考虑线路投入顺序的网架重构机组恢复多目标优化

合理的机组恢复顺序和可靠的恢复路径对系统的快速恢复具有重要影响。分析了网架重构的机组恢复过程,建立了新的网架重构机组恢复多目标优化模型。优化目标为待恢复机组提供的发电量尽可能大,并兼顾线路恢复操作的可靠性和对后续恢复的影响。通过设置优化问题的求解域,松弛优化目标的主次关系,并引入差分进化—分布估计算法(DE-EDA)提高求解效率。所述方法能同时给出Pareto最优的机组恢复顺序、目标网架重构方案及线路投入顺序。算例仿真结果表明,设置求解域可减少计算量,提高求解速度;使用DE-EDA获得的最优解具有更好的收敛性和分布性。     

考虑机组启动时限的大停电后初期恢复路径优化

电力系统发生大停电事故后,需要选择合理的恢复路径,尽快对电网中无自启动能力的机组及一些重要负荷节点进行恢复,进而实现整个系统的全面恢复。该文将系统恢复的目标网架重构和节点恢复顺序的确定统一考虑,结合经典的最短路径法与交叉粒子群算法来选择最优的恢复路径,以确定到达系统目标网架的恢复顺序。在该文算法中,考虑了机组在恢复过程中的启动时间限制,可保证尽可能多的电源点得到及时恢复,并对得到的目标系统进行潮流计算校验,对发生潮流越限的系统进行适当调整。以IEEE30节点系统和河北南网系统作为算例验证该文算法的有效性。     

计及关键恢复路径的机组启动次序优化策略

大停电事故后合理的机组启动次序方案有助于提高电力系统的发电容量， 加快电力系统的恢复速度。首先，文章介绍机组在恢复过程中的恢复特性， 分别对机组启动功率曲线和机组出力特性曲线建模， 其次， 考虑到电力系统恢复过程中关键恢复路径对机组启动次序策略的影响， 提出以最大化系统总有功容量为目标函数的机组启动次序优化模型， 通过对机组启动功率和机组输出功率线性化处理， 将所提出的模型转换为混合整数线性模型， 并通过高效商业求解器进行求解。最后， 以IEEE 39节点系统为例验证所提的模型与方法的有效性。     

微网作为黑启动电源的电力系统网架重构优化策略

微网是一种能够灵活容纳可再生能源发电的小型电力系统,一般具有高比例的可再生能源渗透率和利用率,具备孤岛运行能力。随着含高比例可再生能源发电的微网的容量逐渐增大,其作为黑启动电源为大停电后电力系统中待恢复机组提供启动功率的潜力得到越来越普遍的认可。在此背景下,对微网作为黑启动电源时的电力网架重构优化问题开展研究。首先,分析了含高比例可再生能源微网作为黑启动电源的优势及其可行性。然后,以最大化恢复系统的发电量和最小化微网内的负荷损失量为目标构建计及微网作为黑启动电源的网架重构优化模型,并基于节点重要度和路径恢复时间构建综合路径评价指标以优化待恢复机组的恢复路径。最后,以新英格兰10机39节点系统为例说明了所提方法的可行性与有效性。     

电力系统恢复中机组恢复的优化选择方法

系统研究了电力系统恢复过程中机组恢复的优化选择问题.提出了一种根据恢复过程的实际状况选择被启动机组的优化策略并给出了相应的数学模型.模型以恢复过程中机组发电量最大为全局优化目标,同时计及各种约束条件.该模型为一个典型的多约束条件的背包问题,通过采用基于数据包络分析模型的相对有效性评估的定性方法与利用回溯算法求解背包问题的定量方法相结合的方式,确定恢复过程中某一时刻最合理的被启动机组.所提方法能较好地权衡对所求解问题的快速性和正确性要求.算例结果验证了所提模型与算法的有效性.     

考虑线路操作时限和恢复概率的机组启动路径优化

研究了考虑线路投运时限、投运失败和机组投运时限的发电机启动路径优化问题。首先考虑线路远程操作和投运成功概率,建立了线路投运时限模型,求取了线路投运的时间期望作为线路的权值。然后研究了机组的启动时限、出力特点和进相运行能力,提出了机组在黑启动过程中的限制因素。接着以迪克拉斯算法计算最短路径,定义了机组综合优先级指标。算法实时考虑线路投运状况以贪心思想为指导提出了以迅速投运发电机组为目标的机组投运优化算法求取最优启动路径。最后应用IEEE39节点算例对所提出方法进行了分析验证。所得的研究成果对电力系统黑启动预案的制定和在线决策系统的开发具备参考价值和积极意义。     

考虑系统恢复能力的快速切负荷机组最优布点策略

具有快速切负荷(fast cut back, FCB)功能的火电机组在电力系统发生大停电事故后能够维持厂用电运行并迅速为停电区域供电，是一种性能优异的黑启动电源。FCB机组的布点策略会影响电力系统的恢复能力。在此背景下，建立了考虑系统恢复能力的FCB机组最优布点模型。首先，分析了FCB机组和非黑启动机组在电力系统恢复过程中的功率特性及其差异。然后，以最大化系统恢复能力为目标函数，考虑机组出力特性、FCB机组改造台数、恢复过程中电力潮流等约束条件，构建了FCB机组最优布点优化模型。采用线性化处理方法，将所提出的模型转化为混合整数线性规划模型，并采用高效商业求解器求解。最后，采用IEEE 39节点系统算例和IEEE 118节点系统算例验证了所提模型的有效性。算例结果表明，所提FCB机组布点方案能够有效提升系统的恢复能力。     

Optimal corrective actions for power systems using multi-objective genetic algorithms

In this paper, optimal corrective control actions are presented to restore the secure operation of power system for different operating conditions. Genetic algorithm (GA) is one of the modern optimization techniques, which has been successfully applied in various areas in power systems. Most of the corrective control actions involve simultaneous optimization of several objective functions, which are competing and conflicting each other. The multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) is used to optimize the corrective control actions. Three different procedures based on GA and MOGA are proposed to alleviate the violations of the overloaded lines and minimize the transmission line losses for different operation conditions. The first procedure is based on corrective switching of the transmission lines and generation re-dispatch. The second procedure is carried out to determine the optimal siting and sizing of distributed generation (DG). While, the third procedure is concerned into solving the generation-load imbalance problem using load shedding. Numerical simulations are carried out on two test systems in order to examine the validity of the proposed procedures.     

大停电后含分布式电源的电网分区及负荷恢复方案

含有分布式电源(Distributed Generation,DG)的电网在发生大停电事故后,为提高系统恢复效率,一般将电网进行合理分区,并采用分区并行恢复的方案。首先运用灰色决策理论选取了各分区的黑启动电源,结合最短路径快速算法(Shortest Path Faster Algorithm,SPFA)搜索各黑启动电源到待恢复节点的最优恢复路径;然后据此建立了兼顾恢复时间性和安全性的最优分区多目标优化模型,并采用多目标粒子群优化算法(Multi-objective Particle Swarm Optimization,MOPSO)对模型进行了求解。基于所得的最优分区方案,以构建初步网架为目标,结合遗传算法对各分区内的负荷恢复问题进行了优化。IEEE 30节点算例验证了所提方案的有效性。     

大停电事故后计及信息系统故障的机组启动次序优化策略

大停电事故后合理的机组启动次序方案有助于提高电力系统的发电量,进而加快电力系统恢复速度。由于电力系统调度控制高度依赖信息系统,在电力系统恢复过程中信息系统的故障会影响机组的启动次序。在此背景下,建立了考虑信息系统故障的机组启动次序优化模型。首先,介绍基于拒绝服务（DoS）攻击的信息系统故障,并分析机组恢复过程中信息系统故障对机组恢复特性的影响;然后,运用场景分析法处理信息系统故障时刻的不确定性,以最大化系统总发电量的期望为目标函数,考虑机组启动时间约束、与信息系统故障相关的辅助变量约束和机组启动功率约束,构建了机组启动次序优化模型,并采用线性化方法将所提出的模型转化为混合整数线性规划模型,采用商业求解器高效求解;最后,采用IEEE 39节点系统验证了所提出模型的有效性。     

大停电事故后计及信息系统故障的机组启动次序优化策略

大停电事故后合理的机组启动次序方案有助于提高电力系统的发电量,进而加快电力系统恢复速度。由于电力系统调度控制高度依赖信息系统,在电力系统恢复过程中信息系统的故障会影响机组的启动次序。在此背景下,建立了考虑信息系统故障的机组启动次序优化模型。首先,介绍基于拒绝服务（DoS）攻击的信息系统故障,并分析机组恢复过程中信息系统故障对机组恢复特性的影响;然后,运用场景分析法处理信息系统故障时刻的不确定性,以最大化系统总发电量的期望为目标函数,考虑机组启动时间约束、与信息系统故障相关的辅助变量约束和机组启动功率约束,构建了机组启动次序优化模型,并采用线性化方法将所提出的模型转化为混合整数线性规划模型,采用商业求解器高效求解;最后,采用IEEE 39节点系统验证了所提出模型的有效性。     

Power arrival evaluation of bulk system including networkconstraints based on linear programming approach

Several useful support tools of power system scheduling and planning are provided. A fast method is proposed and used to evaluate the generating units and transmission capability of a power system and calculate the optimal reserve of each demand side, based on a two-step linear programming technique. A new support tool for power system planning is described by using the parametric linear programming. This support tool quickly gives an optimal reserve curve of the system and also provides some diagnosis information of the systems weak location for the expansion planning and maintenance scheduling of transmission lines or generating units. The outages of generators and transmission lines are considered, and a method of estimating the reliability (LOLP) of a multiarea power system by making use of linear programming is presented. Several examples are used to verify the proposed methodology and illustrate the application. The results show that the approaches are simple, fast, and efficient support tools for generation and transmission capability evaluation or for the contingency testing of a power system     

配电网供电恢复决策的实时计算方法

提出了适用于实时控制的配电网供电恢复计算方法——节点一阶负荷矩法。该方法首先对故障元件隔离之后的“孤立岛” 求出所有可能的恢复供电路径,根据需要转移的负荷到各路径联络节点的一阶负荷矩的大小,确定最佳的供电恢复方案。开发了通用的计算程序,并对某10 kV电缆配电网做了模拟故障隔离与供电恢复的实时计算。计算结果表明该算法能够迅速、准确地求出最佳供电恢复方案。     

Determination of available transfer capability using multi-objective contingency constrained optimal power flow with post-contingency corrective rescheduling

In a new competitive electricity market, accurate information should be shared to provide nondiscriminatory access to all participants. Key information to determine how much power can be shipped through the network is dubbed available transfer capability (ATC). This paper presents a methodology for the calculation of ATC, which is performed through a fuzzy logic approach to parallelizing contingency constrained optimal power flow (CCOPF). This algorithm may be used by utilities to optimize economy interchange for severe contingencies analyzed without disclosing details of their operating cost to competitors. In fact, the main objective of fuzzy multi-objective CCOPF is to determine the minimization of both the base-case (pre-contingency) operating cost and the post-contingency correction times as conflicting but fuzzy goals. Also, Benders decomposition is adopted to partition the fuzzy formulation with contingency constraints, which allows for post-contingency corrective rescheduling, motivated by the improvement of the computational efficiency using parallel processing. The IEEE-30 bus system is employed to test the proposed algorithm and the results are comprehensively demonstrated by a distinct comparison between the conventional optimal power flow and the CCOPF with respect to the same array of transactions, base-case, and generation/line outages.     

Restoration islands supplied by gas turbines

The paper describes how gas turbine based plants (open cycle and combined cycle) can be profitably used in power system restoration for supplying restoration areas. In recent times, in fact, several gas turbine sections entered the power system due to the improved efficiency of gas turbines and to the development of high efficiency combined-cycle plants. These units can be easily improved to provide black-start capability and can therefore largely increase the black-start capacity of the entire system. Restoration islands to be used for minimizing the time to supply critical areas, such as urban and industrial zones, can support the usual restoration paths designed to provide cranking power to large steam units.     

考虑输电线路动态增容的增强型安全约束最优潮流

在复杂内外部风险的影响下,输变电设备的随机故障已成为影响电网安全运行的重要因素。针对现有安全约束最优潮流存在的灵活性或安全性不足的问题,提出了一种增强型安全约束最优潮流(ESCOPF)模型,采用输电线路动态增容技术,保证电网在预想事故发生后至校正控制生效前的运行安全性。并给出了一种基于Benders分解的求解算法,将原问题分解为预防控制主问题、动态增容校验子问题和校正控制可行性校验子问题。通过不断向主问题返回Benders割修正机组发电计划,最终得到满足所有子问题校验的最优发电计划。算例分析结果表明,ESCOPF模型能够充分利用线路输电能力,扩大电网安全运行范围,从而提升系统运行的经济性。     

Optimal Placement of Phasor Measurement Units with Linear and Non-linear Models

Abstract—This article presents a non-linear programming-based model for the optimal placement of phasor measurement units. The optimal phasor measurement units placement is formulated to minimize the number of phasor measurement units required for full system observability and to maximize the measurement redundancy at all buses in a power system. A sequential quadratic programming algorithm is used for the solution of the proposed model. The existence of power flow and injection measurements, the limited phasor measurement units channel capacity, the lack of communication facilities in substations, and the single phasor measurement units loss are also incorporated into the initial proposed formulation. The non-linear programming model is applied to IEEE 14- and 118-bus test systems in MATLAB. The accuracy and the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by comparing the simulation results to those obtained by a binary integer programming model also implemented in MATLAB. The comparative study shows that the proposed non-linear programming model yields the same number of phasor measurement units as the binary integer programming model. A remarkable advantage of the non-linear programming against binary integer linear programming is its capability to give more than one optimal solution, each one having the same minimum number of phasor measurement units (same minimum objective value), but at different locations.     

Optimal preventive control actions using multi-objective fuzzy linear programming technique

This paper presents a proposed procedure depends on the multi-objective fuzzy linear programming (MFLP) technique to obtain the optimal preventive control actions, for power generation and transmission line flows, to overcome any emergency conditions. The proposed procedure is very significant to eliminate violation constraints and to give an optimal preventive action for multi-operating conditions. The proposed multi-objective functions are: minimizing the generation cost function, maximizing the generation reserve at certain generator, maximizing the generation reserve for all generation system and maximizing the preventive action for one or more critical transmission line. Numerical examples are presented in order to show that the proposed MFLP technique achieves a feasible economical cost in addition to the maximal preventive control actions for power systems.     

含分布式发电的配电网无功优化

研究了含风力发电的无功优化模型,介绍了包含分布式发电的配电网无功优化。当大量风力发电注入电力系统时,风力发电机随机输出功率引起配电网潮流大小、方向频繁变化,干扰了系统原有电压调节装置正常运行。为克服电压波动,保证系统电能质量,文中引入静止无功补偿器（SVC）作为配电网补偿设备,并考虑配电网中可控制无功输出的柴油发电机的无功贡献,以有功能耗费用、SVC安装费用、柴油发电机无功生产费用为目标函数,建立了含分布式发电的配电网无功优化模型。针对由蒙特卡罗仿真得到的不同风力发电状态,在实际算例中应用遗传算法确定各状态下SVC最优安装位置、输出以及可控制无功输出的分布式电源的最优输出结果。     

融合轨迹预测技术的输电线路新型自适应重合闸

输电线路故障的重合闸时刻对系统的暂态稳定有很重要的影响.针对目前最佳重合时刻难以在线确定的问题,提出融合轨迹预测技术的重合时刻在线捕捉方法.核心是利用机组功角的轨迹预测信息,确定系统振荡机组的主导模式,并按主导模式对机组进行分群,将多机系统复杂的暂态稳定性问题转化为对应的单机无穷大系统的功角稳定性分析,选其单机无穷大系...