PMU-based Fault Location Technique for Three-terminal Parallel Transmission Lines with Series Compensation

Abstract

This study introduces a fault location technique for three-terminal series-compensated untransposed parallel transmission lines utilizing the three terminals’ synchronized data. The proposed technique is applicable for short or long lines as distributed parameter line model is employed and the potential couplings are considered. The fault location for both uncompensated line sections is obtained adopting previously introduced fault location technique. The faulty phases are required initially to be recognized for series-compensated transmission line. The adopted fault location technique for series-compensated line section is derived based on the resistive nature of the fault impedance. The obtained fault locations for each line section are compared with each other to distinguish the faulty branch and obtain the fault location. DIgSILENT Power Factory and MATLAB programs are utilized for simulation studies and required calculations. The obtained results prove the efficacy of the introduced technique.     

一种T形高压输电线路故障测距新方法

对T形线路的故障测距,现有方法都是先判断故障支路,再将3端线路等效成2端线路进行测距。但在T节点附近短路,尤其是经高阻短路时,现有的测距方法由于无法正确判别故障支路而存在一定范围的测距死区。针对上述缺陷,分别假设故障发生在某一支路,由假定正常的2段支路端的电压、电流推算求得T节点电压和注入假定故障支路的电流,从而分别求得3个故障距离。经证明,求得的3个故障距离有且仅有1个在0和对应支路总长度之间,该距离就是真实的故障距离,故障发生在对应支路上。该方法无需事先判别故障支路即可测距,在T节点附近经高阻故障时无测距死区。其测距精度理论上不受过渡电阻和故障类型影响,无需故障前数据,且对滤波无高要求。EMTP仿真结果表明该方法正确、有效,测距精度高。     

A new technique,based on voltages,for fault location on three-terminal transmission lines

A new method for fault location on three-terminal transmission lines is described in this paper. Through this method, the faulty line branch is determined and the fault point located in a reliable and simple manner. For this, to reduce mathematical errors, a complete line model including the various characteristics of the network is used and a simple calculation method is applied, based on a new concept referred to as the ‘branch factor’. The method only uses the main components (50/60 Hz) of fault and prefault voltage values measured at the three terminals of the transmission line. Moreover, this method is independent of the fault and prefault current, type of fault and fault resistance, as well as the synchronization of recording devices located at the three terminals of the transmission line, and the prefault conditions. This paper also reviews the sensitivity of this method to errors in input data.     

基于静态小波变换的 T 型输电线路行波测距方法

针对现有 T 型输电线路行波测距算法易受行波波速影响的不足,提出一种新的 T 型输电线路行波测距方法.采用 Clarke 变换将相电流转换为独立的模电流,对模电流进行静态小波变换(static wavelet transform,SWT)处理,实现各行波浪涌到达各母线端时刻的标定.首先利用首波头到达三端母线的3个初始时刻定义隶属度,给出利用隶属度实现故障支路判别的判据.运用已有的两端测距公式推导三端测距公式,实现 T 型线路故障点测距.研究了 T 节点附近的3种可能性故障情况,提出三次测距方法,使 T 节点附近故障测距问题得到很好的解决.与现有测距方法相比, SWT 具有时间不变性,故障点的测距过程中充分利用 T 型输电线路的三端测量数据,测距公式中不含波速,因此,所提方法具有测距可靠且精度高的特点. ATP/EMTP 仿真验证表明,所提 T 型输电线路行波测距方法简单可行,且不受过渡电阻、故障类型等因素的影响     

Low cost microcontroller based fault detector,classifier, zone identifier and locator for transmission lines using wavelet transform and artificial neural network: A hardware co-simulation approach

A low cost, fast and reliable microcontroller based protection scheme using wavelet transform and artificial neural network has been proposed and its effectiveness evaluated in real time. The proposed scheme, based on the hardware co-simulation approach performs all the functions of transmission line protection i.e. fault detection/classification, fault zone/section identification and location estimation. The fault detection/classification and zone identification algorithms use fundamental frequency current component to estimate a fault index. The fault location estimation module uses wavelet transform coefficients in hybridization with a parallel artificial neural network structure. For hardware implementation, a 8-bit ATmega microcontroller is used and interfaced with the simulated power system model using Integrated Development Environment (IDE). The scheme is tested on a power system model of 400 kV, 50 Hz three phase double circuit line with source at both the ends. Laboratory tests have been performed in real time for 20,000 fault cases including evolving faults with varying fault resistance, fault inception angle, fault distance, direction of power flow angle and its magnitude. The tests confirm the suitability and reliability of proposed scheme even with Current Transformer (CT) saturation. The implementation of the proposed approach on a low cost microcontroller with the lesser execution time, makes the prototype ideal for implementation on a digital platform (digital relay), thus leading to financial viability and sustainability of the protection scheme.     

基于参数识别的时域法双端故障测距原理

提出了一种基于参数识别的时域法双端故障测距原理。无需已知被测线路的准确参数,而将输电线路电阻、电感、电容等参数作为待识别参数,分别由线路两端电气量采样值计算沿线的电压分布,利用故障时只有故障点处电压相等的基本原理识别出准确的线路参数并计算出故障点位置, 克服了传统测距方法因线路参数不准确而引起的测距误差。该测距方法采用故障距离占线路全长的比例表示故障定位结果,该结果不受季节、弧垂等变化的影响,便于利用杆塔的地面距离估测出故障点位置。ATP仿真结果表明该方法具有较高的测距精度。     

A new fault location technique for two- and three-terminal lines

A method for the computation of fault location in two- and three-terminal high voltage lines is presented. It is based on digital computation of the three-phase current and voltage 60/50 Hz phasors at the line terminals. The method is independent of fault type and insensitive to source impedance variation or fault resistance. Furthermore, it considers the synchronization errors in sampling the current and voltage waveforms at the different line terminals. The method can be used online following the operation of digital relays or offline using data transferred to a central processor from digital transient recording apparatus. The authors start with a two-terminal line to explain the principles and then present the technique for a three-terminal line. The technique was first tested using data obtained from a steady-state fault analysis program to evaluate the convergence, observability, and uniqueness of the solution. The technique was then tested using EMPT-generated transient data. The test results show the high accuracy of the technique     

SVM based zonal setting of Mho relay for shunt compensated transmission line

Presence of shunt FACTS (Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System) device significantly affect the performance of protection system and may create security and reliability issues. This paper introduces a novel approach for zone identification in transmission line employing shunt FACTS devices such as Static Var Compensator (SVC) and Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM). The technique depends on the modified apparent impedance seen by the impedance relay for all possible operating conditions. In this technique the Support Vector Machine (SVM) is used for discriminating faulty zone (zone 1 or zone 2). In addition an optimization technique viz. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to optimize SVM parameters. A typical 230 kV system was simulated in PSCAD/EMTP software and the results show that the proposed scheme is secure, accurate and reliable under the wide variation in power system parameters like load angle, fault resistance, fault location, inception angle and compensation level.     

A single ended directional fault section identifier and fault locator for double circuit transmission lines using combined wavelet and ANN approach

Fault section identification and determining its location are important aspects to reduce down/repair time, speed up restoration of power supply and to improve the reliability. In this paper combined wavelet and artificial neural network based directional protection scheme is proposed for double circuit transmission lines using single end data to identify the faulty section and its location with reach setting up to 99% of line length. The proposed method requires the three phase currents and voltage to be measured at one end of the double circuit transmission line modelled using distributed parameter line model which also considers the effect of shunt capacitance. Approximate coefficients feature vector of the three phase voltage and current are extracted using discrete wavelet transform to train the ANN with Levenberg Marquardt algorithm. The proposed scheme involves two stages. The first stage identifies the zone/section of the fault and the second stage calculates the fault location from the relaying point. The proposed combined Wavelet and ANN based fault location scheme is also compared with ANFIS based fault location scheme. The test results of the proposed scheme show that the fault section identification and location estimation is very accurate and the average percentage error in fault location estimation is within 0.001%. This method is adaptive to the variation of fault type (both forward and reverse), fault inception angle, fault location and fault resistance. The main advantage of the proposed scheme is that it offers primary protection to 99% of line length using single end data only and also backup protection to the adjacent forward and reverse line sections.     

Study on FRT compliance of VSC-HVDC connected offshore wind plants during AC faults including requirements for the negative sequence current control

In this paper three new control modules are introduced for offshore wind power plants with VSC-HVDC transmission. The goal is to enhance the Fault Ride Thought (FRT) capability of the HVDC system and the connected offshore wind power plant during balanced and unbalanced AC faults. Firstly, a positive-sequence-voltage-dependent (PSVD) active current reduction control loop is introduced to the offshore wind turbines. The method enhances the performance of the offshore AC voltage drop FRT compliance strategy. Secondly, an adaptive current limiting control strategy which operates simultaneously on the positive and the negative sequence current is discussed. It enables negative sequence current injection, while at the same time respecting the maximum fault current capacity of the HVDC converter station. Finally, a state machine is proposed for the VSC-HVDC system and for the offshore wind turbines respectively. It coordinates the fault and the post-fault response during balanced as well as unbalanced faults, ensuring a smooth shift from the normal operating point towards the fault and the post-fault period. The test system consists of a two level VSC-HVDC link, rated at ±250 kV, connecting an offshore wind power plant with 700 MW generation capacity. Simulation results with a detailed EMT type model in PSCAD/EMTDC environment are presented.     

A Fault-Location Method for Application With Current Differential Relays of Three-Terminal Lines

This paper presents a new method for locating faults on three-terminal power lines. Estimation of a distance to fault and indication of a faulted section is performed using three-phase current from all three terminals and additionally three-phase voltage from the terminal at which a fault locator is installed. Such a set of synchronized measurements has been taken into consideration with the aim of developing a fault-location algorithm for applications with current differential relays of three-terminal lines. The delivered fault-location algorithm consists of three subroutines designated for locating faults within particular line sections and a procedure for indicating the faulted line section. Testing and evaluation of the algorithm has been performed with fault data obtained from versatile Alternate Transients Program-Electromagnetic Transients Program simulations. The sample results of the evaluation are reported and discussed.     

基于快速短接故障相母线熄弧装置的故障区段定位方法

快速短接故障相母线熄弧装置的基本原理是在系统发生单相接地时,迅速在站内将故障相母线金属性接地以限制故障相电压,从而实现熄弧。在配置有快速短接故障相母线熄弧装置的中性点不接地系统中,考虑原故障点消除与原故障点未消除两种情况以及过渡电阻的影响,深入对比分析熄弧装置动作前后故障路径与非故障路径零序电流幅值与相位变化特征差异,结合馈线终端设备,提出利用零序电流幅值比及相位偏移辨识故障路径,实现就地快速故障区段定位,并对定位流程进行设计。利用ATP软件进行不同故障状态下的仿真,仿真结果验证了所提定位方法的正确性。     

基于同步量测的谐振接地系统高阻接地故障区段暂态定位

谐振接地系统高阻接地故障发生概率较大,检测难度高,现有暂态分析及暂态区段定位方法不适合用于高阻接地故障。利用消弧线圈与系统对地电容间并联谐振的独特作用,分析了谐振接地系统高阻接地故障暂态零序电流与暂态零序电压的变化规律。研究发现,故障点下游各检测点暂态电流与暂态电压近似正交,而故障点上游检测点暂态电流还包含了与暂态电压成正比例的故障点暂态电流。利用同步量测单元采集的故障信息,计算各检测点暂态电流在暂态电压上的投影,若相邻检测点暂态电流投影分量之差超过一预设门槛,则该区段为故障区段,否则最末检测点下游区段为故障区段。所述方法完善了小电流接地故障暂态分析与暂态区段定位技术,数字仿真验证了该方法的可行性。     

利用两端电气量实现T型高压线路相间故障定位方法

采用分布参数建模,提出了一种利用2端电气量实现T型高压线路相间故障定位的方法。该方法利用保护测量到的电气量计算故障点电压,并在此基础上构造了故障定位函数,根据故障定位函数相位特性判断故障支路。在故障支路的故障点前后变化时,故障定位函数相位会发生唯一1次突变,相位突变点所对应位置即为故障点。采用分布参数建模,克服了分布电容的影响;算法设计中考虑了故障电压的影响,克服了负荷电流的影响;利用故障定位函数相位突变特性进行定位,克服了过渡电阻的影响。PSCAD /EMTDC仿真结果表明,该方法受故障位置、过渡电阻和负荷电流的影响很小,具有很高的测距精度。     

A new technique for optimal allocation and sizing of capacitors and setting of LTC

An iterative based strategy is proposed for finding the optimal rating and location of fixed and switched capacitors in distribution networks. The substation Load Tap Changer tap is also set during this procedure. A Modified Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization is employed in the proposed strategy. The objective function is composed of the distribution line loss cost and the capacitors investment cost. The line loss is calculated using estimation of the load duration curve to multiple levels. The constraints are the bus voltage and the feeder current which should be maintained within their standard range.For validation of the proposed method, two case studies are tested. The first case study is the semi-urban 37-bus distribution system which is connected at bus 2 of the Roy Billinton Test System which is located in the secondary side of a 33/11 kV distribution substation. The second case is a 33 kV distribution network based on the modification of the 18-bus IEEE distribution system. The results are compared with prior publications to illustrate the accuracy of the proposed strategy.     

一种不受波速影响的T型输电线路故障定位方法

为了解决行波波速的不确定性对故障定位影响的问题,针对T型输电线路,提出一种不受波速影响的故障定位方法。该方法主要包含两个部分:故障支路判断矩阵的建立和故障点的精确定位。首先,根据故障初始行波到达时刻建立一种新的故障支路判断矩阵,利用该矩阵的元素特征实现故障支路的判断,同时该矩阵不包含行波波速的任何信息;其次,在双端行波故障定位原理的基础上推导出一种与波速无关的故障点定位方法。理论推导表明,该方法两部分均不受行波波速的影响。仿真结果表明,所提方法能够准确检测到故障初始行波到达测量点的时刻,进而确定故障支路,并精确定位故障点。该方法消除了行波波速对故障定位的影响,同时,定位精度不受故障类型和过渡电阻的影响。     

Novel protection scheme of stator single-phase-to-ground fault for powerformers

This paper presents a novel stator single-phase-to-ground fault protection of Powerformer in parallel based on the fuzzy clustering algorithms. First, the direction and magnitude of zero-sequence current and leakage current are analyzed, and four fault characters are selected as historical data. Then the historical data are divided into two groups by fuzzy clustering algorithms, and cluster center of each group is calculated. The space relative distance among detected pattern and two cluster centers is finally calculated to discriminate the faulty Powerformer. Simulation results have shown that, under different fault conditions, the new scheme can distinguish reliably internal faults from external faults, and can detect stator single-phase-to-ground fault occurred in which Powerformer with resistance 5 kΩ. A 100% of the winding can be fully protected.     

基于准测距结果的输电线单相故障性质识别

提出利用单相故障恢复电压阶段输电线路两端电气量进行故障测距,确定故障点位置,从而通过故障点电压幅值进行故障性质识别。指出由于断开相恢复电压较低,测量会存在误差,导致测距也会有误差,因此对此测距称为准测距。利用准测距结果可准确判断故障性质。针对工程应用,提出了该方案的工程算法,计算分析结果证明算法精度能够满足工程应用的要求。该判据性能基本不受负荷电流、故障接地电阻、故障位置的影响,但由于需利用线路两端电气量,其可靠性依赖于线路的通信系统。理论分析与仿真实验验证了了所得结论的正确性。     

Travelling wave pilot protection for LCC-HVDC transmission lines based on electronic transformers’ differential output characteristic

Considering travelling wave’s bandwidth which varies from several kilohertz to hundreds of kilohertz, traditional current and voltage transformers cannot transfer whole bandwidth of travelling wave. However, electronic transformers, including Rogowski coil based electronic current transformer and capacitance divided electronic voltage transformer, have much wider bandwidth (up to 500 kHz) which could transfer almost whole bandwidth of travelling wave without distortion. Besides, secondary side’s output of electronic transformer is the differential signal of primary side. So, the integration circuit can be omitted when using differential travelling wave signal directly in protection principle. Traditional travelling protection for high voltage direct current (HVDC) lines is highly affected by grounding resistance. And the backup protection, such as current differential protection, has long operation time. So the paper proposes a novel travelling wave pilot protection based on the differential output signal of electronic transformers. Differential voltage and current travelling wave have axisymmetric relationship when the fault occurs at forward direction. Conversely, differential voltage and current travelling wave almost overlap when the fault occurs at reverse direction. Considering fault direction identification results of two ends, fault section can be determined. Besides, according to amplitude ratio of fault line and normal line, fault line can be selected correctly. The simulation results in PSCAD/EMTDC prove the correctness, sensitivity and reliability.     

Numerical algorithm for medium voltage overhead lines protection and adaptive autoreclosure

In this paper a new numerical algorithm for medium voltage overhead line protection and autoreclosure is presented. It is based on one terminal data processing and it is derived in the time domain. In the algorithm, the fault location and fault nature (arcing or arcless fault) are estimated using the linear least error squares estimation technique. An arc occurring on the fault point during arcing faults on overhead lines is included in the consideration of the problem. Additionally, by introducing the pre-fault load current in the existing model, better algorithm performances are achieved. The algorithm is derived for the case of a three-phase symmetrical fault. The computer simulation results of the algorithm testing are presented and, in particular, the algorithm sensitivity to arc elongation effects and processing of the signals in the presence of harmonics is tested and analysed.