气候变化和人类活动对东鱼河流域径流影响的探析

20世纪80年代以来,山东东鱼河流域径流出现显著减小趋势,本文运用Mann-Whitney-Pettitt突变点分析法和Mann-Kendall检验法对东鱼河流域降水量和径流量序列突变点进行分析,并通过弹性系数法和水文模拟法对气候变化和人类活动对东鱼河流域径流的影响过程及结果进行探讨。结果表明,人类活动是引起东鱼河流域径流量减小的主要原因。     

近50 a玛纳斯河流域上游气候变化的分析

根据玛纳斯河流域上游肯斯瓦特水文站1959—2008年气温、降水量及1984—2000年蒸发量观测资料,运用线性回归、Pearson相关系数、5 a滑动平均、Mann-Kendall检验以及Morlet小波分析方法对流域上游气候变化特征进行分析。结果表明①近50 a玛纳斯河流域上游气候总体趋向于暖湿,其中年均气温显著升高,且年内气温变化存在明显的季节差异,夏、秋两季增温趋势显著,降水量总体也呈增加趋势,但不够显著,且年内分配不均匀,降水量主要集中在春、夏两季;②近20 a流域年蒸发量围绕均值1 651.2 mm上下波动,总体呈微小增加趋势;③气温和降水量在20世纪90年代期间发生由低向高的突变,并且存在明显的年际周期变化。     

近50a来窟野河流域水文情势变化研究

对窟野河流域1966—2012年降水量、径流量以及降水—径流量关系的变化趋势进行了分析,通过建立SIMHYD模型,研究了气候变化和人类活动对窟野河流域径流的影响程度。结果表明:近50 a来流域径流量呈显著减少趋势;降水量虽然没有明显变化,但是1999年以后降雨强度减小;1998年后流域产流条件发生了很大变化;近几十年来,人类活动是窟野河流域径流量减少的主要因素。     

窟野河、秃尾河、佳芦河流域1966-2010年降水变化特征分析

分析了榆林地区窟野河、秃尾河、佳芦河流域1966-2010年降水变化特征及集中期,利用IDW空间插值法研究降雨的时空分布规律,并通过Mann-Kendall非参数检验法和滑动t检验法对其突变和趋势进行检验。结果表明:榆林地区窟野河、秃尾河、佳芦河流域降水量总体稳定在400 mm左右,略有下降,降水多集中于7月中旬,不同时段降水量均为自上游至下游递增。研究时段内,年降水未发生突变,这为当地水资源开发和生态环境改善提供了有利条件。     

河口镇-龙门区间主要支流水沙突变年代划分

利用Pettitt检定法,把降水量、径流量、输沙量以及初步消除降水影响的径流系数和产沙系数作为指标,以年和汛期为尺度,综合判定了黄河河口镇一龙门区间各主要支流的水沙突变点.结果表明:①采用降水量、径流量和输沙量等资料,通过Pettitt检定的方法可以初步找出河龙区间主要支流水沙突变点,采用消除降水影响后的径流系数和产沙系数来综合判断突变点更符合各支流治理的实际情况;②河龙区间各主要支流水沙突变点出现时间不尽相同,20世纪70年代、80年代和90年代分别有12条、7条和1条发生突变,仅清涧河流域未发生突变,最早发生突变的是延河流域,其次是无定河流域,突变点出现最晚的是窟野河流域.     

基于Mann-Kendall检验法的贺江流域降水量和径流量趋势变化分析

采用Mann-Kendall检验法对贺江流域近50年的降水量和径流量变化趋势和突变特征进行分析,结果表明:贺江流域降水量和径流量总体呈现上升趋势,全年、雨季上升趋势不显著,枯季上升趋势显著,通过信度90%显著性检验;③降水量和径流量突变特征基本一致,90年代之后,突变特征出现差异,径流量突变点明显较降水量偏多。     

探究气温对子牙河流域降水影响

针对在气温变化的情况下的子牙河流域降水变化，运用Mann-Kendall检验法和spearman相关系数法，对子牙河流域1961-2010年共50年的气温和降水量进行分析，对子牙河流域全年和四季的气温和降水进行趋势性分析、显著性分析，并分析两者相关性。结果表明，子牙河流域全年和四季气温均为上升趋势，且全部为显著上升，突变年份集中在1990-2000年；子牙河流域降水均成下降趋势，其中全年和夏季降水下降趋势显著；气温与降水呈负相关关系，气温的升高影响降水量减少。     

卫河流域年际径流变化趋势分析

文章主要采用Mann-Kendall趋势分析法,对卫河代表性控制站合河、淇门和元村水文站多年年径流量以及流域年平均雨量序列进行分析,结果显示:卫河流域年径流量序列有显著减小趋势,发生显著突变的年份在20世纪70年代初期;流域年降雨量有减小趋势,但变化不显著;人类活动明显改变了流域下垫面产汇流条件,流域径流系数呈减小趋势。     

1954-1993年间窟野河径流量变化趋势及其影响因素分析

采用窟野河温家川站1954-1993年的水文资料和降水量资料,应用多种统计分析方法,系统分析了窟野河径流的年内分配及年际变化规律及其影响因素。研究表明:窟野河流域径流年内分配极不均匀,主要集中于7-9月。径流的年际变化剧烈,且呈减少趋势,1980年代以后基本处于枯水时段,与降水量的变化趋势基本一致。从多年平均值来看,温家川站1973-1979年平均年径流量较前期减少24.6%,20世纪80年代以来径流量锐减,年均径流量较1973年以前减少38.6%。在各项水土保持措施中,造林对径流量的影响最大。通过降水-径流双累积曲线的分析表明,径流变化趋势在1973年发生系统性向右偏转,说明径流量变化受降水量和人类活动共同影响。     

焦作市1951—2010年气候变化特征分析

根据河南省焦作市1951—2010年的年、季平均气温、蒸发量和降水量气象数据资料,采用水文序列中常用的线性趋势拟合、Kendall秩次相关检验、t检验法和Mann-Kendall突变检验方法,分析研究焦作市近60 a来气候变化特征。结果表明:1951—2010年焦作市年平均气温呈显著上升趋势,在1993年发生突变,四季平均气温持续升高,春、冬两季升温幅度最大;年蒸发量呈显著减少趋势,在1971年发生突变,四季蒸发量呈波动式减少趋势,夏季蒸发量减少幅度最大;年降水量呈不显著减少趋势,分别在1960年和2002年发生两次突变,四季降水量持续减少,夏季降水量减少幅度最大。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.