酶法制备含ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸油脂的国际研究进展

综述ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acids,PUFA)作为一类必需脂肪酸(essential fatty acids,EFAs),主要来源为海产品中的鱼油,对多种人体疾病治疗和/或预防具有的积极作用。梳理了酶法制备富含ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸油脂的研究最新进展(截至2019年),讨论很多不同产品的营养功效、不同脂肪酸组成的结构脂质、ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸浓缩液、磷脂的酶促酯交换制备技术及应用,历年研究发现,可以通过改善油脂中ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸含量的方式提高其在饮食中的摄入量。由于酶法反应条件温和,尤其是脂肪酶特异性强,且从生物利用度角度ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸在脂质分子上的位置与其含量同等重要,因此相对于化学法,酶法制备含ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸的油脂因安全高效而更受青睐。     

微生物油脂及其开发利用研究进展

微生物油脂(亦称单细胞油脂,SCO)是一种前景广阔的新型油脂资源,正越来越受到人们的重视,尤其在生产富含多不饱和脂肪酸的功能性油脂方面已成为研究热点。该文对微生物油脂制备、影响因素及开发利用等方面作一综述,并展望其应用前景。     

油脂酶法改性研究进展

通过改变油脂结构和组成来提高天然油脂营养性，是油脂深加工主要方向，也是油脂界研究热点。本文详细介绍应用于油脂酶法改性的脂肪酶种类和性质、酶促反应体系以及ＰＵＦＡ富集、结构油脂的酶法加工途径等。     

The global research progress of enzymatic processing of oils with Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids（网络首发、推荐阅读）

综述ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸（polyunsaturated fatty acids,PUFA）作为一类必需脂肪酸（essential fatty acids,EFAs）,主要来源为海产品中的鱼油,对多种人体疾病治疗和/或预防具有的积极作用。梳理了酶法制备富含ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸油脂的研究最新进展（截至2019年）,讨论很多不同产品的营养功效、不同脂肪酸组成的结构脂质、ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸浓缩液、磷脂的酶促酯交换制备技术及应用,历年研究发现,可以通过改善油脂中ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸含量的方式提高其在饮食中的摄入量。由于酶法反应条件温和,尤其是脂肪酶特异性强,且从生物利用度角度ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸在脂质分子上的位置与其含量同等重要,因此相对于化学法,酶法制备含ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸的油脂因安全高效而更受青睐。     

微藻油脂提取方法研究进展

微藻作为生物质资源进行开发,其油脂的提取是关键.介绍了微藻油脂在生物柴油与生物活性化合物上的应用;对油脂提取研究中有机溶剂的选择及细胞破碎处理方法进行综述;对超声波或微波辅助萃取、液体加压萃取、自动酸解萃取和酶法水解等提取方法的研究进展情况进行了介绍.     

产油脂霉菌的研究进展

利用微生物体内生物合成的方法制取微生物油脂,是开发油脂资源一条新路。霉菌因其油脂含量高,并含有丰富的γ-亚麻酸、花生四烯酸等功能性多不饱和脂肪酸而被广泛深入的研究。本文对产油脂霉菌的研究现状、产油脂霉菌类型和油脂组成、产油霉菌的选育和培养进行了综述,并对产油霉菌的应用前景进行了展望。     

微藻油脂提取方法的研究进展

采用高效的油脂提取方法可以缩短提取时间,减少能耗,使微藻油的提取向着环保高效的方向进行。本文综述了水酶法、有机溶剂提取、超临界提取法、超声提取、反复冻融法,以期为微藻油脂提取利用提供参考。     

功能性植物油脂的主要生理活性及应用

功能性植物油脂是一类具有特殊生理功能的植物油脂,具备优异的保健、药用功能,是普通食用动植物油脂的有益补充。文章重点分析了功能性植物油脂中多不饱和脂肪酸和磷脂的生理活性,并对几种有代表性的功能性植物油脂及应用进行了评述。     

微藻油脂提取技术进展

该文对国内外微藻油脂提取技术进展进行阐述。微藻油脂提取技术主要包括:超微粉碎技术、热化学提取技术(湿热法、蒸汽爆破法、挤压膨化法)、化学法、酶法、超临界流体提取技术、亚临界流体提取技术、超声波、微波辅助提取法、脉冲电磁场法、高压均质法、离子液体法等;目前研究较多的为超微粉碎技术和热化学破壁技术,而挤压膨化技术和脉冲电磁场技术作为微藻油脂提取技术最新发展方向,已引起越来越多关注。     

低热油脂三酰甘油酯合成的研究

三酰甘油酯是由长链饱和脂肪酸和短链脂肪酸(乙酸、丙酸和／或丁酸)与丙三醇酯化所得。作为一种脂肪代用品，不仅具有天然油脂的物理性质，其热值仅为普通食用油的一半^[1]。探讨了通过酯交换法合成三酰甘油酯的方法与途径。通过研究得知，将三乙酸甘油酯和三丙酸甘油酯与硬脂酸甲酯按ll：l：l的比例在甲醇钠的催化下，82～84℃减压蒸馏下反应2．5h，可制得常温下为脂状固态的三酰甘油酯。     

The Global Research Progress of Enzymatic Processing of Oils with Omega 3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

This paper has reviewed that Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs), as an essential fatty acids(EFAs), mainly come from fish oil of marine products, has positive effects on treatment and/or prevention of several diseases. In this review, the recent developments by 2019 in the field of enzymatic modification of oils rich in omega 3 PUFAs have summarized. Several different products, such as structured lipids with a variety of FA compositions, nutritional aspects, omega 3 PUFA concentrates and phospholipids, have discussed from the point of process technology as well as possible applications. Enhancing omega 3 PUFA content in diet involves a number of strategies aiming to modify the content of such FAs in fats and oils. Due to the mild reaction conditions used, especially the lipase specificity, the position as well as content of omega 3 PUFAs in lipid molecules being of importance from the point of bioavailability, enzymatic processing of omega 3 PUFA oil is safe, efficient and preferred over chemical treatments.     

Encapsulation of vegetable oils as source of omega-3 fatty acids for enriched functional foods

Polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (PUFAs), a functional component present in vegetable oils, are generally recognized as being beneficial to health. Omega-3 PUFAs are rich in double bonds and unsaturated in nature; this attribute makes them highly susceptible to lipid oxidation and unfit for incorporation into long shelf life foods. The microencapsulation of oils in a polymeric matrix (mainly polysaccharides) offers the possibility of controlled release of the lipophilic functional ingredient and can be useful for the supplementation of foods with PUFAs. The present paper provides a literature review of different vegetable sources of omega-3 fatty acids, the functional effects of omega-3 fatty acids, different microencapsulation methods that can possibly be used for the encapsulation of oils, the properties of vegetable oil microcapsules, the effect of encapsulation on oxidation stability and fatty acid composition of vegetable oils, and the incorporation of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in foods.     

多烯酸植物油及其保健功效研究进展

我国多烯酸植物油资源十分丰富。多烯酸植物油主要含有亚油酸、亚麻酸等多烯酸以及VE、植物甾醇、矿物元素、角鲨烯等活性成分,其中五味子油、猕猴桃籽油、葡萄籽油、美藤果油、月见草籽油的多烯酸含量均高达80%以上。研究表明,多烯酸植物油具有辅助降血脂、抗氧化、延缓衰老、抗炎、防晒、保湿、瘦身减肥等功效,可广泛应用于营养健康食用油、保健食品、护肤美容化妆品等领域,开发利用前景广阔。     

微藻培养生产多不饱和脂肪酸研究进展

综述了利用微藻培养生产多不饱和脂肪酸的研究进展。在藻种筛选、培养条件优化、反应器设计和培养方式等方面都进行了广泛的研究,筛选出多不饱和脂肪酸和高产藻株,对筛选出的藻株进行培养基组成和环境因子等方面的优化,设计出利于各种藻类培养生产多不饱和脂肪酸的反应器,在培养方式上着重从藻类的异养培养方面进行探索,以进行高细胞密度培养大规模生产多不饱和脂肪酸     

Lipid Modification Strategies in the Production of Nutritionally Functional Fats and Oils

Rapid improvements in the understanding of the nutritional requirements of both infants and adults has led to new developments in the modification of fats and oils. Specific targets include the improvement in growth and development of infants, treatment of disease in adults, and disease prevention. Efforts have been focussed on the production of structured lipids using medium-chain acids and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), as well as the concentration of long-chain PUFAs from new and existing sources. Short- and medium-chain fatty acids are metabolized differently than long-chain fatty acids and have been used as a source of rapid energy for preterm infants and patients with fat malabsorption-related diseases. Long-chain PUFAs, specifically docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid, are important both in the growth and development of infants, while n-3 PUFAs have been associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease in adults. Based on the requirements for individual fat components by different segments of the population, including infants, adults, and patients, ideal fats can be formulated to meet their needs. By using specific novel fat sources and lipid modification techniques, the concentrations of medium-chain, long-chain saturated, and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as cholesterol can be varied to meet the individual needs of each of these groups. While genetic modification of oilseeds and other novel sources of specific lipid components are still being developed, chemical and lipase-catalyzed interesterification reactions have moved to the forefront of lipid modification technology. Fractionation of fats and oils to provide fractions with different nutritional properties has potential, but little work has been performed on the nutritional applications of this method. The choice of suitable lipid modification technologies will depend on the target lipid structure, production costs, and consumer demand. A combination of some or all of the present lipid modification techniques may be required for this purpose.     

Vegetable oil blends with α-linolenic acid rich Garden cress oil modulate lipid metabolism in experimental rats

Vegetable oil blends with modified fatty acid profile are being developed to improve n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs) ratio in edible oils. The objective of this study is to develop vegetable oil blends with α-linolenic acid (ALA) rich Garden cress oil (GCO) and assess their modulatory effect on lipid metabolism. Sunflower oil (SFO), Rice bran oil (RBO), Sesame oil (SESO) were blended with GCO at different ratios to obtain n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio of 2.3–2.6. Native and GCO blended oils were fed to Wistar rats at 10% level in the diet for 60 days. Serum and liver lipids showed significant decrease in Total cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), LDL-C levels in GCO and GCO blended oil fed rats compared to native oil fed rats. ALA, EPA, DHA contents were significantly increased while linoleic acid (LA), arachidonic acid (AA) levels decreased in different tissues of GCO and GCO blended oils fed rats. In conclusion, blending of vegetable oils with GCO increases ALA, decreases n-6 to n-3 PUFA ratio and beneficially modulates lipid profile.     

Lipase mediated upgradation of dietary fats and oils

In the present scenario, fats and oil modification is one of the prime areas in food processing industry that demands novel economic and green technologies. In this respect, tailored vegetable oils with nutritionally important structured triacylglycerols and altered physicochemical properties have a big potential in the future market. In this context, it is well established that lipases especially microbial lipases, which are regiospecific and fatty acid specific, are of immense importance and hence could be exploited for retailoring of vegetable oils. Further, of the bulk available, cheap oils could also be upgraded to synthesize nutritionally important structured triacylglycerols like cocoa butter substitutes, low calorie triacylglycerols, PUFA-enriched and oleic acid enriched oils. It is also possible to change the physical properties of natural oils to convert them into margarines and hard butter with higher melting points or into special low calorie spreads with short or medium chain fatty acids. Today, by and large, fat and oil modifications are carried out chemically following the method of directed inter-esterification. The process is energy intensive and non-specific. Lipase mediated modifications are likely to occupy a prominent place in oil industry for tailoring structured lipids since enzymatic modifications are specific and can be carried out at moderate reaction conditions. However, as a commercial venture, lipases are yet to be fully exploited. Once the technologies are established, the demand of lipases in oil industry is expected to increase tremendously in the near future for specific modifications of fats and oils to meet the changing consumers' dietary requirements.     

Effects of deep frying vegetable oils rich in PUFAs on gut microbiota in rats

Vegetable oils rich in PUFAs are widely used in daily cooking and food industry, and PUFAs could be utilised by gut microbiota and present prebiotic effects. However, PUFAs are unstable in high-temperature cooking like frying. In the current study, we aimed to explore the influence of thermally oxidised oils rich in PUFA on gut microbiota. Two vegetable oils: omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)-rich perilla oil or omega-6 linoleic acid-rich sunflower oil were heated at 180 °C for 10 h, and then fed to male SD rats for 14 weeks. Administration of heated perilla oil dramatically increased the relative abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, a recent identified probiotics which may weaken intestinal mucus barrier, and inhibited the expression of several tight junction-related genes including occludin and claudin-1 in colon. Consumption of thermally oxidised sunflower oil stimulated the proliferation of Bifidobacterium. Our findings suggested that thermally processing has complicated effects on the prebiotic effects of vegetable oils rich in PUFAs, and perilla oil fried foods may be potential sources to stimulate Akkermansia proliferation in gut.     

昆虫油脂功能性成分的开发

综述了昆虫油脂的含量、特点及其脂肪酸的组成，阐述了昆虫油脂中的磷脂，并讨论了昆虫其他功能性脂质，最后简述了昆虫油脂及功能性脂质的提取。