Experimental investigation on the online fuzzy energy management of hybrid fuel cell/battery power system for UAVs

The hybrid powerplant combining a fuel cell and a battery has become one of the most promising alternative power systems for electric unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). To enhance the fuel efficiency and battery service life, highly effective and robust online energy management strategies are needed in real applications.In this work, an energy management system is designed to control the hybrid fuel cell and battery power system for electric UAVs. To reduce the weight, only one programmable direct-current to direct-current (dcdc) converter is used as the critical power split component to implement the power management strategy. The output voltage and current of the dcdc is controlled by an independent energy management controller. An executable process of online fuzzy energy management strategy is proposed and established. According to the demand power and battery state of charge, the online fuzzy energy management strategy produces the current command for the dcdc to directly control the output current of the fuel cell and to indirectly control the charge/discharge current of the battery based on the power balance principle.Another two online strategies, the passive control strategy and the state machine strategy, are also employed to compare with the proposed online fuzzy strategy in terms of the battery management and fuel efficiency. To evaluate and compare the feasibility of the online energy management strategies in application, experiments with three types of missions are carried out using the hybrid power system test-bench, which consists of a commercial fuel cell EOS600, a Lipo battery, a programmable dcdc converter, an energy management controller, and an electric load. The experimental investigation shows that the proposed online fuzzy strategy prefers to use the most power from the battery and consumes the least amount of hydrogen fuel compared with the other two online energy management strategies.     

Multi-module parallel small battery energy storage system

This paper presents a multi-module parallel single-phase battery energy storage system (BESS). The single module BESS to be paralleled consists of only a full-bridge power converter. When the utility is in normal condition, the BESS serves as a power conditioner as well as an active power filter. It can be arranged to charge the battery bank or to share daily peak load. In any case, the current supplied by the electric utility can be maintained sinusoidal and almost in phase with voltage. When a utility power failure occurs, the BESS functions as an inverter to supply uninterruptible power to the load. With the good current sharing feature possessed by this BESS, a central power distribution control scheme with smooth current transfer characteristic is proposed to control the parallel operation of the multi-module BESS. The current sharing of each BESS module can be programmed according to its rating and the load condition. Designs of the power circuit and the central power distribution control scheme are described detailedly in this paper. The effectiveness and performance of the proposed parallel BESS are demonstrated by some experimental results     

Decentralized control strategy for fuel cell/PV/BESS based microgrid using modified fractional order PI controller

The concept of renewable energy based microgrid (MG) and its control has been evolved as key area of research in energy sector. In this paper, a decentralized control strategy based on modified fractional order PI (MFO-PI) and two-degree of freedom PI (2DOF-PI) controllers is proposed for efficient operation of an autonomous MG. The autonomous MG consists of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) & photovoltaic (PV) system as distributed generation (DG), battery energy storage system (BESS) as a storage unit and various AC & DC loads. The MFO-PI controller is utilized for controlling voltage source inverters (VSI) and 2DOF-PI is utilized for controlling various DGs and BESS. An evaporation rate-based water cycle algorithm (ERWCA) is employed to optimally tune the proposed controllers. To show the effectiveness of the proposed decentralized control strategy, a comparison of various performance indices such as overshoot, settling time and integral absolute error is made with PI and fractional order PI controllers. The results show that proposed control strategy is efficient in improving the steady state as well as dynamic performance of the system under all operating conditions by effectively regulating the real and reactive power flows among the DGs.     

考虑负荷动态特性的多阶段光储协调规划研究

高渗透分布式光伏（DPV）配电网中,对电池储能系统（BESS）规划研究主要基于给定的负荷和DPV,以BESS降低DPV波动对电网造成的负面影响,较少考虑负荷增长和分布（LID）。针对该问题,提出以短期规划经济目标为基础,结合负荷动态增长和随机分布特性,储能和光伏的时序互补性,构建多阶段规划指标体系,并提出不同阶段的规划策略,从而实现BESS和DPV的多阶段协调规划。最后对10 kV 36节点配电网进行仿真,其结果表明,DPV和BESS协调规划能有效降低两者配置容量;且LID在DPV和BESS协调规划中起关键作用。     

光伏电网电压不平衡及跌落补偿控制系统的设计

鉴于非线性冲击负载的影响,光伏电网母线出现电压跌落大、电压不平衡问题。提出一种基于三相VSC的超导储能技术前馈线性化控制方法。利用三相VSC变流器构建数学模型,如果简单地以交轴电流和直流电压来构建控制系统,物理上很难实现。所以文中以直轴和交轴电流来实现电流闭环控制,并在直轴电流环前置电压调节器实现了直流电压的前馈闭环控制。从而推导出三相VSC变流器的逆系统．并构造出伪线性系统。考虑建模误差、系统的快速反应和增强鲁棒性,采用内环PI控制器对伪线性系统进行综合。实现了交轴电流分量和直流电压的解耦,对该闭环控制系统计算机仿真的效果良好。     

一种适用于BESS的交错并联双向DC/DC变换器

针对现有电池储能系统(BESS)双向DC/DC变换器(BDC)电压增益低和开关器件电压应力高等特点,提出一种适用于BESS的两相交错并联BDC。该储能系统(ESS)能有效结合Z源网络和交错并联结构的优势特性。详细分析了该ESS的工作原理、Boost和Buck模式,并推导出2种工作模式下的电压变化比。同时对该ESS两相交错并联BDC的带逻辑判断单元的载波移相控制策略进行了详细介绍。在Matlab/Simulink中搭建仿真实验模型,验证了该ESS各工作模式下的主要工作波形。仿真实验结果表明该系统具有电压增益高、开关器件电压应力低和各相电感之间能实现自动均流等优点。     

一种适用于BESS的交错并联双向DC/DC变换器

针对现有电池储能系统(BESS)双向DC/DC变换器(BDC)电压增益低和开关器件电压应力高等特点,提出一种适用于BESS的两相交错并联BDC。该储能系统(ESS)能有效结合Z源网络和交错并联结构的优势特性。详细分析了该ESS的工作原理、Boost和Buck模式,并推导出2种工作模式下的电压变化比。同时对该ESS两相交错并联BDC的带逻辑判断单元的载波移相控制策略进行了详细介绍。在Matlab/Simulink中搭建仿真实验模型,验证了该ESS各工作模式下的主要工作波形。仿真实验结果表明该系统具有电压增益高、开关器件电压应力低和各相电感之间能实现自动均流等优点。     

Minimization and control of battery energy storage for wind power smoothing: Aggregated,distributed and semi-distributed storage

A battery energy storage system (BESS) is usually integrated with a wind farm to smooth out its intermittent power in order to make it more dispatchable. This paper focuses on the development of a scheme to minimize the capacity of BESS in a distributed configuration using model predictive control theory and wind power prediction. The purpose to minimize the BESS capacity is to reduce the overall cost of the system as the capacity of BESS is the main cost driver. A new semi-distributed BESS scheme is proposed and the strategy is analyzed as a way of improving the suppression of the fluctuations in the wind farm power output. The scheme is tested for similar and dissimilar wind power profiles, where the turbines are geographically located closer and further from each other, respectively. These two power profiles are assessed under a variety of hard system constraints for both the proposed and conventional BESS configurations. Based on the simulation results validated with real-world wind farm data, it has been observed that the proposed semi-distributed BESS scheme results in the improved performance as compared with conventional configurations such as aggregated and distributed storage.     

储能系统双向Buck-Boost变换器控制策略研究

为应对可再生能源出力波动引起储能系统功率流动方向的频繁变化,提出一种基于自抗扰控制和模型预测控制（ADRC+MPC）的储能系统双向Buck-Boost变换器控制策略。其中模型预测控制方法应用于电流内环,无需进行参数整定的同时,也提高了系统的响应速度;采用自抗扰控制策略的电压外环,通过在高频段降阶简化控制对象,达到降低自抗扰控制器复杂度的目的。仿真和样机实验显示当电感电流与输出电压参考值突变时,系统可分别在0.2与30 ms内迅速调整到给定值;当负载与电源电压突变时,系统能在20 ms内恢复稳定。实验结果证明该文提出的控制方法优于PI+MPC策略,具有响应速度快、超调量和波动幅度小的特点。     

A fuel-cell/battery hybrid DC backup power system via a new high step-up three port converter

In this paper, a fuel-cell (FC)/battery hybrid direct-current (DC) backup power system is proposed for high step-up applications. This system is composed of a newly developed non-isolated three-port converter, which achieves a high voltage gain by taking the advantage of a quasi Z-source network and an energy transfer capacitor. After analyzing the converter, a comprehensive comparison study and a design procedure are provided. Moreover, the controllers regulating the source power levels while smoothing the FC power profile according to the proposed energy management strategy (EMS) are designed based on the developed small-signal model of the proposed converter. Both hardware and controller design procedures are validated through the PSIM model of the whole system. As a result, it is shown that the proposed system can effectively couple FC and battery while transferring their energies to a high voltage DC bus according to the offered EMS.     

Neural network controller for a permanent magnet generator applied in a wind energy conversion system

In this paper a neural network controller for achieving maximum power tracking as well as output voltage regulation, for a wind energy conversion system (WECS) employing a permanent magnet synchronous generator, is proposed. The permanent magnet generator (PMG) supplies a DC load via a bridge rectifier and two buck–boost converters. Adjusting the switching frequency of the first buck–boost converter achieves maximum power tracking. Adjusting the switching frequency of the second buck–boost converter allows output voltage regulation. The on-times of the switching devices of the two converters are supplied by the developed neural network (NN). The effect of sudden changes in wind speed, and/or in reference voltage on the performance of the NN controller are explored. Simulation results showed the possibility of achieving maximum power tracking and output voltage regulation simultaneously with the developed NN controller. The results proved also the fast response and robustness of the proposed control system.     

基于三电平变流器的光伏微电网及其控制策略研究

孤岛运行的微电网常常具有可再生能源发电量时变、负载时变、三相不平衡等特点,为解决微电网的电能质量﹑稳定性等问题,本文提出适用于光伏微电网的三电平变流器结构及其电压内环,有功功率和无功功率调节为外环的控制策略。多机并联运行时,采用公共同步脉冲与均流解耦控制策略实现微电网全网范围内的变流器单机虚拟磁链的旋转同步。仿真和实验都证明了控制策略简单可行,电能性能指标比传统变流器优越,为四桥臂三电平双向变流器的开发提供理论基础、实验依据。     

Implementation of self-adaptive Harris Hawks Optimization-based energy management scheme of fuel cell-based electric power system

This paper presents a hybrid Fuel Cell-based Power System (FCPS) consisting of fuel cell and hybrid Energy Storage Systems (ESSs), including a battery with high energy density and supercapacitor with high power density to overcome the sudden load demand change and improving the reliability of the delivered power. Any hybrid power system needs Energy Management Strategies (EMS) to balance the power between the different energy sources. In this paper, a comparative analysis of three energy management strategies, including the state machine control method, the classical PI control method and equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) is performed. The paper's main objective is enhancing the DC-bus voltage profile of a hybrid fuel cell/battery/supercapacitor power system equipped with the developed under-mentioned EMS by using a hybrid modified optimization technique that combines Harris Hawks optimization (HHO) and Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA). The new hybrid HHO-SCA is employed to determine the optimal control parameters of the DC-bus voltage controller, which significantly assists in enhancing the DC-bus voltage profile as well as the performance of the applicable ESS in terms of improving efficiency and SoC. The effectiveness of the suggested control schemes is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The simulation results confirmed that the proposed HHO-SCA is superior and efficient in improving the DC-bus voltage.     

主从控制模式下低压多端直流系统稳定性研究

为探究影响多端直流系统稳定性的关键因素,针对电压源型换流器、直流线路、可再生能源和直流负荷等部分组成的低压三端直流系统,建立其相应的等效电路,并结合主从控制模式下各换流器控制策略,形成了系统整体的状态空间模型。其次,结合主导特征值对含可再生能源的低压多端直流系统进行小信号稳定性研究,对比分析不同参数变化时主导特征值的移动轨迹,进而确定换流器直流侧电容、控制器外环参数等影响系统稳定性的关键因素。在此基础上,基于Matlab/Simulink搭建含可再生能源的低压多端直流系统仿真模型,验证了理论分析的正确性。     

Control Strategies for Battery Energy Storage for Wind Farm Dispatching

Integrating a battery energy storage system (BESS) with a large wind farm can smooth out the intermittent power from the wind farm. This paper focuses on development of a control strategy for optimal use of the BESS for this purpose. The paper considers a conventional feedback-based control scheme with revisions to incorporate the operating constraints of the BESS, such as state of charge limits, charge/discharge rate, and lifetime. The goal of the control is to have the BESS provide as much smoothing as possible so that the wind farm can be dispatched on an hourly basis based on the forecasted wind conditions. The effectiveness of this control strategy has been tested by using an actual wind farm data. Finally, it is shown that the control strategy is very important in determining the proper BESS size needed for this application.      

一种用于光储系统的部分功率三端口直流变换器

针对光储系统提出一种三端口拓扑结构,该拓扑通过在基于移相全桥的部分功率变换器上扩展出蓄电池端口,来克服部分功率变换器抗输入扰动能力差的缺点,且蓄电池端口具备功率控制功能,有利于提高光储系统功率密度。首先给出电路建立过程,并给出功率传输的数学描述和小信号模型,给出变换器控制策略。仿真与实验结果表明,变换器的电压稳定性得到提升并实现最大功率点跟踪、充放电控制和负载电压稳定的功能,且在切载时具有良好的动态性能。     

A power allocation strategy of a hybrid energy storage system for a PV grid-connected system

针对光伏并网系统中光伏微电源出力的波动性和间歇性,将蓄电池和超级电容器构成的混合储能系统HESS（hybrid energy storage system）应用到光伏并网系统中可以实现光伏功率平滑、能量平衡以及提高并网电能质量。在同时考虑蓄电池的功率上限和超级电容的荷电状态（SOC）的情况下,对混合储能系统提出了基于超级电容SOC的功率分配策略;该策略以超级电容的SOC和功率分配单元的输出功率作为参考值,对混合储能系统充放电过程进行设计。超级电容和蓄电池以Bi-direction DC/DC变换器与500 V直流母线连接,其中超级电容通过双闭环控制策略对直流母线电压进行控制。仿真结果表明,所提功率分配策略能对混合储能系统功率合理分配,而且实现了单位功率因数并网,稳定了直流母线电压。     

Fuzzy dispatching of solar energy in distribution system

This paper presents a novel approach for solar energy using in distribution system as distributed generation (DG) unit. A nonlinear fuzzy controller tunes the modulation index of PWM inverter to feed the load in the grid via photovoltaic arrays. The controller also dispatches two dc sources to control input of inverter. The proposed system controls the voltage even during changing sunlight voltage condition or unbalanced load. A low pass LC filter is linked to the output of voltage source converter to bypass switching harmonics. The evolutionary method based on fuzzy theory is used to determine the value of modulation index and disperse the sources from a fuzzy rule-based defined on load voltage error of the point of common coupling. This system gives a full flexibility to the grid to obtain power from the solar photovoltaic units depending on its cost and load requirement at any given time. Simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of performance of proposed method.     

基于MMC-PET的直流微电网综合控制策略

为提升智能配电网电能质量,提出一种基于模块化多电平型电力电子变压器的直流微网构架及其综合控制策略,对分布式电源并网方式进行简化,设计MMC-PET及风光储系统的控制器,对智能配电网中电压深度跌落、三相不平衡等电能质量问题进行治理。在PSCAD/EMTDC平台搭建基于MMC-PET的直流微网风光储系统仿真模型,进行仿真分析总结,结果表明该方法很大程度地提高了新能源接入适应性,具备更快的动态响应速度和更强的鲁棒性,能有效改善智能配电网电能质量。     

Combined operation of DC isolated distribution and PV systems for supplying unbalanced AC loads

This paper describes a DC isolated network which is fed by distributed generation (DG) from photovoltaic (PV) renewable sources to supply unbalanced AC loads. The battery energy storage bank has been connected to the DC network via DC/DC converter called storage converter to control the network voltage and optimize the operation of the PV generation units. The PV units are connected to the DC network via its own DC/DC converter called PV converter to ensure the required power flow. The unbalanced AC loads are connected to the DC network via its own DC/AC converter called load converter without transformer. This paper proposes a novel control strategy for storage converter which has a DC voltage droop regulator. Also a novel control system based on Clarke and Park rotating frame has been proposed for load converters. In this paper, the proposed operation method is demonstrated by simulation of power transfer between PV units, unbalanced AC loads and battery units. The simulation results based on PSCAD/EMTDC software show that DC isolated distribution system including PV units can provide the balanced voltages to supply unbalanced AC loads.