苜蓿草地侵蚀产沙过程及其水动力学机理试验研究

利用人工模拟降雨试验，定量研究了不同降雨强度（45mm/h、87mm/h、127mm/h）下20°陡坡苜蓿草地的产流产沙变化规律，分析了苜蓿草地侵蚀产沙的水动力学机理。试验结果表明，苜蓿草地累积径流量和累积产沙量与降雨时间呈很好的幂函数关系，随着降雨时间的增大而增大。在45mm/h和87mm/h降雨强度时，草地径流量和侵蚀产沙量呈高-低-稳定的变化趋势，在127mm/h降雨强度时，草地径流量和侵蚀产沙量呈高-低-高的变化趋势。苜蓿草地的水土保持作用通过改变土壤的入渗特性实现，草地坡面入渗率与径流量和产沙量呈明显负线性相关。从水动力学角度对苜蓿草地径流剪切力和单位水流功率与输沙率的关系进行了分析，得出试验条件下苜蓿草地的临界径流剪切力值为2.857N/m2，临界单位水流功率值为0.0114 m/s，输沙率随径流剪切力和单位水流功率的增大而增大。     

颗粒间相互作用对宽浅坡面流输移能力影响的试验观测

流域上游地区的土壤侵蚀及与其相关的泥沙运移是影响流域地表径流水质的重要过程，被侵蚀的泥沙大部分由坡面流输移，目前的泥沙输移关系都是从剪切力概念或河道能量概念引出的，而这些概念却都是仅仅基于流体力学的。泥沙的运移都单一地依赖于水流剪切力或能量的阈值条件，这一理论的前提是：①泥沙初始运移需要的最小剪切力或临界剪切力，或者最小、临界河道能量；②泥沙输移率和剪切力或河道能量与其临界值的差值密切相关。这些关系或许可以用来描述泥沙在河道中的输移，却不能反映出泥沙在宽浅坡面流中输移的微观机制或物理过程。流域的上游地区，在上临界弗如德数的水力条件下，坡面流含沙量的变化范围非常大。在宽浅坡面流的试验研究中，泥沙按照逐步控制方式添加到坡面流中，并且通过测量来确定颗粒速度与含沙量之问的关系。在不同的水力条件下，存在最大的泥沙输移率，对泥沙颗粒运移的观测表明：泥沙输移方式是跳跃式的，在这些条件下，水流状态受控于包含了很大部分动能的滚动波，因此滚动波是薄层流泥沙侵蚀及输移过程中的主要能量来源。     

PAM 对扰动红壤水动力学过程的影响研究

为比较施加 PAM 后坡面水动力学过程的差异,采用人工模拟降雨试验,分析了不同雨强、不同坡度、不同土壤处理后的径流剪切力、水流功率和水流动能与坡面输沙率之间的关系。结果表明 : 土壤分离速率与径流剪切力、水流功率和水流动能 3 个水力参数之间均具有良好的线性正相关关系;施加 PAM 后红壤扰动土临界剪切力由 0.77Pa 增加到1.47 Pa ,临界水流功率由 0.182 4N/(m·s) 增加到 0.367 6N/(m·s) ,临界水流动能由 0.301 8 J 增加到 1.115 5 J ;水流功率是其中描述土壤分离速率的最好参数,其复相关系数明显好于径流剪切力、水流动能与土壤分离速率的关系。     

人工植被变化对坡面流水沙运动的影响

基于室内坡面流试验,研究了人工植被分布变化对坡面水流及输沙特性的影响。试验采用PVC管模拟植被,通过改变管径、分布方式来模拟不同的植被分布情况,包括"细管整齐排列""细管错开排列""粗管错开排列"等植被分布方式。研究结果表明,植被分布变化对坡面流扰动程度影响显著,使得水流流速、流态差异很大;对有淤积情况下的坡面流输沙率、拦沙率影响显著,而对没有淤积情况下的坡面流输沙率影响较小。     

植被覆盖下坡面流的水流特性实验研究

为研究柔性植被和刚性植被覆盖下坡面流的水流特性,用水槽模拟坡面,PVC塑料薄膜模拟植被,通过调节水槽的坡度和柔性、刚性植被覆盖度对坡面流的水流流态、流速、水流深度进行了研究。经过多组实验得出了大量植被覆盖下的坡面流水力特性数据,并通过数据分析,总结了在不同植被覆盖、不同坡度条件下坡面流流速的变化规律。最后得出,通过减小坡面流流速、增加水流水深、控制水流流态、选择刚性植被覆盖坡面,可减少对坡面土壤的水力侵蚀。实验结果对控制流域非点源污染和选择水土流失防治措施有参考作用。     

模拟降雨条件下开挖面土壤侵蚀测算模型研究

为科学治理工程开挖坡面水土流失问题,采用野外人工模拟降雨试验,设计了5种雨强(30,60,90,120,150 mm/h)和3种坡度(10°,20°,30°),系统分析了不同情景下雨强、坡度、径流率、径流流速、水流剪切力及水流功率同坡面剥蚀率之间的关系。结果表明:工程开挖坡面剥蚀率Di与坡度S相关性不显著(p 0.05),与雨强I、坡度和雨强的交互作用(I×S)呈极显著相关(p 0.01);采用3种常用的细沟间侵蚀模型来计算工程开挖坡面土壤剥蚀率,就拟合效果而言,幂函数型坡度因子指标更适用于工程开挖坡面土壤剥蚀率的计算;采用径流流速、水流剪切力和水流功率为代表的水动力学参数来计算土壤剥蚀率,就拟合效果而言,水流功率是描述其细沟间侵蚀动力过程的最理想水力参数。研究成果可为建立工程开挖坡面水土流失量预测模型提供技术参数和依据。     

基于ε-SVR的草灌被覆坡面流阻力模型研究

坡面流阻力是反映坡面流水力学特性的重要特征值。通过人工模拟降雨试验,获取45 mm/h、90 mm/h和130 mm/h降雨强度下,20°坡面草地和灌木地的坡面流水力学参数。以模拟降雨雨强、坡面流流速、坡面流水深、坡面糙率为输入,坡面流阻力系数为输出,分别建立了草地、灌木地坡面流阻力系数ε-SVR模型,使用网格搜索和9折交叉验证进行模型参数寻优。结果表明,草地、灌木地坡面流阻力ε-SVR模型的MSE分别为0.028、0.05,模型对训练集的平均拟合误差分别为4.68%、5.39%,对测试集的平均预测误差分别为7.35%、4.65%,模型总体预测精度较高,具有较好的逼近能力和泛化能力。该研究对于完善草地、灌木地坡面流阻力计算方法,提高侵蚀预报模型的预报精度等具有一定意义。     

西南陡坡山区坡面产流输沙动力学特性

利用运动波理论近似模拟陡坡山区坡面流,导出其坡面流基本方程,根据净雨历时与汇流平衡时间的关系,得到了不同净雨历时的坡面流近似解。假定在恒定雨强条件下,根据坡面汇流理论,提出了坡面雨滴溅蚀有效坡段概念,分析坡面流输沙受雨滴溅蚀作用和径流冲刷作用的主次关系,确定了Guy坡面流输沙能力公式的应用范围。     

坡面薄层流的数值模拟及在坡面流侵蚀研究中的应用

本文依据坡面薄层水流的动力波方程，由水沙动力学原理出发建立坡面细沟流侵蚀过程的模拟方法。采用动力波模式(一维非恒定流方程组)计算了坡度变化时不同细沟宽度下的细沟沟内流速，根据数值计算得到了细沟流动的Re数，以及相同净雨强和坡长下能够使细沟流速达到最大的坡度。依据泥沙运动力学的原理分析了这些结果在坡面流侵蚀过程中的意义。模拟结果表明，细沟扩宽过程对坡度和坡面表土临界起动流速的变化十分敏感。当细沟扩宽侵蚀在小区片蚀中占主要成分时，小区的片蚀总量常表现出与坡度和表层土使用方式的明显关系。     

黄土丘陵区坡面薄层水流侵蚀动力机制实验研究

根据人工模拟降雨试验，研究了黄土丘陵沟壑区坡面侵蚀水动力过程。结果表明：薄层水流的流速～流量、阻力系数～雷诺数及弗罗德数～雷诺数等3种关系均呈幂函数形式，除阻力系数～雷诺数关系递减外，其余均呈递增。降雨所形成的坡面流属过渡流和紊流，坡面流在时空分布上是非稳定和非均匀的，是在下垫面和降雨影响下严重受扰的扰动流，且具有急流的特点。薄层水流的这种流态特征是侵蚀形成的动力原因。分析了径流量与坡度、雨强，产沙量与坡度、雨强及径流量之间的关系，对深入揭示坡面侵蚀产沙规律有重要的意义。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.