TC4钛合金低频振动钻削切屑形态和钻削力研究

为研究TC4钛合金低频振动钻削过程中切屑形态与钻削参数和振动参数对钻削力（轴向力和扭矩）的影响规律，基于一种自主研制的低频振动刀柄，分别采用单因素法和正交试验法对钛合金进行了低频振动钻削试验，分析了不同钻削条件下的切屑形态和钻削力，建立了轴向力和扭矩的经验公式，并对钻削力的影响因素进行直观分析与方差分析。结果表明：试验系统在低频振动钻削TC4钛合金时，振幅与进给量之比接近临界断屑值0.81时断屑可靠，排屑顺畅；低频振动瞬时钻削力呈现出规律的正弦波形，钻削力动态分量远大于普通钻削，轴向力和扭矩均值可比普通钻削分别降低10%~15%和15%~20%；进给量对钻削力影响最为显著，振幅次之，钻削速度影响最小；建立的振动钻削经验模型误差保持在10%以内，可以较为准确地对该试验系统所选参数范围内的钻削力进行预测。     

轴向超声振动钻削的钻削力和切屑形态研究

建立了钻削加工仿真模型,并采用麻花钻对钛合金进行振动钻削试验。利用ABAQUS软件进行轴向超声振动钻削仿真,试验验证和对比分析了轴向超声振动钻削在不同加工参数下的切屑形态和钻削力。仿真与试验结果表明:随着进给量和振幅增加,钻削力增大,但进给量对钻削力的影响大于振幅;无论是进给量还是振幅的改变,对切屑形态均有影响。     

超声振动辅助钻削技术综述

麻花钻钻孔是机械加工领域最为常用的孔加工方法。传统麻花钻钻孔加工中,特别是对一些难加工材料进行钻孔加工时,存在轴向力大、表面质量差等诸多问题。超声振动辅助钻削属于振动钻削技术的一种,即在钻孔过程中在麻花钻上施加大于15 kHz的高频振动,钻头的周期性振动改善了切削刃工作状况,可在一定程度上解决难加工材料制孔难题。介绍超声振动辅助钻削技术的分类、技术特点和系统组成的基础上,从动力学研究、振动断屑理论研究、切削力研究、精度及加工质量研究、在新材料上的应用和超声振动钻削装置六个方面论述了超声振动辅助钻削理论和技术的国内外研究进展。基于超声振动辅助钻削技术的发展现状,结合航空航天等领域难加工材料制孔技术的需求,从理论研究、超声振动系统开发完善、新材料工艺研究、专用超声辅助钻削机床开发以及超声振动辅助加工规范标准制定等方面指出了现有研究和应用中存在的问题并对未来发展趋势做以展望。     

C/SiC复合材料钻削工具载荷及磨损研究

采用HAM PCD焊刃麻花钻、KENNA CVD涂层麻花钻、金刚石套料钻(普通钻削与超声辅助钻削两种方法)三种工具对C/Si C复合材料进行了钻削试验,并对工具磨损情况、钻削力及扭矩进行了对比分析。结果表明:累计钻削深度lT=160mm后,套料钻普通钻削、超声辅助钻削磨损程度较轻,而HAM PCD焊刃麻花钻,KENNA CVD涂层麻花钻磨损严重。不同工具钻削加工时钻削力及扭矩随着工艺条件的变化呈现不同的变化趋势;采用套料钻加工时,与普通钻削相比,超声辅助钻削可有效降低钻削力及扭矩,最大降低幅度分别达到23%、56%。整体而言,套料钻超声辅助钻削加工时钻削力及扭矩较小、工具磨损较轻,是一种适合于C/Si C复合材料制孔的工艺方法。     

振幅对超声振动钻削力的影响研究

超声复合机械加工机理与普通切削加工有本质的区别。主要表现在超声加工是一种脉冲式切削加工,对延长刀具寿命、提高表面加工质量、改善刀具切削性能有很大意义。其本身的优良性能已经被国内外专家学者所认可。但是超声振动振幅的大小对孔的钻削质量和刀具寿命的影响非常重要。文中自行设计了一套超声复合钻削装置,且对超声钻削加工装置设计中存在的问题和关键工艺进行了分析,并对不同振幅对钻削力与扭矩的影响进行了对比研究。实验结果对超声加工有一定的指导作用。     

基于DEFORM-3D轴向振动钻削304不锈钢有限元仿真

难加工材料微小孔钻削过程中存在钻削力大、断屑难及钻削温度高等加工问题,而轴向振动钻削方法可以解决此类问题。基于轴向振动钻削机理,对轴向振动钻削的运动特性和变厚切削特性进行了分析。通过DEFORM-3D软件建立了轴向振动钻削有限元模型,对304不锈钢进行了振动频率为550 Hz,振幅为16μm,转速为3 000 r/min,进给量为50μm/r的轴向振动钻削和普通钻削仿真试验,对比分析了两种加工过程中的切屑形态、轴向力和扭矩等。结果表明：与普通钻削相比,轴向振动钻削具有更好的断屑效果,可以降低平均轴向力约48.1%,降低平均扭矩约38.2%。     

钛合金钻铰削孔加工试验

钛合金钻削加工时,容屑空间为半封闭型,尤其在加工深孔时,切屑容易堆积阻塞在钻槽中,妨碍切削液流至钻头切削部分,使钻削过程中产生的热量散发不出去,加上钛合金材料导热性差,易造成切屑过分堆积或黏在刀尖上,出现烧刀现象,导致钻削加工困难,为此,开展钛合金钻铰削孔加工试验.     

高温合金振动钻削断屑实验研究及机理分析

对振动钻削理论进行了分析,建立了振动钻削时断屑的数学模型,利用自制的振动钻削实验装置,采用不同的振动钻削参数进行高温合金振动钻削试验,对轴向振动钻削的断屑效果以及轴向钻削力和扭矩进行了研究,分析了各加工参数对加工过程的影响,发现振动钻削力随钻削参数的变化比较平稳,在大进给量或高转速状态下,振动钻削的钻削力比普通钻削力小得多。通过比较振动钻削与普通钻削所得切屑可知:振动钻削有利于断屑,切屑体积小,排屑顺畅。     

钻削GH4169高温合金薄壁件钻削力仿真研究

GH4169高温合金的薄壁钻孔与厚壁钻孔相比有特殊性,运用ABAQUS软件进行钻削GH4169高温合金薄壁件的仿真,研究钻削加工过程中钻削参数和工件厚度对钻削力的影响规律及变化特征,分析应力的分布规律。结果表明:钻削初期,横刃的挤压和主切削刃切削长度的增加使钻削力和扭矩增大;稳定钻削阶段,横刃切出后,主切削刃切削长度不变切削直径增加,钻削力和扭矩稳定增加;钻削后期,副切削刃参与切削,主切削刃切削长度减小,轴向钻削力和扭矩减小,但副刃与孔壁的挤压摩擦,曲线波动较大;钻削速度、进给量及工件厚度的增加都会导致轴向钻削力和扭矩的增加;钻削时的最大应力分布在横刃和主切削刃与工件的接触部位。     

基于DEFORM-3D的钛合金超声振动钻削加工特性分析

钛合金微小孔钻削时存在轴向力大、钻头易折断、切削热难以排出和表面质量差等加工难题,超声振动钻削将连续的切削过程变为脉冲式切削过程,能够有效减小轴向力、提高刀具使用寿命和提高孔壁加工质量。本文使用DEFORM-3D有限元仿真软件对Ti-6Al-4V振动钻削过程进行仿真,分析超声振动钻削与普通钻削的区别。在钻头直径D=1mm、转速n=1200r/min、进给量f_z=0.03mm/r、振幅A=0.016mm参数下进行仿真,结果表明:振动钻削轴向力波形、扭矩波形、切屑形态等与普通钻削完全不同,轴向力及扭矩明显减小,具有独特的加工优势。     

HIGH THROUGHPUT DRILLING OF TITANIUM ALLOYS

The experiments of high throughput drilling of Ti-6Al-4V at 183 m/min cutting speed and 156 mm3/s material removal rate using a 4 mm diameter WC-Co spiral point drill are conducted. At this material removal rate, it took only 0.57 s to drill a hole in a 6.35 mm thick Ti plate. Supplying the cutting fluid via through-the-drill holes and the balance of cutting speed and feed have proven to be critical for drill life. An inverse heat transfer model is developed to predict the heat flux and the drill temperature distribution in drilling. A three-dimensional finite element modeling of drilling is con-ducted to predict the thrust force and torque. Experimental result demonstrates that, using proper machining process parameters, tool geometry, and fine-grained WC-Co tool material, the high throughput machining of Ti alloy is technically feasible.     

Ti6Al4V钛合金枪钻加工的切削力试验研究

钛合金在深孔加工过程中存在刀具磨损严重和加工表面质量差等问题。本文采用整体硬质合金单刃枪钻作为深孔加工刀具,通过对刀具结构的分析和对Ti6Al4V钛合金深孔钻削的切削力试验研究,得到工艺参数对切削力的影响规律,结合制孔的表面粗糙度,优化了钛合金枪钻加工工艺参数。同时,通过刀具的磨损分析得到了钛合金枪钻加工过程中刀具的主要磨损形式。     

Micro-drilling of Ti–6Al–4V alloy: The effects of cooling/lubricating

This paper presents a series of experimental investigations of the effects of various machining conditions [dry, flooded, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), and cryogenic] and cutting parameters (cutting speed and feed rate) on thrust force, torque, tool wear, burr formation, and surface roughness in micro-drilling of Ti–6Al–4V alloy. A set of uncoated carbide twist drills with a diameter of 700 μm were used for making holes in the workpiece material. Both machining conditions and cutting parameters were found to influence the thrust force and torque. The thrust force and torque are higher in cryogenic cooling. It was found that the MQL condition produced the highest engagement torque amplitude in comparison to the other coolant–lubrication conditions. The maximum average torque value was obtained in the dry drilling process. There was no substantial effect of various coolant–lubrication conditions on burr height. However, it was observed that the burr height was at a minimum level in cryogenic drilling. Increasing feed rate and decreasing spindle speed increased the entry and exit burr height. The minimum surface roughness values were obtained in the flood cooling condition. In the dry drilling process, increased cutting speed resulted in reduced hardness on the subsurface of the drilled hole. This indicates that the surface and subsurface of the drilled hole were subject to softening in the dry micro-drilling process. The softening at the subsurface of drilled holes under different cooling and lubrication conditions is much smaller compared to the dry micro-drilling process.     

碳纤维复合材料/钛合金叠层钻孔质量研究

碳纤维复合材料(Carbon fiber reinforced plastic,CFRP)/钛合金叠层的钻孔机理不同于单层材料钻孔,钛合金切屑在排出孔外过程中会对CFRP孔质量造成损伤。为了探究CFRP在叠层钻孔时的质量特性,设计正交试验分析了钛合金切屑和切削参数对CFRP层钻孔质量的影响。观察了轴向切削力和力矩的变化以及钛合金切屑形态,分析CFRP层孔径超差和入口撕裂的机理。结果表明:大进给量条件下,高温、高硬度的钛合金切屑会对CFRP产生严重的侵蚀,是导致CFRP孔径超差的主要原因,并会增大入口撕裂程度;CFRP入口撕裂主要产生在切削速度和纤维方向夹角θ=45°的位置,低切削速度不利于切削CFRP,会加大入口撕裂程度。因此,应使用小进给量钻削钛合金层,使用大切削速度钻削CFRP层;在保证钻头强度的前提下,推荐使用具有较大容屑空间的钻头。     

钛合金TC4的钻削力试验研究

钛合金TCA属于较难加工材料,其小孔钻削尤为困难。为得到钻头直径、钻削参数（进给量、切削速度）和刀具材料对钻削力的影响规律,采用标准高速钢钻头对TCA与45钢进行了钻削对比试验,并用多元线性回归分析模型分别建立了扭矩和轴向力的经验公式。结果表明,TC4的钻削力比45钢大,钻削参数对钻削力的影响规律与45钢基本相同,即钻头直径对扭矩和轴向力影响最大,进给量次之,切削速度的影响最小。     

奥氏体不锈钢1Cr18Ni9Ti的钻削试验研究

奥氏体不锈钢1Cr18Ni9Ti属较难加工材料,特别是较小孔钻削。为了得到钻头直径与钻削参数对钻削力和钻削温度的影响规律,故用高速钢标准钻头对1Cr18Ni9Ti与45钢进行了钻削对比试验,并用多元线性回归模型建立了钻削力和钻削温度的经验公式。结果表明:1Cr18Ni9Ti的扭矩和轴向力比45钢大,钻削参数对钻削力影响规律与45钢相同,即钻头直径对钻削力的影响最大,进给量次之,钻削速度最小;1Cr18Ni9Ti的钻削温度比45钢约高1.4倍,钻削速度对钻削温度影响最大,进给量次之,钻头直径最小。     

PCBN刀具高速切削钛合金切削力和表面质量的研究

针对PCBN刀具材料和钛合金Ti6Al4V工件材料的特点,采用单因素试验法,对切削力和已加工表面粗糙度进行研究。通过与其它刀具材料作对比,证明了PCBN在高速、低进给量、低背吃刀量下切削钛合金可以得到较平稳的切削力和较低的工件已加工表面粗糙度。     

Design and experimental study of an end effector for robotic drilling

This paper presents the development of a drill end effector for use on industrial robots. The end effector has low weight and high rigidity. The drill end effector is fully programmable and will realize different drilling mode. The real-time force feedback can detect dull or broken bits, drill to breakthrough, and plot thrust force while drilling. Additionally, the end effector can also be equipped with a coolant/lubricant device. Based on the drill end effector, an experimental study on dry drilling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy and 7075-T6 alloy bimetal stacks was performed by using an uncoated cemented carbide drill. The hole quality (hole size, surface roughness) and thrust force were evaluated at various spindle speeds, feed rates, stacking sequence, and clamp force. This study indicates that the spindle speed and feed rate have an effect on the hole quality and thrust force by means of changing the temperature and plastic deformation of cutting zone. The results show that drilling 7075-T6 alloy firstly would be most efficient because of the high hole quality and the low thrust force. It was also found that high clamp force is helpful to improve the hole quality.     

Artificial neural network based tool condition monitoring in micro mechanical peck drilling using thrust force signals

Micro scale machining process monitoring is one of the key issues in highly precision manufacturing. Monitoring of machining operation not only reduces the need of expert operators but also reduces the chances of unexpected tool breakage which may damage the work piece. In the present study, the tool wear of the micro drill and thrust force have been studied during the peck drilling operation of AISI P20 tool steel workpiece. Variations of tool wear with drilled hole number at different cutting conditions were investigated. Similarly, the variations of thrust force during different steps of peck drilling were investigated with the increasing number of holes at different feed and cutting speed values. Artificial neural network (ANN) model was developed to fuse thrust force, cutting speed, spindle speed and feed parameters to predict the drilled hole number. It has been shown that the error of hole number prediction using a neural network model is less than that using a regression model. The prediction of drilled hole number for new test data using ANN model is also in good agreement to experimentally obtained drilled hole number.     

Study on machinability of additively manufactured and conventional titanium alloys in micro-milling process

Capability of Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology in the production of complex parts with high flexibility has led to the growing interest in their application as an alternative for conventional manufacturing processes. Despite the outstanding benefits of the AM process, due to their poor surface quality, the precision parts produced by this method generally need to be machined, ground, or polished. This paper addresses the machinability of AM Ti6Al4V titanium alloy parts in the micro-milling process with a specific focus on cutting forces, specific cutting energy, burr formation, and surface quality. Additive parts were produced by Electron Beam Melting (EBM) technique and were compared with the extruded Ti6Al4V parts in the micro-milling process. No significant difference could be observed in the cutting forces of both materials at chip thicknesses between 7.4 and 37.3 μm, despite the higher hardness of the EBM Ti6Al4V compared to the extruded Ti6Al4V. However, micro-milling of the EBM parts produced finer surfaces. Cutting forces and specific cutting energies of EBM parts were less than those of extruded parts at minimal chip thicknesses (lower than 7.4 μm). Continuous wavy-type burrs were formed in micro-milling of the EBM Ti6Al4V and were larger than those of extruded Ti6Al4V.