一层随机分布的异向材料小椭球粒子的极化散射特征

该文推导了异向材料(Metamaterial)小椭球粒子的复散射振幅函数。构造了一层随机取向的异向材料小椭球粒子全极化散射的Mueller矩阵解。计算和比较了异向材料粒子和通常介质粒子的散射特性、同极化后向散射系数hh, vv, 以及hh－vv 随频率的变化。计算了任一椭圆极化入射下一层非均匀取向的随机分布异向材料粒子的同极化和交叉极化后向散射系数,以及随机粒子产生散射场去极化的极化度。解释了异向材料的媒质参数对粒子散射特性的影响和一层粒子的散射机理。结果表明:与通常介质粒子比较,异向材料粒子的散射产生了特征方向性的增强,全极化散射呈现非对称模式,并且由于异向材料的 和与频率的特殊关系,一层异向材料粒子的hh－vv 随频率有显著的复杂变化。     

A Study of Backscattering and Emission from Closely Packed Inhomogeneous Media

The effects of close spacing between small scattering spheres were examined by keeping the distance-dependent terms in the expressions for the transverse scattered fields. The phase matrix was then derived from these fields and was used in the radiative transfer formulation to model scattering and emission from a densely populated, inhomogeneous layer. Computed results were compared with those obtained when the phase matrix was specialized to the far-field condition. It was found that the use of the far-zone condition tended to underestimate both the level of the copolarized backscattering and the cross-polarized backscattering. In emission computations, the use of the far-zone condition overestimated the level of the brightness temperature. hese effecit decreased with a decrease in the volume fraction or an increase in the exploring frequency, as expected. An improvement on the snow parameter (density and crystal size) estimation was shown to be possible when this new phase matrix was used.     

Paddy Fields as Electrically Dense Media: Theoretical Modeling and Measurement Comparisons

Early models for paddy fields consist of a single-layered medium in which coherent effects within clusters of leaves are considered but multiple volume scattering is not. In this paper, the paddy canopy is modeled as a multilayered dense discrete random medium consisting of cylindrical and needle-shaped scatterers. Consideration is given to the coherent and near-field effects of the closely spaced scatterers through the Dense Medium Phase and Amplitude Correction Theory and Fresnel corrections, respectively, in the phase matrix. Then, this dense medium phase matrix is applied in the radiative transfer equations and solved up to the second order to consider double-volume scattering. Ground truth measurements of paddy fields were acquired at Sungai Burung, Selangor, Malaysia, for an entire season from the early vegetative stage of the plants to their reproductive stage. Measured parameters are used in the theoretical model to calculate the backscattering coefficients of paddy fields. Theoretical analysis of the simulation results shows in particular that second-order effects are important for cross-polarized backscatter data and that coherent effects need to be considered at lower frequencies. However, the use of needles to represent paddy leaves tends to underestimate the HH-polarized backscattering coefficients especially at the latter stages of plant growth, i.e., when the leaves are broader. The results are also used for comparisons with the backscattering coefficients obtained from RADARSAT images as well as that of earlier models to test the validity of the dense medium model with promising results.     

Electromagnetic wave scattering by a system of two spheroids ofarbitrary orientation

An exact solution to the problem of the scattering of a plane electromagnetic wave by two perfectly conducting arbitrarily oriented prolate spheroids is obtained by expanding the incident and scattered electric fields in terms of an appropriate set of vector spheroidal eigenfunctions. The incident wave is considered to be a monochromatic, uniform plane electromagnetic wave of arbitrary polarization and angle of incidence. To impose the boundary conditions, the field scattered by one spheroid is expressed in terms of its spheroidal coordinates, using rotational-translational addition theorems for vector spheroidal wave functions. The column matrix of the scattered field expansion coefficients is equal to the product of a square matrix which is independent of the direction and polarization of the incident wave, and the column matrix of the known incident-field expansion coefficients. The unknown scattered-field expansion coefficients are obtained by solving the associated set of simultaneous linear equations. Numerical results for the bistatic and backscattering cross sections for prolate spheroids with various axial ratios and orientations are presented     

A combined method to model microwave scattering from a forest medium

A novel method, which employs both a matrix doubling algorithm and the first-order solution of a radiative transfer (RT) equation for modeling microwave backscattering from forest, is presented in the paper. The method is based on the assumption that a forest canopy can be divided into a number of distinct horizontal vegetation layers over a dielectric half-space rough surface. The scattering phase matrix of each layer is calculated by either matrix doubling to account for the multiple-scattering effect or first-order solution of an RT equation, depending on the scattering characteristics of the layer. The first-order solution of the RT equation is used for the trunk layer while the matrix doubling technique is applied to both the crown layer and understory. The advanced integral equation model and reflectivity matrix are used to calculate the noncoherent and coherent surface boundary conditions. Comparisons between model predictions and field measurements on radar backscattering coefficients for a walnut orchard showed a good agreement at both L-band and X-band and for all three polarizations. Comparative analyses of model predictions for backscattering from a forest medium calculated using the combined model, first-order RT model, and the standard matrix doubling model were also presented. Understory effects, that can significantly change the weight of each scattering mechanism, were also evaluated by using the combined method.     

一层非均匀随机取向非球形粒子的全极化散射

本文推导了非均匀随机取向非球形粒子散射矩阵的各个元素,得到了矢量辐射传输方程中非对角化的消光矩阵,以及相矩阵。用矢量辐射的积分方程和Mueller矩阵,计算一层非均匀随机取向非球形粒子的全极化散射,讨论了任一极化的同极化和去极化后向散射系数、极化度,VV和hh波之间的相位差,及其与各有关参数的定量的函数关系。     

Narrowband acoustic Doppler volume backscattering signal .I. Evolutionary spectral analysis

This paper examines the statistical properties of the narrowband Doppler volume backscattering process and analyzes its evolutionary spectrum. After clarifying the mechanism of both the finite duration Doppler effect and the continuously space-shifted integration process, the first two order time-varying statistics under a more general assumption, i.e., von Mises distribution, of random phase are derived. The generalization permits nonuniform phase tendency, which occurs in layered medium scattering. Based on the locally stationary process model, the evolutionary spectrum of the signal is derived. It is shown that the variation of the backscattering strength enters the spectrum as an amplitude modulation, whereas the variation of the random phase distribution acts as both the amplitude modulation and the frequency modulation. Finally, the observability of the average flow speed using the spectral centroid estimate is discussed.     

Scattering of electromagnetic waves by a system of two dielectricspheroids of arbitrary orientation

By means of modal series expansion of the incident, scattered, and transmitted electric and magnetic fields in terms of appropriate vector spheroidal eigenfunctions an exact solution is obtained to the problem of electromagnetic scattering by two dielectric spheroids of arbitrary orientation is obtained. The incident wave is considered to be a monochromatic uniform plane electromagnetic wave of arbitrary polarization and angle of incidence. To impose the boundary conditions at the surface of one spheroid, the electromagnetic field scattered by the other spheroids is expressed as an incoming field to the first one, in terms of the spheroidal coordinates attached to it, using rotational-translational addition theorems for vector spheroidal wave functions. The solution of the associated set of algebraic equations gives the unknown expansion coefficients. Numerical results are presented in the form of plots for the bistatic and backscattering cross sections of two lossless prolate spheroids having various axial ratios, center-to-center separations, and orientations     

A matrix doubling formulation of internal emission from a layerwith irregular boundaries

A formulation for internal emission from a thermal scattering layered medium with irregular boundaries is developed. The matrix doubling method is utilized to obtain the upward and downward thermal intensities inside the scattering layer. The scattering layer is assumed to be a slab embedded with randomly positioned thermal scattering particles, and the upper and lower boundaries are assumed to be random rough surfaces. The developed emission model may be useful for the understanding of the internal emission problem where a radiometer is located inside an emitting medium with irregular rough boundaries     

二维分形海面雷达后向散射截面

本文中通过坐标变换,在局部坐标系中,建立起了散射场与入射场之间的关系表达式,推导出二维分形海面散射矩阵,利用此结果数值模拟二维分形海面的全极化后向雷达截面不同入射角的分布,并数值模拟了不同风向时,后向散射雷达截面的变化.发现四种极化方式下的雷达后向散射截面随入射角和风向分布图形完全相同,仅在数值上相差常数.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF POLARIZED SCATTERING FROM RANDOM CLUSTERS OF SPATIALLY-ORENTED, NON-SPHERICAL SCATTERS

Employing multiple scattering formulation of T-matrix method, numerical simulations are developed and applied to polarized scattering from random clusters of spatially-oriented, non-spherical particles. Polarized scattering is numerically presented for the functional dependence on particle shape, size, spatial distribution and orientation, and other physical parameters. Numerical calculations of backscattering from randomly clustered particles are well compared with that from independent particles and clusters. It can be seen that spatial distribution and orientation of non-spherical particles can have significant effect on scattering.     

Backscattering enhancement and clustering effects of randomlydistributed dielectric cylinders overlying a dielectric half space basedon Monte-Carlo simulations

Backscattering enhancement can exist in volume-surface interactions where a double bounce can arise from one volume scattering and one surface scattering. An important quantity to be determined in backscattering enhancement is the angular width. The authors study backscattering enhancement of the volume-surface interaction by performing Monte-Carlo simulations of scattering by vertical dielectric cylinders overlying a dielectric half space using the Foldy-Lax multiple-scattering equations. The results indicate that the angular width of backscattering enhancement for a scattering layer with a small optical thickness is of the order of the wavelength divided by the layer thickness giving an appreciable angular width of the order of 10-30 degrees that can be important for remote sensing applications. The effects of clustering of scatterers leading to collective scattering and absorption effects are also studied     

EM propagation and backscattering discrete model for medium of sparsely distributed lossy random particles

Electromagnetic wave propagation and backscattering from a random medium are studied. The random medium is modeled by discrete lossy dielectric scatterers, for which the dyadic scattering amplitudes and orientation statistics are known. A method is developed to compute the propagation and backscattering coefficients. The technique is valid for scatterers having characteristic dimensions comparable to a wavelength. The procedure is valid when the albedo of individual scatterers is small, that is, when the scatterers are highly absorbing. Numerical calculations for the propagation and backscattering coefficients are presented, and compared with the literature.     

Numerical eigenanalysis of the coherency matrix for a layer ofrandom nonspherical scatterers

By using the first-order iterative solution of vector radiative transfer in small albedo for a layer of nonuniformly-oriented, random, nonspherical scatterers, the Mueller matrix and coherency matrix are obtained. Eigenanalysis of the coherency matrix is numerically calculated. The eigenanalysis of the coherency matrix is proposed as a better method for identifying physical scattering mechanisms than direct inspection of the Mueller matrix. The functional dependence of polarimetric scattering is also discussed     

Analysis of scattering from rough surfaces at large incidenceangles using a periodic-surface moment method

The moment method is used to calculate electromagnetic backscattering from one-dimensionally rough surfaces at near-grazing incidence (angles of incidence up to 89°). A periodic representation of the scattering surface is used to prevent edge effects in the calculated scattering without the use of an artificial illumination weighting function. A set of universal series common to all elements of the moment interaction matrix are derived that allow the efficient application of the moment method to the periodic surface. Comparison with other moment method implementations demonstrates the efficiency of this approach. The scattering from surfaces with Gaussian roughness spectra is calculated at both horizontal and vertical polarizations, and the results are compared with the theoretical predictions of the small-perturbation method (SPM) and Kirchhoff approximation (KA). SPM shows the expected loss of accuracy in predicting the vertically polarized backscattering from small-roughness, short-correlation-length surfaces at large incidence angles. SPM accurately predicts the backscattering from the same type of surface at incidence up to 89° at horizontal polarization, KA provides accurate estimates of the scattering from long correlation-length surfaces as long as the incidence angle is small enough that surface self-shadowing does not occur. When shadowing occurs, KA severely underpredicts vertically polarized backscattering and less severely overpredicts backscattering at horizontal polarization     

Backscattering from a randomly rough dielectric surface

A backscattering model for scattering from a randomly rough dielectric surface is developed. Both like- and cross-polarized scattering coefficients are obtained. The like-polarized scattering coefficients contain single scattering terms and multiple scattering terms. The single scattering terms are shown to reduce to the first-order solutions derived from the small perturbation method when the roughness parameters satisfy the slightly rough conditions. When surface roughnesses are large but the surface slope is small, only a single scattering term corresponding to the standard Kirchhoff model is significant. If the surface slope is large, the multiple scattering term will also be significant. The cross-polarized backscattering coefficients satisfy reciprocity and contain only multiple scattering terms. The difference between vertical and horizontal scattering coefficients increases with the dielectric constant and is generally smaller than that predicted by the first-order small perturbation model. Good agreements are obtained between this model and measurements from statistically known surfaces     

植被电磁散射中后向散射增强的研究

本文应用直接求散射体散射场的方法，运用Ｍｏｎｔｅ－Ｃａｒｌｏ模拟技术研究了植被电磁散射中由植被层的体散射和地面层的面散射相互作用引起的后向散射增强。计算得到了不同高度的植被层的散射特性，给出了人们感兴趣的后向增强角宽度的量级。结果表明，在植被层较矮即地面影响较强时后向散射增强较大，由体－面相互作用散射引起的后向散射增强的角宽度较宽，约在１０￣４０度之间。     

Depolarization, Scattering, and Attenuation of Circularly Polarized Radio Waves by Spherically Asymmetric Melting Ice Particles

The eccentric spheres model and an extended Mie solution are used to formulate scattering of a plane, electromagnetic wave by a single melting ice particle as well as by a horizontal layer of such particles. The incident wave is left-hand circularly polarized, whereas the scattered wave, as a result of depolarization by the spherically asymmetric particles, comprises left-hand and right-hand circularly polarized components. The Stokes parameters of the scattered wave are calculated throughout the melting process. Furthermore, radar observables of backscattering and depolarization, as well as the specific attenuation, across the melting layer are calculated. The numerical application manifests how the internal spherical asymmetry of melting ice particles is imprinted on backscattering, forward scattering, and depolarization. Moreover, it is shown how each part of the melting layer contributes to the attenuation and depolarization of the radio waves crossing that layer     

A Study of Optical Backscattering Enhancement from One-Dimensional Rough Surface Using Monte Carlo Method

In this paper, according to Kirchhoff approximation, the optical backscattering enhancement of one-dimensional random rough surface, which includes fractal rough surfaces and random rough surfaces with Gaussian and exponential correlation simulated by Monte Carlo method, is obtained. It is shown that backscattering enhancement of random rough surfaces will increase with increasing the rms height of rough surface for a given correlation length. The angle width of backscattering enhancement is directly proportional to incident wavelength and inverse proportional to correlation length of rough surface. Complex phase of scattering field from superposed rough surface is uniformly distributed, none of the directions is of more overweight. The backscattering enhancement is also studied by wavelet analysis. The numerical results show good consistent with that of the relative references.