立向高速GMAW驼峰焊缝的试验研究

驼峰焊缝的产生严重制约了高速熔化极气体保护焊(Gas metal arc welding,GMAW)在立向焊接上的应用,目前对该技术难点研究甚少,尚无简单有效的抑制措施提出。因此,通过梳理水平高速GMAW驼峰焊缝的形成机理,以此为基础,运用自主研发的爬壁机器人焊接试验平台对立向高速GMAW驼峰焊缝进行试验研究。研究发现:立向上焊时,高速GMAW会产生驼峰焊缝缺陷,熔池中由电弧压力、熔滴冲击力和重力作用下产生的动量很大的后向液体流是形成驼峰焊缝的主要原因。此外,焊接电流和焊接速度显著影响驼峰焊缝的形貌。立向下焊时,因焊接方向和焊枪倾斜位置发生改变,使熔池中由电弧压力和熔滴冲击力作用下产生的后向液体流流向与自身重力方向相反,可有效抑制驼峰焊缝的形成。通过利用金属液体流自身重力来抑制立向高速GMAW焊接过程中驼峰焊缝的形成,大大提高了焊接速度和焊接电流,具有较高应用价值。     

薄壁不锈钢管列置双TIG电弧高速焊接工艺

单钨极惰性气体保护焊(Tungsten inert gas,TIG)是目前工业用薄壁不锈钢管主要生产工艺,但其存在生产效率低的问题。针对高速TIG焊出现的驼峰焊道、咬边等焊缝表面成形缺陷产生的原因,提出列置双TIG电弧高效节能焊接新工艺。试验结果表明,采用双TIG电弧高效焊接新工艺,48 mm×1.2 mm和42 mm×1.5 mm两种规格的409L铁素体不锈钢管在获得良好焊缝成形的条件下焊接速度分别可达5.1 m/min和3.2 m/min;与单TIG焊接生产工艺相比,生产效率分别提高了240%和140%,能耗也分别降低44%和29%。两种规格铁素体不锈钢管膨胀率分别达到14.1%和33.7%,高于单TIG电弧焊的11.2%和21.4%,满足生产要求。分析表明,辅助TIG电弧加热主TIG电弧熔池后部堆积的液态金属,从热和力两方面延长熔池存在时间、促使液态金属回流填平主TIG电弧产生的熔池凹陷,从而有效抑制驼峰焊道和咬边的产生,在高速焊接条件下获得良好的焊缝成形,实现薄壁不锈钢管优质高效节能的焊接生产。     

焊接速度对电弧增材熔池流动及焊道形貌影响的数值模拟研究

焊接速度对电弧增材成形过程中传热传质以及焊道成形有重要影响，为探究其影响机理，建立TIG电弧增材成形过程的三维瞬态数值模型，采用VOF方法追踪熔池自由界面，研究不同焊接速度下单道熔积成形过程中的传热及熔池流态，并分析焊接速度对单道焊道形貌的影响。数值模拟结果表明，随着焊接速度减小，熔池的热积累增强，体积增大，熔池表面峰值温度提高，弧坑深度也加深；同时，在电磁力和熔池表面力的共同作用下，熔池表面流速峰值随焊接速度减小而减小，熔池内部流速增大，对流更充分。此外，随着焊接速度减小，成形焊道的宽度和高度均有不同程度的增加。相同条件下的试验与数值模拟的焊道轮廓对比验证了数值模拟结果的有效性，研究结论可为电弧增材技术的工艺参数调控提供理论支撑和依据。     

排布方式对铝合金激光-MIG复合横向焊接特性的影响

采用常规激光-熔化极惰性气体保护电弧(Metal inert gas,MIG)复合横向焊接铝合金过程中,焊缝表面极易出现咬边和下塌等缺陷,由此开展排布方式对激光-MIG电弧复合横向焊接铝合金焊接特性的影响研究。分析二者的排布方式对熔池特征、熔滴过渡形式以及焊缝成形规律的影响。试验结果表明,异面引导复合焊接方式对焊缝成形有明显改善作用,焊缝表面熔宽减少、中心线偏移和咬边缺陷得到有效抑制。采用同面引导复合方式时,熔滴过渡到匙孔后方,熔池下侧熔融金属大量堆积并产生周期性的波动,导致焊缝结晶组织出现了分层现象;而采用异面引导复合方式时,熔滴过渡到匙孔下方,并且熔滴在熔池中的落点位置与同面引导方式相比要偏上,熔滴过渡频率稍低,此时熔池中熔融金属分布较为均匀,熔池下部堆积金属较少,有效抑制了焊缝的下塌和咬边缺陷。     

外加横向磁场作用电弧增材成形过程中的传热传质仿真

为了揭示外加横向磁场对电弧增材成形过程中电弧和熔池传热传质以及成形件微观组织影响的内在机理,建立基于GMAW电弧增材成形过程中电弧和熔池的弱耦合数值模型,通过数值模拟对比分析了有/无外加横向磁场作用下熔池电磁力分布、电弧和熔池传热传质的差异,发现横向磁场作用使电弧向熔池后方偏转,使熔池发生单向强制对流并驱动熔融金属和热量向熔池后方运动,从而更加直接地冲刷熔池结晶面。由此预测横向磁场作用能降低熔池凝固过程中枝晶前沿温度梯度和溶质浓度,提高枝晶前沿的成分过冷,使得靠近熔池中心的枝晶前端生长加速并细化晶粒。相同工艺条件的对比试验表明:相比无外加磁场的普通熔积,横向磁场作用下熔池底部等轴晶区域减小,整个结晶面上细密的胞状枝晶区域面积增大,验证了数值模拟的预测。研究结果可为外加磁场在电弧增材成形微观组织控制中的应用提供依据和参考。     

2219铝合金变极性等离子横焊接头缺陷机理研究

通过对厚度为8 mm的2219铝合金横焊过程中的高速摄像观察及典型接头金相分析研究,阐述了横焊接头典型咬边及气孔缺陷成形机理。结果表明,横焊过程中,小孔熔池形成过程中受力的平衡与稳定,是焊缝成形的前提与基础;焊缝背面受力失衡且金属流动性差是造成背面咬边缺陷的原因;在电弧力及熔池重力的共同作用下,金属湿润铺展受到阻碍是焊缝正面咬边缺陷的成因;重力向下,浮力向上,熔合线附近冷却速度较快,导致气孔来不及逸出而在焊缝上侧聚集。     

横向磁场对TIG焊不锈钢焊缝成形影响

增大钨极氩弧焊的焊速可以提高生产率,但由此而产生的电弧弧柱过度后傾和阳级斑点滞后使焊缝咬肉严重、成形不良,利用外加横向磁场作用在电弧上,能有效地控制电弧弧柱的后倾程度,改善焊缝成形并使熔深有所增加。     

低电流TIG电弧辅助MIG高速焊咬边缺陷抑制机理及措施的研究

基于温度场、流场、熔滴过渡以及电弧形态检测,开展低电流钨极氩弧焊(Tungsten inert gas welding,TIG)辅助熔化极惰性气体保护(Metal inert gas welding,MIG)高速焊工艺试验。从传热、传质以及受力等角度分析低电流TIG辅助电弧对高速MIG咬边缺陷的抑制机理,并分析各工艺参数对最终焊缝成形的影响。相比常规MIG高速焊,低电流TIG辅助电弧能有效降低MIG高速焊前部熔池边缘的温度梯度,延长熔池存在时间,促进液态金属向焊缝边缘填充。电弧力和熔滴冲击力是影响高速焊咬边缺陷的主要作用力,低电流TIG辅助电弧对MIG熔滴冲击力改变较小,但两电弧耦合后,电弧静、动压力明显降低,可有效地抑制MIG高速焊中咬边缺陷的产生。此外,正交工艺试验显示,丝-极间距和焊枪倾角是影响复合焊工艺的重要参数,而钨极距工件距离和TIG焊接电流则对咬边缺陷的影响较小,通过对丝-极间距和焊枪倾角的调节能快速实现该复合焊工艺参数的优化,抑制咬边缺陷。     

外加高频磁场下电弧快速成形过程的电磁-流体耦合数值模拟

外加电磁作用是改善电弧快速成形零件组织和性能的有效方式之一。为了揭示高频磁场对熔池传热、对流和形态的影响机理,采用有限元电磁计算和有限体积流体分析耦合的方法,建立电磁场、熔池温度场和流体流动场分析的三维模型,分析工件和熔池中高频电磁力/热的分布特征,研究高频电磁力与表面张力、电弧力以及熔滴冲击共同作用下的熔池表面动态变形,对比分析有/无外加高频磁场情况下熔池温度分布和流体流动模式上的差异,并由此预测外加高频磁场对凝固组织和熔池形态的改变。结果表明,高频电磁力驱动熔池流体在垂直焊接方向的平面内形成单漩涡旋转对流,有利于熔断枝晶细化晶粒,熔池表面形状向远离线圈一侧倾斜,熔宽增大。金相和焊道横截面测试证实了上述模拟结果。     

外加稳态磁场作用下的焊接电弧数值仿真

为了揭示外加静态磁场对焊接电弧形态及传热传质的影响规律,建立了焊接电弧的数值模型,对比分析了普通熔积、外加纵向磁场作用以及横向磁场作用下的电弧传热传质过程。结果显示:相比普通熔积,外加纵向磁场作用下,靠近基板的位置电流密度和温度减小,电弧的温度和压强峰值减小,中心处出现负压;外加横向磁场作用下,电弧整体偏向一侧,电弧中心的电流密度、温度和电弧压强都小于未施加外加磁场情况。外加磁场对电弧形态及传热传质的改变,将导致电弧和金属之间的热和力相互作用改变,从而使得熔池的传热传质过程相应的发生改变。     

Prevention of humping bead associated with high welding speed by double-electrode gas metal arc welding

Manufacturing productivity can be improved by increasing the welding speed. However, humping bead will occur when welding speed is beyond a certain value. An experimental system of double-electrode gas metal arc welding (DE-GMAW) was developed to implement high speed welding and prevent from humping bead formation. The DE-GMAW appropriately partition the heat energy between the wire and the base metal so that higher deposition rate of filler wire and suitable shape and size of weld pool are ensured. The arc images captured during DE-GMAW process were used to optimize the geometric parameters between the gas tungsten arc welding and the gas metal arc welding (GMAW) torches. The main arc and bypass arc integrated well and satisfactory weld bead formation was obtained. Through observing the weld pool behaviors from side view during DE-GMAW process, it was found that the height of both solidified and molten region at the pool tail is almost flat so that no humping bead was formed during DE-GMAW with the welding speed up to 1.7?m/min. The side view images of weld pool in DE-GMAW were compared with those in conventional GMAW, and the reason why DE-GMAW can suppress humping bead is shortly discussed.     

Gas Pool Coupled Activating TIG Welding Method with Coupling Arc Electrode

Gas pool coupled activating TIG(GPCA?TIG) welding put forward in?house can dramatically enhance weld penetration of TIG welding through introducing active element oxygen to reverse the Marangoni convection flow in the molten pool. In order to further improve the welding productivity, the normal solid tungsten electrode is replaced by a kind of coupling arc electrode. The changes of arc pressure distribution along anode surface and the weld appearance were evaluated. On this basis, the dependences of weld shape characterized with weld depth, width and undercut on the main welding parameters were discussed. The results indicate, the substitution of coupling arc electrode can lead to an obvious decrease of arc pressure. Compared to hollow tungsten electrode and twin tungsten electrodes, the coupling arc electrode is much easier to manufacture and has more compacter structure. Combined with the symmetric distribution of arc pressure in di erent directions, this electrode has extensive adaptability. In the GPCA?TIG welding with coupling arc electrode, both the substitution of coupling arc electrode and the introduction of outer active gas oxygen can reduce the possibilities of producing humping bead and undercut. Their joint action makes this welding method have the capability of realizing high travel speed and deep penetration welding.     

Mathematical models for control of weld bead penetration in the GMAW process

This paper presents the effects of welding process parameters on weld bead penetration for the gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process. Welding process parameters included wire diameter, gas flow rate, welding speed, arc current and welding voltage. The experimental results have shown that weld bead penetration increased as wire diameter, arc current and welding voltage increased, whereas an increase in welding speed was found to decrease the weld bead penetration. However, the weld bead penetration is not affected significantly by gas flow rate changes. Mathematical equations for study of the relationship between welding process parameters and weld bead penetration have also been computed by employing a standard statistical package program, SAS.     

“<Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">disassembly plan approach based on subassembly concept</Emphasis>”

A three-dimensional numerical model is established to study the temperature and fluid flow fields in the twin-wire gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process. The high-speed photography system is used to capture the images of the weld pool during the welding. Based on simulation and experimental results, the weld pool formation, convection, and stability in twin-wire GMAW process are investigated. Both “push-pull” and outward flow patterns exist in the twin-wire GMAW weld pool, which can contribute to decreasing the height of the bulge and increasing the width of the pool. The convection in the weld pool can proceed adequately, the arc force between the leading and trailing arcs is relatively balanced, surface tension normal force is uniform along the liquid channel, and the liquid channel is capillary stable, all of those contribute to the stability of the weld bead. The simulation results are in good agreement with those in the experiment.     

Numerical analysis of a moving gas tungsten arc weld pool with an external longitudinal magnetic field applied

Mathematical models of the electromagnetic field, fluid flow and heat transfer of a three-dimensional moving gas tungsten arc (GTA) weld pool with external longitudinal magnetic field applied are established in the paper. Using a multi-coupled analysis function of ANSYS finite element code, distributions of current density and magnetic field, as well as fluid flow and heat transfer in a moving weld pool, were systematically studied and investigated to understand and reveal the effect of an external longitudinal magnetic field on liquid metal in a moving GTA weld pool and also to supply a basis for the application of an external longitudinal magnetic field in welding technology .     

Investigation on droplet momentum in VPPA-GMAW hybrid welding of aluminum alloys

Variable polarity plasma arc-gas metal arc welding (VPPA-GMAW) is a superior technology for welding thick plates of high-strength aluminum alloys. It integrates the advantages of energy focusing and high penetration depth in VPPA welding, and those of high welding efficiency and wide range of technological parameters in GMAW process. In this work, we investigated the droplet momentum in paraxial VPPA-GMAW hybrid welding of 7A52 aluminum alloys, and the technological parameters of welding process was also optimized. The images of droplet transfer were captured by high-speed camera, while the droplet speeds and sizes were statistically analyzed by t tests of independent samples. The results showed that the speeds of droplet arriving at the weld pool were significantly between GMAW and VPPA-GMAW processes, and the droplet speed increases with increasing plasma currents within a certain range. Meanwhile, the droplet momentum in VPPA-GMAW process is larger than that in conventional GMAW process. We also found that as the droplet momentum increased, the depression of weld pool grew more obvious and greatly facilitated the deep-penetration welding. In VPPA-GMAW process, it became more and more easier for the droplet to fall off the wire when the electromagnetic force gradually increased during pulse period. Droplet movement through the arc zone was further accelerated since the central pressure of arc column increased during base period. This research can provide some theoretical support for thick plate welding of high-strength aluminum alloys and help for deeper understanding of the hybrid arc coupling mechanism.     

304不锈钢大功率光纤激光焊成形研究

为了研究大功率光纤激光焊在304不锈钢上的焊缝成形,使用5~7kW的激光功率,10~100mm/s的焊接速度在16mm厚的304奥氏体不锈钢上进行全覆盖参数试验。随后观察了焊缝的熔深、熔宽、焊缝形状等成形参数。结果表明,焊接速度低于20mm/s时,焊缝表面会形成隆起,熔深随速度减慢,迅速增加;焊接速度在30~40mm/s时,焊缝表面变得凹凸不平且两边存在咬边,熔深随速度减慢且小幅增加;焊接速度介于50mm/s和90mm/s之间时,焊缝的熔深和熔宽几乎不变;而当速度达到100mm/s时,熔深急剧减小,且钉头形焊缝的形状发生了很大的改变。通过以上试验结果结合小孔效应和熔池特性分析了激光焊缝的成形机理,对大功率光纤激光焊接形成了更全面的认识。     

An application of genetic algorithm for edge detection of molten pool in fixed pipe welding

This paper presents a study on an application of genetic algorithm (GA) for edge detection of molten pool in fixed pipe welding. As circumferential butt-welded pipes are frequently used in power stations, offshore structures, and process industries, it is important to investigate the characteristic of the welding process. In pipe welding using constant arc current and welding speed, the bead width becomes wider as the circumferential welding of small-diameter pipes progresses. In order to avoid the errors and to maintain the uniform weld bead over the entire circumference of the pipe, the welding conditions should be controlled as the welding proceeds. This research studies the intelligent welding process of aluminum alloy pipe 6063S-T5 in fixed position using the AC welding machine. The monitoring system used an omnidirectional camera to monitor backside image of molten pool. A method of optimization for image processing algorithm using GA was proposed and has been implemented into a process to recognize the edge of molten pool. The result of detection, which is back bead width, was delivered into a fuzzy inference system to control welding speed. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the control system that is confirmed by a sound weld of the experimental results.     

Theoretical and experimental study of microstructures and weld pool geometry during GTAW of 304 stainless steel

In this work, temperature field and weld pool geometry during gas tungsten arc welding of 304 stainless steel are predicted by solving the governing equations of heat transfer and fluid flow under quasi-steady state conditions. The model is based on numerical solution of the equations of conservation of mass, momentum, and energy in the weld pool. Weld pool geometry, weld thermal cycles, and various solidification parameters are then calculated by means of the model predictions. The model considers the effects of various process parameters including welding speed and heat input. It is found that the weld pool geometry, predicted by the proposed model, is in reasonable agreement with the corresponding experimentally measured ones. In addition, the solidification behavior of the weld pool can be predicted properly by the model predictions.