺氧段DO,并按90kg/d投加碳源(以COD计)。该污水处理厂按照上述方案实际运行2个月,脱氮效果明显提高,出水总氮达标率达到100%。     

温度对A/O工艺反硝化除磷效果的影响

以A／O工艺中充分释磷的厌氧污泥为研究对象,分别投加NO3^- -N和NO2^- -N,考察了温度对反硝化除磷效果的影响。结果表明,在一定范围内,随着温度的升高,NO3^- -N型反硝化除磷和脱氮速率均加快,但消耗单位氮的吸磷量却下降,若要取得良好的氮、磷去除效果,需适当提高缺氧段的NO3^- -N浓度;NO2^- -N对聚磷菌的抑制浓度并非为定值,而是随温度的升高而上升;随温度的升高,NO2^- -N型反硝化脱氮速率加快,而吸磷速率却未表现出明显的上升趋势。     

应用SBR实现有机废水厌氧氨氧化生物脱氮的研究

采用SBR反应器,以硝化污泥和厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)颗粒污泥的混合污泥为接种污泥,以有机模拟废水为研究对象,进行了厌氧氨氧化生物脱氮工艺研究。结果表明,在控制温度为25℃,水力停留时间为12 d,pH值为7.2～8.5,进水NH4+-N为220 mg/L左右、NO2--N为138 mg/L左右、COD为294 mg/L的条件下成功启动了SBR反应器。在高氨氮、低有机物浓度的条件下,ANAMMOX菌和异养反硝化菌能够实现共存,且ANAMMOX菌仍能成为优势菌属,AN-AMMOX反应是反应器中的主导反应。镜检发现,优势菌尺寸约为1μm,呈圆形或椭圆形,成簇聚生,表面可观察到明显的漏斗状缺口,具有典型的厌氧氨氧化菌特征。污泥中形成了以厌氧氨氧化球状菌为主、其他杆状菌和丝状菌共存的微生物混培体。     

HA-A/A-MCO工艺水解酸化单元运行性能研究

针对现有污泥减量技术中存在的氮、磷去除率低的问题,开发了一个新型的具有同步除磷脱氮和污泥减量功能的HA-A/A-MCO工艺,对回流污泥种类及比例对水解酸化池产酸、污泥减量及系统释磷效果进行研究,结果发现：回流污泥种类及比例影响水解酸化出水VFA总量进而影响释磷效果,回流2%厌氧释磷污泥水解产生的VFA总量最大（275 mg/L）,系统释磷量也最大（57 mg/L）。     

SBR工艺对低碳量城市污水的反硝化除磷研究

广州地区的城市污水含碳量低，碳、氮、磷浓度比例失调，采用传统工艺处理很难达到理想的脱氮除磷效果，为此采用SBR工艺对其进行处理，考察了该工艺的反硝化除磷效果。结果表明，在厌氧／缺氧／好氧的运行模式下，采用逐步增加缺氧段运行时间的方法可有效提高污泥的反硝化除磷性能；在试验进水水质条件下，反应器厌氧运行30min、缺氧运行3h、好氧运行1h可保证对磷的稳定高效去除，出水TP〈1mg／L；ORP值无法指示缺氧反硝化与吸磷过程，pH值可作为缺氧吸磷结束的指示参数，而ORP和pH值均可作为好氧吸磷结束的控制参数。     

(AO)2-SBBR反硝化除磷工艺处理低碳城市污水

低碳源浓度城市污水的脱氮除磷一直是个难题，为此在AO-SBBR工艺中引入一个缺氧段而形成（AO）2-SBBR工艺，研究了AO-SBBR和（AO）2-SBBR对低碳源浓度城市污水中氮、磷的去除效果。试验结果表明：在进水BOD5／TN=3、BOD5／TP=17的情况下，（AO）2-SB．BR工艺比AO-SBBR工艺具有更好的同步脱氮除磷效果，对总磷的去除率达到了79．8％，对总氮的去除率从25．83％提高到51．26％，出水水质达到了《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》的一级标准。该工艺有效解决了低碳源浓度城市污水在同步脱氮除磷过程中有机物不足的问题，并在单一反应器中实现了反硝化除磷菌的增殖过程，反硝化除磷菌占聚磷菌的比例从14．82％增长到63．04％；反硝化除磷菌能够以低浓度的亚硝酸盐氮作为电子受体进行缺氧吸磷，如亚硝酸盐氮〉10mg／L则会抑制反硝化除磷菌的活性，而且这种抑制作用并不是瞬时的，至少要持续一段时间其活性才能恢复。     

EGSB/生物接触氧化/BAF工艺处理葡萄糖生产废水

采用“EGSB-生物接触氧化-BAF”联合工艺处理葡萄糖生产废水，着重研究了pH值和容积负荷对EGSB反应器去除效果的影响。结果表明，以厌氧颗粒污泥作为EGSB的接种污泥，30d左右便可完成启动，且能形成灰黑色和黑色颗粒污泥；采用出水回流和人为投加碱性物质可以增强系统的缓冲能力，有效缓解系统酸碱平衡失调。当进水COD为3000～4000mg／L、SS为800～1000mg,／L、NH3-N为15～20mg／L时，采用该联合工艺处理后，对COD、SS和NH3-N的平均去除率分别达98％、92％和78％，处理效果好而且稳定。     

Development of an innovative vertical submerged membrane bioreactor (VSMBR) for simultaneous removal of organic matter and nutrients

A novel vertical submerged membrane bioreactor (VSMBR) composed of anoxic and oxic zones in one reactor was developed in an attempt to reduce the problems concerning effective removal of pollutants from synthetic wastewater including glucose as a sole carbon source as well as membrane fouling. The optimal volume ratio of anoxic zone/oxic zone was found as 0.6. The desirable internal recycle rate and hydraulic retention time (HRT) for effective nutrient removal were 400% and 8h, respectively. Under these conditions, the average removal efficiencies of total nitrogen (T-N) and total phosphorus (T-P) were 75% and 71%, respectively, at the total chemical oxygen demand (T-COD)/T-N ratio of 10. In addition, the VSMBR showed high specific removal rates of nitrogen and phosphorus while the biomass growth yield from the reactor was about 20% of the conventional activated sludge process.     

预处理/厌氧生物处理敌百虫生产废水的研究

对敌百虫生产废水的处理工艺进行了研究,先采用破乳法和电解法进行预处理,然后再采用升流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)工艺进行厌氧处理,试验历时90 d,考察了系统的稳定性及pH值、温度和水力停留时间(HRT)等对反应器的影响。结果表明,当温度控制在30～35℃、pH值为6.8～7.5、进水COD为12 000 mg/L、HRT为72 h时,对COD的去除率可达到73%以上;厌氧处理后采用除磷药剂进行混凝沉淀,出水总磷浓度降为618 mg/L,对总磷的去除率为75.36%。     

The contribution of exopolysaccharides induced struvites accumulation to ammonium adsorption in aerobic granular sludge

Aerobic granular sludge from a lab-scale reactor with simultaneous nitrification/denitrification and enhanced biological phosphorus removal processes exhibited significant amount of ammonium adsorption (1.5 mg NH₄⁺-N/g TSS at an ammonium concentration of 30 mg N/L). Potassium release accompanied ammonium adsorption, indicating an ion exchange process. The existence of potassium magnesium phosphate (K-struvite) as one of potassium sources in the granular sludge was studied by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). Artificially prepared K-struvite was indeed shown to adsorb ammonium. Alginate-like exopolysaccharides were isolated and their inducement for struvite formation was investigated as well. Potassium magnesium phosphate proved to be a major factor for ammonium adsorption on the granular sludge. Struvites (potassium/ammonium magnesium phosphate) accumulate in aerobic granular sludge due to inducing of precipitation by alginate-like exopolysaccharides.     

一体化A/O生物膜反应器处理生活污水

根据缺氧 好氧 (Anoxic Oxic ,A O)工艺原理设计了升流式一体化A O生物膜反应器 ,并就反应器对生活污水的处理效果和运行参数进行了试验。结果表明 ,当缺氧区HRT为 5h、好氧区HRT为 3h时对COD的去除率 >80 % (大部分接近 90 % ) ,对SS去除率 >95 % ;维持反应器内适宜的碱度可获得良好而稳定的脱氮效果 ;剩余污泥少 ,无需频繁排泥。     

Phosphorus Removal from Sidestreams by Crystallisation of Magnesium-Ammonium-Phosphate Using Seawater

In recent years, a number of biological-treatment processes have been developed for phosphorus removal, alone or in combination with nitrogen. In anaerobic/oxic and anaerobic/anoxic/oxic processes, it is necessary to lower the concentration of phosphorus in the sidestream from the sludge-disposal processes. To do this, the magnesium-ammonium-phosphate system has been developed in which phosphorus is removed in a side-stream process.
Alternative systems require chemicals such as magnesium chloride as the source of magnesium and sodium hydroxide for pH control, and are economically less viable than that described in this paper in which seawater is substituted for the chemicals.
Dissolved phosphorus removal of over 70% was achieved without pH control by feeding the sidestream which contained 50–111 mg/l dissolved phosphorus and had a pH greater than 7.77, together with a 9–10% flow of seawater into the reactor containing 4–13% of magnesium ammonium phosphate and which provided a retention of 29 mins.     

新型一体化生物反应器的同步脱氮除磷影响因素研究

为了提高对污水的处理效能,设计了一种新型一体化生物反应器并采用其处理生活污水,研究了DO和HRT对同步脱氮除磷效果的影响,并探讨了其实现机理。试验结果表明：在进水COD为290～510mg／L、MLSS为2500mg／L、污泥龄为15d以及好氧区和缺氧区的溶解氧分别为2mg／L和0．2mg／L时,系统的脱氮除磷效果较好,对TN、TP的去除率分别可达80％和90％,DO过高或过低都会影响同步脱氮除磷的效果。控制DO为最优值,并保持其他操作条件相同,当HRT为12h时对总氮和总磷的去除率均在80％以上,随着HRT的延长,同步脱氮除磷效果反而下降。该一体化反应器集厌氧、缺氧和好氧区为一体,在一定的运行条件下能够实现同步脱氮除磷,是处理生活污水的有效方法。