Flow field studies of a new series of turbulent premixed stratified flames

This paper presents a new burner design for lean premixed stratified combustion for experiments to validate models for numerical simulations. The burner demonstrates combustion phenomena relevant to technological applications, where flames are often turbulent, lean premixed, and stratified. The generic burner was designed for high Reynolds number flows and can stabilize a variety of different lean premixed flames. The burner’s design and its versatile operational conditions are introduced. Shear, stratification, and fuel type are parametrically varied to provide a sound database of related flow configurations. Reacting and corresponding non-reacting configurations are examined. Experimental setups and the results of laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) and particle image velocimetry (PIV) are presented and discussed. LDV measurements provide radial profiles of mean axial velocity, mean radial velocity, and turbulent kinetic energy as well as integral time scales. High-speed PIV is introduced as a novel technique to determine integral time and length scales and provide 2D 2-component velocity fields and related quantities, such as vorticity.     

Experimental Investigation of Flow Instabilities in a Laminar Separation Bubble

The present paper reports the results of a detailed experimental study aimed at investigating the dynamics of a laminar separation bubble, from the origin of separation up to the breakdown to turbulence of the large scale co- herent structures generated as a consequence of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability process. Measurements have been performed along a fiat plate installed within a double contoured test section, designed to produce an adverse pressure gradient typical of Ultra-High-Lift turbine blade profiles, which induces the formation of a laminar separation bubble at low Reynolds number condition. Measurements have been carried out by means of comple- mentary techniques： hot-wire （HW） anemometry, Laser Doppler Velocirnetry （LDV） and Particle Image Veloci- metry （PIV）. The high accuracy 2-dimensional LDV results allow investigating reverse flow magnitude and both Reynolds normal and shear stress distributions along the separated flow region, while the high frequency response of the HW anemometer allows analyzing the amplification process of flow oscillations induced by instability mechanisms. PIV results complement the flow field analysis providing information on the generation and evolu- tion of the large scale coherent structures shed as a consequence of the separated shear layer roll-up, through in- stantaneous velocity vector maps. The simultaneous analysis of the data obtained by means of the different meas- uring techniques allows an in depth view of the instability mechanisms involved in the transition/reattachrnent processes of the separated shear layer.     

丙烷/空气扩散火焰流场的PIV试验研究

为了研究燃烧火焰结构及其内部流动特征,利用粒子成像速度仪(PIV)对丙烷/空气扩散燃烧的流场进行了测量。并进行了冷、热态流场的对比,结果分析表明:热态回流区的速度明显的增大,回流区中心位置稍偏下,速度梯度大,更紊乱,并且沿轴向速度衰减慢。     

扩散燃烧流场测量的PIV应用研究

为了研究燃烧火焰结构及其内部流动状况,考察其在燃烧喷嘴前回流区冷态试验模拟中和实际燃烧状况下的差别,利用二维粒子成像速度仪(PIV)对带钝体燃烧器中的丙烷／空气扩散燃烧的流场进行了测量,实现了火焰内部流动的可视化．通过对热态流场与相应冷态流场的对比分析表明,在复杂燃烧中冷态流场模拟与实际燃烧过程中的流动存在较大差别,实际燃烧中的流动状况变得紊乱,回流区在长度和宽度上都明显增大．     

内燃机缸内流场的全场测试实验研究

传统的单点测量技术只能获得流场中某一点的瞬时流速，对于非稳态的内燃机缸内流场，这显然是不够的。本文将粒子图像测速技术用于研究内燃机缸内流场，可以测定某一瞬时的缸内流场全场流速分布。开发成功的实验装置可模拟四冲程发动机的缸内流动，并适合于用粒子图像测速技术来测定缸内及燃烧室内的流场。实验系统采用短间隔多脉冲激光，使照相底片曝光来拍摄流场照片，然后用ＰＩＶ照片分析处理系统对其显微放大，直接读取示踪粒子的位移，使粒子像对的判别更准确容易。实验结果表明，这种实验系统是可行而实用的。     

Cold flow characteristics of a novel bluff body hydrogen burner

The cold flow characteristics of a novel partial premixed bluff body (PPBB) low NO_x burner, capable of operating with hydrogen as well as methane-hydrogen blends, were investigated numerically. The PPBB burner features a frustum shaped conical bluff body generating a flame stabilizing recirculation zone. Fuel is partially premixed via jets in an accelerating cross-flow. Steady-state and transient non-reacting simulations using five different turbulence models, i.e. standard k-ε, realizable k-ε, shear stress transport (SST) k-ω, stress-blended eddy simulation (SBES) and large eddy simulation (LES), were conducted. The simulations were validated against particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements of an unconfined non-reacting flow. All turbulent models were able to predict the recirculation zone length in good agreement with the experimental data. However, only scale resolving simulations could reproduce velocity magnitudes with sufficient accuracy. Time averaged and instantaneous results from the scale resolving simulation were analysed in order to investigate flow characteristics that are special about the PPBB burner design and of relevance for the combustion process. Two different burner configurations were studied and their effects on the flow field were examined. The recirculation zone volume as well as the entrainment into the wall jet around the bluff body were found to correlate with the elevation of the bluff body relative to the burner throat. Both of these parameters are expected to have a strong impact on the overall NO_x emission, since the near burner region is typically one of the main contributors to the NO_x formation.     

Flow field measurements in the cavity of a trapped vortex combustor using PIV

The experimental research on cavity flow field plays an important part in the structural design and optimization study of trapped vortex combustor (TVC). Many of the previous flow field experiments were conducted in the cold condition instead of during combustion. This paper adopting PIV system and Lambda-2 vortex criterion in-vestigates the influence of various factors, such as equivalent ratio in the cavity, air intake parameter in the cavity, mainstream air intake parameter and mainstream holder structure, on cavity flow field for a TVC using methane as the fuel. The experimental research showed that cold-condition flow field differed from the combustion flow field, in terms of either vortex core position or vortex structure. Mainstream air intake velocity and cavity air intake velocity affected the flow field structure. U-type and V-type mainstream holders had significant influence on cavity flow field.     

Flow field measurements of a series of turbulent premixed and stratified methane/air flames

This paper presents flow field measurements for the turbulent stratified burner introduced in two previous publications in which high resolution scalar measurements were made by Sweeney et al.  and  for model validation. The flow fields of the series of premixed and stratified methane/air flames are investigated under turbulent, globally lean conditions (?_g = 0.75). Velocity data acquired with laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) and particle image velocimetry (PIV) are presented and discussed. Pairwise 2-component LDA measurements provide profiles of axial velocity, radial velocity, tangential velocity and corresponding fluctuating velocities. The LDA measurements of axial and tangential velocities enable the swirl number to be evaluated and the degree of swirl characterized. Power spectral density and autocorrelation functions derived from the LDA data acquired at 10 kHz are optimized to calculate the integral time scales. Flow patterns are obtained using a 2-component PIV system operated at 7 Hz. Velocity profiles and spatial correlations derived from the PIV and LDA measurements are shown to be in very good agreement, thus offering 3D mapping of the velocities. A strong correlation was observed between the shape of the recirculation zones above the central bluff body and the effects of heat release, stoichiometry and swirl. Detailed analyses of the LDA data further demonstrate that the flow behavior changes significantly with the levels of swirl and stratification, which combines the contributions of dilatation, recirculation and swirl. Key turbulence parameters are derived from the total velocity components, combining axial, radial and tangential velocities.     

Heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics in a swirling impinging jet

An experimental study on heat transfer and fluid flow has been carried out for a swirling round impinging jet. A thermosensitive liquid crystal sheet was used for the heat transfer measurements and the three velocity components were measured with LDV in the stagnation region for cases where the Swirl number Sw = 0.0, 0.22, and 0.45 at the Reynolds number Re = 8100. The formation of recirculation flow due to a swirl near the impinging wall was found to deteriorate the heat transfer coefficient in the stagnation region and results in a more uniform distribution of the Nusselt number with an increasing Swirl number. The heat transfer mechanism of the swirling impinging jet is discussed based on the flow characteristics of the mean velocities and turbulence quantities. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 34(5): 324–335, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience. wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20068     

合成气低旋流燃烧器设计与流动结构的分析

设计了一个合成气低旋流燃烧器,采用PIV技术对不同负荷下的冷态流场进行了测量,并比较分析了不同中心射流流速对旋流流场的影响.结果表明:流场中出现中心回流区时的旋流数与中心流速无关,高旋流与低旋流的分界点为S＝0.7;流场中的轴向速度、径向速度和湍动能均关于燃烧器中心轴线对称;中心轴线上无量纲轴向速度的分布与中心射流流速(负荷)无关,燃烧器出口下游形成一个发散低速区,有利于稳定充分燃烧;随中心射流速度的增大,径向速度成正比增大,湍动能明显增加.     

Large-eddy simulation of two-phase spray combustion for gas turbine combustors

In three-dimensional arbitrary curvilinear coordinates, an Eulerian–Lagrangian formulation is applied to large-eddy simulation (LES) of instantaneous gas–liquid two-phase turbulent combustion flows in gas turbine combustors. Three dimensional block-structured grids are generated by zone method and solving a system of elliptic partial differential equations. The k-equation sub-grid scale model is used to simulate the sub-grid eddy viscosity and the EBU combustion sub-grid scale model is employed to predict the chemical reaction rate. The gas-phase governing equations are solved with SIMPLE algorithm and hybrid scheme in non-staggered grid system. A stochastic separated flow formulation is used to track the droplet trajectories velocities, size and temperature history by Lagrangian equations of motion and thermal balance. Multi-zone coupling method is employed to transport data between interfaces. The influences of two different primary hole positions and three different fuel–air ratios on turbulent two-phase reacting flows are calculated. Predictions are in reasonable agreement with the measured velocity using PIV system and temperature, species concentration measurements at the exit. It is shown that the present approach may be used to study spray combustion flow fields for guiding the design of advanced gas turbine combustors.     

加湿湍流燃烧火焰稳定的速度场特性分析

1引言目前,湿空气透平循环(HAT循环)等先进热力循环成为人们研究的重点。此类循环在提高效率和减少NOX排放量的同时,燃烧火焰的温度降低了,火焰将愈加不稳定,所以对加湿湍流燃烧火焰稳定的速度场等特性进行研究是非常有必要的。目前燃烧实验研究大多是基于激光诊断测量技术基础     

Experimental investigation of turbulent boundary layer flow with surfactant additives using PIV and PDA

Drag reduction of turbulent water flow with surfactant (CTAC) additives was experimentally investigated. By using PIV and PDA measurements, the spatial velocity distribution of surfactant solution flow was clarified in a two‐dimensional water channel. With an increasing Reynolds number, it was found that drag reduction of surfactant solution flow is enhanced within the region of drag reduction. However, in the region of post drag reduction, the drag‐reducing coefficient approaches one without surfactant when Reynolds number is increased. In the near‐wall region, velocity profiles of the drag‐reducing fluid are similar to, but not the same as, the laminar profiles of the Newtonian fluid. When compared to the case of water flow without surfactant, the velocity contour lines of the drag‐reducing fluid run approximately parallel to the wall. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 34(2): 99–107, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20047     

内循环流化床颗粒流动特性的直接数值模拟

内循环流化床是一种新型式的流化床，采用多风室非均匀布风实现床料颗粒的大尺度循环流动，从而增强了颗粒的横向混合。内循环流化床已应用于城市生活垃圾的焚烧制能，其燃烧速度、燃尽率及污染物排放优于传统的链条炉或鼓泡床。但是，目前设计的内循环流化床普遍较小，还不能满足城市垃圾的处理要求．根本原因在于对床内的气-固流动特性，特别是颗粒的运动规律没有深入的认识。内循环流化床内的气一固流动属于稠密的两相流，通过试验手段，如PIV、PDA也很难获得床内单个颗粒的运动特征。因此，采用前言的DEM(Discrete Element Method)模型对二维内循环流化床内的颗粒流动进行直接数值模拟．模拟结果表明非均匀布风内循环流化床内确实存在颗粒的大尺度循环流动。图4表1参5     

河道滞水区植被影响下的水流特性试验研究

为模拟存在滞水区的河道内水流运动开展了水槽试验,采用粒子图像测速仪(PIV)测得不同雷诺数下无植被滞水区、不同密度刚性非淹没植被滞水区的流场,分析了滞水区内的环流结构及横断面上流速分布规律。结果表明,植被对滞水区的水流结构有较大影响,植被密度较大时,滞水区中无环流结构,横断面上流速符合双曲正切函数分布;无植被及植被密度较小时,滞水区中有明显环流结构,横断面上仅剪切层部分区域流速符合双曲正切函数分布。对滞水区内部流速采用线性分布公式拟合,说明植被密度较大时,雷诺应力是主导切应力,滞水区横断面上力的平衡机理与充分发展的剪切层一致;无植被及植被密度较小时,空间脉动产生的分散应力及二次环流产生的影响增大,致使滞水区内部流速分布发生改变。     

A vortex panel model for the simulation of the wake flow past a vertical axis wind turbine in dynamic stall

A 2D vortex panel model with a viscous boundary layer formulation has been developed for the numerical simulation of a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT), including the operation in dynamic stall. The model uses the ‘double wake’ concept to reproduce the main features of the unsteady separated flow, including the formation and shedding of strong vortical structures and the wake–blade interaction. The potential flow equations are solved together with the integral boundary layer equations by using a semi‐inverse iterative algorithm. A new criterion for the reattachment of the boundary layer during the downstroke of a dynamically stalled aerofoil is implemented. The model has been validated against experimental data of steady aerofoils and pitching aerofoils in dynamic stall at high and low Reynolds numbers (Re = 1.5 × 10⁶ and Re = 5 × 10⁴). For the low Reynolds number case, time‐resolved 2D particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements have been performed on a pitching NACA 0012 aerofoil in dynamic stall. The PIV vorticity fields past the oscillating aerofoil are used to test the model capability of capturing the formation, growth and release of the strong leading edge vortex that characterizes the dynamic stall. Furthermore, the forces extracted from the PIV velocity fields are compared with the predicted ones for a quantitative validation of the model. Finally, the model is applied to the computation of the wake flow past a VAWT in dynamic stall; the predicted vorticity fields and forces are in good agreement with phase‐locked PIV data and CFD‐DES available in the literature. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Heat transfer mechanism of a swirling impinging jet in a stagnation region

Heat transfer characteristics of a swirling impinging jet have been experimentally examined using a combined particle image velocimetry (PIV) and laser‐induced fluorescence (LIF) technique for simultaneous measurement of velocity and temperature fields. The present study shows that the radial width of the jet stretches with increasing swirl intensity, and that the stretching phenomenon contributes to the maximum local heat transfer coefficient. At the stagnation region, the flow near the heated surface is mixed intermittently by reverse flows toward upstream, and spatial distributions of temperature are correlated with instantaneous velocity vector maps. The dynamic behavior of recirculation zones, attributed to swirl number Sw and impinging distance, mainly determines the turbulent heat transfer at the stagnation region. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 32(8): 663–673, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.10120     

A study of the near wake structure of a wind turbine comparing measurements from laboratory and full-scale experiments

Wake flow measurements have been performed using the technique of particle image velocimetry (PIV) at stations downstream from a model wind turbine rotor, and evaluated against experimental data from two full-scale machines. Comparisons include both mean velocity and turbulent intensity cross-wake profiles at a range of tip speed ratios. The application of PIV to the study of wind turbine wakes is described in detail, including the steps required to ensure appropriate and accurate simulation of the flow field conditions. The results suggest that the PIV method is a potentially useful tool in the investigation of detailed wake flow, though significant differences are observed between wake velocity deficits at full- and model scale. These are discussed with regard to scale effect, the influence of terrain, model similarity, and the phenomenon of wake meandering and effective cross-wake smoothing.     

第四代DLE燃烧室流场特性研究

参照西门子的第四代干式低污染(Dry Low Emissions,DLE)燃烧室,设计了模型燃烧室,通过激光粒子图像速度仪(Particle Image Velocimetry,PIV)测量技术,对燃烧室头部出口流场进行了实验研究,分析了头部结构变化和入口空气流量变化对流场特性的影响。研究结果表明:两个主旋流器的旋流方向组合对燃烧室头部出口的流场特性有着很大影响;预混室RPL (Rich-Pilot-Lean)段的流量变化主要影响旋流器中轴线附近的轴向回流速度;入口空气流量变化对流场的影响主要表现在速度值上,但对速度变化趋势没有太大的影响。     

Shape of isolated bubble in intermittent flows in a horizontal pipe

An experimental study on the shape of a single bubble similar to those observed in a horizontal plug/slug flow was performed using visual observation and conductance probes. The results indicated that the shapes of the bubble nose and the bubble body depend on the Froude number defined by gas/liquid mixture velocity, whereas the shape of the back region of the bubble depends on both the Froude number and bubble length. The photographic images showed that the structural feature of the bubble head is related to the motion characteristics of the bubble. The transition from plug flow to slug flow occurs when the tail of the bubble changes from a staircase to hydraulic jump pattern with the increasing of the Froude number and bubble length. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 36(5): 276– 285, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20161