镁及镁合金动态再结晶研究进展

综述了镁及镁合金动态再结晶方面的研究现状，介绍了镁及镁合金室温或高温塑性变形行为，包括应力一应变特征及其影响因素、应变速率方程和流变应力方程；描述了该合金在不同变形条件下发生塑性变形时的位错、孪晶、亚结构等微观组织演变以及各种动态再结晶如孪生动态再结晶、低温动态再结晶、连续动态再结晶、不连续动态再结晶和旋转动态再结晶的机理及其特点；最后讨论了动态再结晶与塑性变形之间的相互关系，并提出了镁及镁合金动态再结晶研究的发展趋势。     

热轧参数对铸态AZ91镁合金组织与性能的影响

通过不同道次压下量和轧制道次的热轧成形实验,研究了不同变形条件对AZ91铸态镁合金组织和析出相演变的影响,以及合金在热轧变形中的开裂行为。实验结果表明:对AZ91镁合金多道次、小压下量轧制是实现其累积大塑性变形的途径之一。在实验轧制条件下,AZ91镁合金塑性变形仍以孪生变形为主,动态再结晶并未明显进行,仅在晶界及析出相附近发生部分不连续动态再结晶。轧制变形过程中,β-Mg_(17)Al_(12)相呈短条棒状或颗粒状分布于晶界附近,且尺寸更为细小。在晶界附近分布的脆性析出相成为微裂纹萌生的源头,随着累积变形量的增加,部分Mg_(17)Al_(12)相被轧碎形成二次裂纹,裂纹进一步沿晶界扩展,造成明显开裂现象。     

脉冲电流下AZ31镁合金拉伸行为及其显微组织演变

为改善镁合金塑性变形能力,在AZ31镁合金的拉伸变形中引入高密度脉冲电流,研究了脉冲电流对合金拉伸行为及其显微组织的影响规律,并探讨了其机理。结果表明,与未加脉冲电流拉伸相比,施加脉冲电流的AZ31镁合金的变形抗力显著降低,并且随脉冲电流密度的增加,其变形抗力下降的幅度增大。施加脉冲电流的合金在拉伸过程中发生了明显的动态再结晶,再结晶晶粒细小均匀,从而降低了合金的变形抗力。原因在于脉冲电流的纯电效应不仅能够降低塑性变形过程中位错运动阻力,同时可以加快小角度亚晶向大角度亚晶转变,促进了合金的动态再结晶,提高了合金塑性变形能力。     

预压缩-反向拉伸加载路径下镁合金AZ31轧制板材的孪生-退孪生行为

为了定量研究孪生和退孪生行为在镁合金塑性变形中的作用，开展了镁合金AZ31板材沿轧制方向单调拉伸、单调压缩及预压缩-反向拉伸下的宏观力学行为及微观EBSD试验，并基于考虑孪生-退孪生行为的弹黏塑性自洽模型(EVPSC-TDT)，模拟预测了镁合金板材的宏微观塑性变形行为。结果表明：随着压缩量的增大，(0002)极图在RD附近的强度值逐渐增大，孪晶体积分数增加；反向拉伸时，RD附近的强度值逐渐减弱，孪晶体积分数降低；当反向拉伸量与预压缩量相同时，孪晶体积分数几乎减小到0，几乎所有晶粒c轴均转动至ND方向；随着预压缩量的增加，位错密度逐渐提升，增强了对滑移和孪生的阻碍作用，导致反向拉伸时的屈服应力随着预压缩量的增加而增大。反向拉伸初始阶段各滑移-孪生系的开启率相似，表明拉伸阶段的屈服应力与压缩后各滑移和孪生系的硬化有关；EVPSC-TDT模型可准确预测镁合金在以孪生-退孪生为主导的变形模式下的宏观力学行为、织构演化规律及孪晶体积分数。     

脉冲电流对AZ31镁合金显微组织及拉伸变形行为的影响

为改善镁合金塑性变形能力,在AZ31镁合金的拉伸变形中引入高密度脉冲电流,研究了脉冲电流对合金显微组织及拉伸变形行为的影响规律,并探讨了其机理。结果表明,与未加脉冲电流拉伸相比,施加脉冲电流的AZ31镁合金的变形抗力显著降低,并且随脉冲电流密度的提高,其变形抗力下降的幅度增大。施加脉冲电流的合金在拉伸过程中发生了明显的动态再结晶,再结晶晶粒细小均匀,从而降低了合金的变形抗力。这是由于脉冲电流可以提高原子通量、促进原子扩散、加快小角亚晶向大角度亚晶转变,从而促进了合金的动态再结晶。另一方面,脉冲电流产生的电效应能够改变位错的激活能,使其容易克服滑移面上的障碍,增加位错可动性,从而提高合金塑性变形能力。     

AZ31镁合金热轧变形的动态再结晶机制

在轧制温度603~703 K、轧制压下量20%~40%、应变速率4~16 s-1下对AZ31镁合金进行轧制变形,研究轧制压下量、应变速率和变形温度对AZ31镁合金变形组织的影响,分析了镁合金的动态再结晶机制。结果表明：应变速率和变形温度不仅影响动态再结晶进行的程度,而且能够改变再结晶的方式或形核机制。当轧制应变速率= 13.9 s-1,变形温度T=603 K时,再结晶方式为孪生动态再结晶;变形温度升高到703 K时,沿晶界有链状新晶粒出现。当变形温度T= 673 K,应变速率= 11.35 s-1时,再结晶方式以孪生动态再结晶为主;应变速率降低到= 4 s-1时,再结晶方式以旋转动态再结晶为主。     

镁合金孪生机制及孪生对镁合金塑性变形的影响

综述了镁合金中常见的孪生模式及孪生机制。结合国内外对镁合金塑性变形研究的一些最新进展,重点介绍了孪生在低温变形阶段对镁合金流变行为、显微组织及织构和再结晶的影响。     

挤压态ZK60镁合金室温拉-压不对称性研究

基于室温轴向拉伸和压缩实验研究了挤压态ZK60镁合金的拉-压不对称性.通过修正黏塑性自洽模型,建立了耦合滑移和孪生的晶体塑性力学模型,模拟了挤压态ZK60镁合金轴向拉、压力学行为,分析了基面、柱面、锥面滑移及{1012}1011拉伸孪生和{1011}1012压缩孪生在塑性变形过程中的激活及演变情况.结合实验与模拟,从微观塑性变形机制角度分析了具有初始挤压态丝织构的镁合金产生拉-压不对称性的机理.结果表明:轴向拉伸过程中拉伸孪生和压缩孪生都较难激活,变形初期以基面滑移为主,由于基面滑移取向因子较低,导致屈服应力较高;随着晶粒转动,基面滑移分切应力降低,应力逐步升高,变形机制转为以柱面滑移为主,辅以锥面c+a滑移,应变硬化率较低,应力-应变曲线较平稳.轴向压缩前期,临界剪切应力较低的拉伸孪生大量激活,导致屈服应力较低;应变达到6.0%后拉伸孪生逐渐饱和,相对活动量快速降低,硬化率迅速提高,由于大量孪晶界对位错滑移形成阻碍,滑移机制未出现大量激活;轴向压缩后期,随着应力的持续升高,压缩孪生启动,相对活动量迅速上升,塑性变形积累的应力得以释放,硬化率降低.因此,挤压丝织构状态决定了镁合金在室温轴向拉、压变形过程中的变形机制存在明显区别,从而导致挤压镁合金产生显著的轴向拉-压不对称性.     

挤压态Mg-Gd-Y镁合金动态压缩力学性能与失效行为

为了研究镁合金在高应变速率下的动态变形行为及失效机制,采用分离式霍布金森压杆(SHPB)装置在室温下对挤压态Mg-Gd-Y镁合金进行动态压缩实验,并利用金相和扫描电子显微镜对冲击后的试样进行显微分析,探讨了Mg-Gd-Y镁合金沿挤压方向(ED)、横向(TD)及法向(ND)的动态压缩力学性能和失效行为与塑性变形方式。结果表明:在动态压缩载荷下,挤压态Mg-Gd-Y镁合金沿ED、TD、ND 3个方向表现出连续屈服的变形特征,随应变速率的提高,具有正应变速率强化效应,动态压缩力学性能无明显的各向异性,ED方向的动态压缩性能略优于其他两个方向的;挤压态Mg-Gd-Y镁合金在动态压缩载荷下的断口形貌呈韧脆混合的准解理断裂特征,对载荷方向不敏感;挤压态Mg-Gd-Y镁合金在动态压缩载荷下的变形方式为孪生和滑移共同作用机制,并伴随动态再结晶现象。     

镁合金塑性变形机制

针对不同晶粒尺寸的镁合金AZ31及添加稀土Ce或Nd的AZ31Ce/AZ31Nd的轧制变形行为,探讨了滑移、孪生和晶界滑动三种变形机制在镁合金塑性变形过程中的作用.结果表明:多种变形机制共同作用可提高镁合金在热变形时的塑性变形能力;合金热变形及再结晶退火后,在平均晶粒尺寸为50 μm以上的大晶粒中,变形机制以滑移和孪生为主,位错运动和增殖会使位错在变形过程中互相缠结、钉扎以及受晶界的阻碍而终止运动;孪生容易发生在不利于滑移的晶粒中促进塑性变形;在5～20μm的小晶粒中,晶界滑动机制发挥了重要作用,它可以协调大尺寸晶粒的变形而对提高镁合金变形能力起有益的补充作用.     

Recent Progress and Development in Extrusion of Rare Earth Free Mg Alloys: A Review

Mg and its alloys are the lightest structural metals available and are extremely attractive for applications as lightweight components, particularly in the automobile, electronic, and aerospace industries. The global market for wrought Mg alloys has steadily expanded over the past decade. And numerous studies have been carried out to meet this increasing demand of high-performance Mg alloys. However, Mg extrusion alloys have had a very limited usage so far. To overcome existing industrial challenges, one desirable approach is the development of low-cost rare earth(RE) free Mg extrusion alloys with superior mechanical properties. This review will introduce the recent research highlights in the extrusion of Mg alloys, specifi cally focusing on low-cost RE-free Mg alloy. The results from both the literature and our previous study are summarized and critically reviewed. Several aspects of RE-free Mg extrusion alloys are described in detail:(1) novel alloying designs including Mg–Al-, Mg–Zn-, Mg–Ca-, Mg–Sn-, and Mg–Bi-based alloys,(2) advanced extrusion techniques, and(3) extrusion-related severe plastic deformation(SPD) processing. Accordingly, considering the large gap in mechanical properties between the current RE-free Mg alloys and high-performance aluminum alloys, new alloy design, processing route control, and recommendations for future research on RE-free Mg extrusion alloys are also proposed. We hope this review will not only off er insightful information regarding the extrusion of RE-free Mg alloys but also inspire the development of new Mg extrusion technologies.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AZ31 Mg Alloy Fabricated by Pre-compression and Frustum Shearing Extrusion

The AZ31 Mg alloys were processed by 6% pre-compression and frustum shearing extrusion at various temperatures, and the microstructure, texture and mechanical properties of the resulting alloys are systematically investigated. The results show that the grain size monotonically increases from 6.4 to 12.6 lm and the texture intensity increases from 6.7 to 9.6with the increase in the extrusion temperature. The combining effect of the pre-twinning and the frustum shearing deformation is found to contribute to the development of the weak basal texture in Mg alloys. The Mg alloy sheet produced at the extrusion temperature of 563 K exhibits excellent mechanical properties. The yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation for the extruded alloys are 189.6 MPa, 288.4 MPa and 24.9%, respectively. Such improved mechanical properties are comparable or even superior to those of the alloys subjected to other deformation techniques, rendering the pre-compression and frustum shearing extrusion a promising way for further tailoring properties of Mg alloys.     

Effects of Sb Addition on Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Mg–9Al–5Sn Alloy

The Mg–9Al–5Sn-xSb(x=0.0,0.3,0.6,1.0,1.5 wt%) alloys were prepared by a simple alloying process followed by hot extrusion with an extrusion ratio of 28.2. The effects of Sb additions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the Mg–9 Al–5 Sn alloys were investigated by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer. The results indicated that the phases α-Mg matrix, Mg_2_Sn, Mg_3Sb_2 and Mg_17 Al_12 exist in the as-cast Sb-containing alloys. Sb addition results in the precipitation of Mg_3Sb_2. The dendritic size of these alloys decreases with the addition of Sb. Both their ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of extruded alloys increase, and their elongation decreases gradually with increasing the content of Sb. The better mechanical properties of the as-extruded alloys were achieved due to the refined grains and the formation of dispersive second phases Mg_3Sb_2.     

The texture and anisotropy of magnesium–zinc–rare earth alloy sheets

In this paper, the rolling textures of six magnesium alloys containing different levels of zinc and rare earth (RE, e.g. mischmetal or Y) additions are examined. The overall texture strength and the basal pole intensity aligned with the sheet normal direction is lower for RE-containing alloys than for conventional alloys. The distinct textures generated in this study allow the influence of texture on the mechanical response to be investigated. The anisotropy of the yield and flow strengths is reversed and the planar anisotropy is reduced (r ∼ 1) in comparison to conventional alloys. Both aspects of the anisotropy are related to the fact that the dominant texture components in the Mg–Zn–RE alloys place more grains in favourable orientations for basal slip and tensile twinning, particularly during transverse direction tension. Mg sheets with lower r-values should have improved forming behaviour, at least under straining conditions which call for thinning of the sheet.     

镁合金织构与各向异性

介绍了镁合金变形及退火织构的组分与特点,论述了在挤压、轧制、等径角挤压等塑性变形及退火过程中镁合金织构的演变规律及形成机理,分析了织构与镁合金力学性能的基本关系,探讨了合金元素、变形温度、应变速度、外加应力及晶粒度等基本因素对镁合金织构特征与各向异性的影响.结果表明:织构对镁合金力学性能的影响,其实质是通过改变各滑移系特别是{0001}[1120]基面滑移系的Schmid因子、产生织构强化或软化而实现的.     

A First-Principles Study on Basal/Prismatic Reorientation-Induced Twinning Path and Alloying Effect in Hexagonal MetalsEI北大核心CSCD

In hexagonal metals and alloys, deformation twinning plays an important role, because it is closely relevant to the mechanical behaviors. Recent studies have proposed a new twinning mode via direct lattice reorientation, which results in the basal/prismatic boundary, however, some important details remain unanswered, e.g., the twinning path and alloying effect. In this work, first principles calculations were employed to systematically study the reorientation process from basal to prismatic orientation in hexagonal metals and corresponding alloying effect. The result indicates that different activation energies are required to reorient in various hexagonal metals, and among them, the energy in Mg is the lowest and Os is the highest. Shear and shuffle components compose the reorientation process, where the shuffle component always contributes a significant part of the activation energy in Mg, whereas in Ti with sufficient shear strain, subsequent transition becomes energy-downhill. The pure shear was effected by alloying elements in Mg alloys, but pure shuffle in Ti alloys. Under certain shear or shuffle, subsequent activation energy has a complex dependence on alloying elements.     

Microstructure and properties of hot extruded AZ31-0.25%Sb Mg-alloy

The effects of hot extrusion treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ31-0.25%Sb Mg alloy were investigated by means of mechanical properties measurement and microstructure observation.The results show that the microstructure of AZ31-0.25%Sb Mg alloys consists ofα-Ms matrix,Mg_(17)Al_(12) and Mg_3Sb_2 phases.The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and yield tensile strength(YTS) of the alloy are obviously enhanced by hot extrusion treatment,and the enhanced extent of UTS and YTS increas...     

耐热镁合金的研究现状与发展方向

介绍了耐热镁合金的研究现状。Cu,Ca,Sc,Sr和稀土元素合金化可以改善镁合金的耐热性能。合金化、挤压和半固态加工等热塑性变形技术能促使镁晶胞中的棱柱面（1010^-)和棱锥面（1011^-）参与滑移，提高该类镁合金的力学性能。超塑成型技术是制备高性能耐热镁合金部件的有效途径     

大塑性变形镁合金的晶粒细化(英文)

采用电子背散射技术(EBSD)定量研究AZ31镁合金在225~400°C往复挤压大变形过程中的晶粒细化。结果表明:在225°C往复挤压3道次即获得了超细晶AZ31镁合金。随着变形温度的降低,变形组织的平均位相差和大角度晶界的比例逐渐增加。在3道次的AZ31组织中,只发现少量的{1 012}孪晶,位错滑移是主要的变形机制。施密特因子计算表明,在225~350°C变形时,锥面滑移系{1011}1 120被大量激活。而在400°C变形时,基面滑移系{0001}1 120被大量激活。亚晶界的详细分析为连续动态再结晶在镁合金大变形过程中晶粒细化的重要作用提供了直接的证据。     

Effect of Y on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Mg−4Li−3Al alloys

To obtain magnesium alloys with a low density and improved mechanical properties, Y element was added into Mg−4Li−3Al (wt.%) alloys, and the effect of Y content on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties was investigated by using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and tensile tests. The results show that mechanical properties of as-cast Mg−4Li−3Al alloys with Y addition are significantly improved as a result of hot extrusion. The best comprehensive mechanical properties are obtained in hot-extruded Mg−4Li−3Al−1.5Y alloy, which possesses high ultimate tensile strength (UTS=248 MPa) and elongation (δ=27%). The improvement of mechanical properties of hot-extruded Mg−4Li−3Al−1.5Y alloy was mainly attributed to combined effects of grain refinement, solid solution strengthening and precipitation strengthening.