高压高产气井应急试采过程中采气树抗冲蚀性能分析

目的研究高压高产气井在大排量应急试采工况下,日产量和日出砂量对气固两相流采气树冲蚀行为的影响。方法运用CFD数值模拟方法,在Eulerian和Lagrangian坐标系下求解气体-颗粒、颗粒-壁面间的相互作用,并捕捉颗粒运动轨迹。采用用户自定义函数(UDF)编写冲蚀磨损方程,分析日产量和日出砂量对于采气树冲蚀速率、冲蚀位置和颗粒轨迹的影响。结果日产量由100万方增加到1000万方时,采气树内气体流速逐渐增大,最大流速为当地音速365 m/s,最大冲蚀速率则由4.14×10~(-8) kg/(s·m~2)增大至3.462×10~(-7) kg/(s·m~2)。气体从采气树四通内流入两翼支管发生节流,压降随日产量的增加而增大。当日产量为1000万方时,最大压降为1.52 MPa;当日产量超过300万方,气体流入旁通支管时,压降形成的流动功将大部分颗粒直接带入支管,造成主要冲蚀区域由四通内壁扩大至旁通支管内壁。当日出砂量由7.7方增大至38.5方时,最大冲蚀速率由7.121×10~(-8) kg/(s·m~2)增大至3.462×10~(-7) kg/(s·m~2)。结论日产量和日出砂量均与冲蚀速率呈正相关关系,控制应急试采日产量是降低采气树冲蚀速率的有效方式。     

加砂压裂过程中套管孔眼抗冲蚀性能分析

目的 研究加砂压裂过程中,压裂液排量和含砂比对套管射孔孔眼冲蚀的影响规律。方法 运用CFD数值模拟方法,针对射孔套管内流场、流迹特性和颗粒轨迹开展模拟分析,并使用E/CRC和Oka冲蚀模型模拟了压裂施工排量为5～15 m³/min、压裂液含砂比为8%～23%工况下套管射孔孔眼及附近的冲蚀情况,总结其影响规律。结果 随着排量的增加,孔眼处流速激增,压降达到5.5 MPa,但在管底形成一定憋压。E/CRC冲蚀模型考虑了颗粒数量的影响,相比于Oka冲蚀模型更适合于压裂过程中套管孔眼系统冲蚀的实际情况,在孔眼处上部流量进口方向的冲蚀速度明显大于下部管道方向,且冲蚀程度向四周逐渐减小,E/CRC模型的最大冲蚀速率由2.14×10^-8 kg/（m²·s）上升至5.85×10^-8 kg/（m²·s）。随着压裂液含砂比的上升,E/CRC模型在孔眼处的最大冲蚀速率由2.21×10^-8 kg/（m²·s）上升至95.6×10^-8 k...     

基于试验和CFD模拟的稠油热采井口四通管冲蚀规律分析

目的 分析稠油热采中含砂流体对四通管冲蚀磨损问题,明确失效机理及特征.方法 采用金相分析仪对失效四通管损伤处材料ZG(J)35CrMo进行金相组织分析,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)对四通管进行冲蚀形貌微观检测,同时借助多相流冲蚀试验机对四通管材料ZG(J)35CrMo进行冲蚀试验,构建冲蚀预测模型,并通过单因素冲蚀试验对冲蚀预测模型进行验证.最后建立CFD-DPM-EPM(耦合计算流体动力学-离散粒子-冲蚀)数值模型,研究不同流体速度、颗粒粒径和质量流量对四通管冲蚀规律的影响.结果 金相组织分析结果显示,失效四通管材料基体组织成分为索氏体、铁素体和贝氏体,表面发生轻微脱碳现象.扫描电镜分析结果显示,失效四通管内壁有明显的砂粒冲蚀形貌,材料无明显的材质劣化及脆断现象.单因素冲蚀试验验证了回归分析法构建的冲蚀模型的准确性.随着流体速度由5 m/s增加至25 m/s,四通管最大冲蚀速率增加了16.947倍;颗粒粒径由0.05 mm增加至0.2 mm时,四通管最大冲蚀速率减少了50％,而颗粒粒径由0.2 mm增加至0.4 mm时,四通管最大冲蚀速率增加了1.382倍;质量流量从0.15 kg/(m2·s)增加至2.4 kg/(m2·s)时,最大冲蚀速率增加了16.584倍.结论 四通管失效主要由于颗粒冲蚀管道内壁,管道减薄到一定程度后,无法承受内部压力所致.四通管出口段肩部为冲蚀高危区.随流体速度的增加,四通管最大冲蚀速率呈指数关系增加;随着颗粒粒径的增加,最大冲蚀速率呈先减小后增大的趋势;当质量流量增加时,最大冲蚀速率呈线性关系增加.     

稠油热采四通管冲蚀特性影响因素数值模拟研究

目的 对稠油热采过程中的四通管进行气固两相流冲蚀研究,基于不同影响因素分析其冲蚀变化规律,并构建四通管最大冲蚀速率的预测模型。方法 基于气固两相流理论,构建CFD-DPM-EPM数值模型,研究不同流速、颗粒质量流量以及颗粒粒径对四通管冲蚀的影响,预测四通管最大冲蚀速率发生位置及数值大小,并建立了关联流速、颗粒质量流量和颗粒粒径的四通管冲蚀速率数学模型。结果 在四通管的肩部位置即竖直管与水平管交汇处和竖直管的封闭端顶部两处存在冲蚀,冲蚀模拟结果与实际失效四通管相吻合。随着四通管入口流速的增加,其最大冲蚀速率呈指数形式增长;随着颗粒质量流量的增加,其最大冲蚀速率近似呈线性增长;随着四通管内颗粒粒径增大,其最大冲蚀速率先减小后增大,存在冲蚀速率最小的临界粒径。构建的四通管冲蚀数学模型拟合值同模拟值对比,吻合度很高。结论 四通管出口段肩部位置冲蚀速率高于封闭端顶部位置,肩部为冲蚀磨损高危区。因此在实际应用过程中要重点关注肩部的冲蚀磨损程度并及时进行防护处理,通过局部加厚或添加扰流内构件来减轻肩部冲蚀;同时要适当降低流速并尽可能减少颗粒夹带,以增加四通管使用寿命。     

流线型孔板流量计液固两相流冲蚀磨损数值模拟

目的探究在管输液固两相流体时,固体颗粒对孔板流量计造成的冲蚀磨损。方法运用基于欧拉-拉格朗日算法的DPM模型,对液固两相流体计量工艺中孔板流量计的冲蚀问题进行数值仿真,预测孔板流量计在液固两相流体流量计量工艺中易发生冲蚀磨损的区域。探究入口液相速度、固体颗粒粒径以及等数量颗粒冲击壁面时,固体颗粒粒径对孔板最大冲蚀速率的影响,并对比管输液固两相流体时,固体颗粒粒径对不同形状的孔板造成的冲蚀磨损速率大小。结果在孔板流量计的突缩管段易产生严重的液固冲蚀失效,最大冲蚀速率随着液相入口速度的增大而增加。当固体颗粒的质量流量相等时,最大冲蚀速率随着颗粒粒径的增加而减小;当单位时间内流经孔板的固体颗粒数量相等时,冲蚀磨损速率随着固体颗粒粒径的增加而增大。在液固两相流管道体系中,固体颗粒对凸型孔板造成的冲蚀磨损行为最弱。结论大颗粒对孔板的冲蚀磨损比较严重,在孔板计量过程中应严格注意。在流体中存在大量大颗粒时,采用凸型孔板流量计能有效改善冲蚀磨损情况。     

弯管液固两相流冲蚀失效模拟分析

目的分析流体参数、砂粒参数、环境参数对液固两相流弯管冲蚀失效的影响。方法利用FLUENT模拟弯管冲刷腐蚀,分析流速、粒径、砂粒质量流量、操作压力、重力方向对弯管冲蚀的影响。结果管内流速从2 m/s增加到10 m/s,最大冲刷腐蚀速率从8.86×10-8 kg/(m2·s)增加到2.45×10-7kg/(m2·s);颗粒粒径从75μm增加到200μm,再增加到550μm,最大冲蚀速率先从2.04×10-7 kg/(m2·s)减小至1.5×10-7 kg/(m2·s),后增加到2.66×10-7 kg/(m2·s);砂粒流量从0.05 kg/s增加到0.25 kg/s,最大冲蚀速率从8.56×10-8 kg/(m2·s)增加到3.20×10-7 kg/(m2·s);管内操作压力从0.1 MPa增加到0.9 MPa,最大冲蚀速率从1.50×10-7 kg/(m2·s)减少至1.25×10-7 kg/(m2·s);弯头出口由垂直向下位置变化为垂直向上,冲刷腐蚀速率从1.50×10-7 kg/(m2·s)逐渐增加至1.86×10-7 kg/(m2·s)。结论流速与冲刷腐蚀呈正相关关系;随着砂粒直径的增加,最大冲刷腐蚀速率先减小后增加;在一定范围内,最大冲刷腐蚀速率随着砂粒流量增加而增加;管内操作压力的变化对冲蚀减弱现象影响不明显;出口垂直向上时,冲蚀破坏最严重。     

基于CFD对60.3 mm弯管冲蚀仿真预测

目的提高工业生产过程中弯管冲蚀预测可靠度。方法在拉格朗日坐标系,通过CFD-DPM模型求解在流体作用下固体颗粒对弯管的冲蚀问题,并利用冲蚀方程研究流体速度、固体颗粒直径和固体颗粒质量流量分别与弯管冲蚀之间的关系,预测弯管最大冲蚀位置及模拟数值。结果通过仿真得到弯管冲蚀最大冲蚀位置主要集中在弯管出口的水平两侧和弯管入口的垂直两侧。随着固流体速度u由8 m/s增大至18 m/s时,固体颗粒对弯管的最大冲蚀速率增大了9.912倍;冲蚀固体颗粒的质量流量f由0.2 kg/s增大到0.8 kg/s时,弯管最大冲蚀速率增大了4.527倍;当仿真过程中固体颗粒直径由200μm增大到900μm时,弯管的最大冲蚀速率增大了3.94倍。结论当固体颗粒直径、固体颗粒速度和固体颗粒质量流量不变时,弯管冲蚀随着流体速度的增大而增大,弯管冲蚀区域在弯管出口水平位置逐渐增大。当固体颗粒直径增大,流体速度固体颗粒质量不变时,固体颗粒在惯性力作用下,弯管肘部的冲蚀逐渐增大,弯管出口水平两侧冲蚀逐渐减小。弯管冲蚀在固体颗粒质量流量增大时,呈增长趋势。     

汽车CFRP结构件涂层去除机理研究

目的 实现汽车碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFRP)结构件表面有机涂层的高效无损去除。方法 选择可回收密胺类塑料制备磨料，提出了用气射流携带并高速喷射加工的新方法。通过单因素控制试验和数值模拟相结合的方法，在0.3 MPa射流压力下用500μm的磨料对涂装聚氨酯涂层的CFRP试样进行冲蚀，借助SEM和超景深三维显微镜观察冲蚀形貌。为了阐明涂层的去除机理，建立了基于能量守恒定律的微切削和重复变形模型，分析了塑性磨料的颗粒速度和撞击工件的接触应力，定量分析了磨料在0.3MPa射流压力下的涂层去除量。研究了磨料形状、旋转和回弹对冲蚀机理的影响。结果 当冲蚀角为30°时，涂层的材料去除量最大，去除率为5.8×10⁴ g/s，表现为延性冲蚀行为。此时的冲蚀机理为微耕犁和微切削，随着冲蚀角的增大，材料去除量降低。当冲蚀角为90°时，去除率为1.2×10⁴ g/s，冲蚀机理为重复塑性变形去除。尖角磨料以集中应力冲击涂层，磨损后的磨料(可循环15次)以分布应力冲击涂层。与正向旋转相比，磨料自身的反向旋转对涂层的去除量更大，大粒径磨料的回弹导致了不完整的切削路径...     

气固两相流饲料输送管道结构优化研究

目的 针对饲料输送管道气固两相流对弯管壁面冲蚀磨损严重的问题,提出一种在弯管外侧加设辅助气流的新型结构.方法 运用计算流体力学方法,采用离散相模型(Discrete Phase Model,DPM)研究普通和新型弯管的冲蚀磨损情况,模型的有效性通过普通弯管压降梯度实验加以验证.通过分析两种弯管的流场分布情况,进一步研究空气进口速度、颗粒质量流量和颗粒粒径等因素对弯管冲蚀磨损的影响.结果 随着空气进口速度的增加,弯管的平均冲蚀磨损速率先减小、后增大,但新型弯管的平均冲蚀磨损速率降低了7.1％～8.5％,且当空气进口速度为35 m/s时,平均冲蚀磨损速率最小.当颗粒质量流量增加时,弯管平均冲蚀磨损速率基本呈线性增长,但新型弯管平均冲蚀磨损速率的增长速率略小于普通弯管,且平均冲蚀磨损速率降低了8.2％～9.7％.当颗粒粒径增加时,弯管的平均冲蚀磨损速率先急剧增大、后平缓变化,但新型弯管平均冲蚀磨损速率降低了8.2％～17％.结论 通过研究发现,弯管外侧均存在冲蚀磨损,但新型结构均能有效减小弯管的冲蚀磨损.颗粒质量流量对弯管冲蚀磨损的影响最大,且颗粒质量流量越大,平均冲蚀磨损速率越大.颗粒粒径对降低弯管冲蚀磨损的效果最好,且颗粒粒径越小,效果越佳.     

弯管液固两相流动冲蚀磨损的数值预测

固体颗粒的冲蚀磨损是导致液体管道壁面磨损甚至失效的主要原因。本文基于计算流体动力学（CFD）方法,研究弯管在不同条件下冲蚀磨损分布规律。对8种常用的冲蚀模型分别进行计算评估,结果显示,基于DNV冲蚀模型的预测结果与实验结果吻合较好。基于DNV模型研究不同颗粒属性下弯管冲蚀磨损的分布规律。结果表明:随着颗粒直径从10 μm 增加到200 μm,最大磨损速率先减小后增大;当颗粒质量流量为0.02~0.20 kg/s 时,最大磨损速率随着颗粒质量流量的增大而线性增大;随着颗粒形状系数从0.2增加到1.0,最大磨损速率先增大后减小。研究结果可为实际工程应用提供一定的理论支撑。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

An Easy Way to Quantify the Adhesion Energy of Nanostructured Cu/X(X=Cr,Ta,Mo,Nb,Zr) Multilayer Films Adherent to Polyimide Substrates

An approach based on film buckling under simple uniaxial tensile testing was utilized in this paper to quantitatively estimate the interfacial energy of the nanostructured multilayer films(NMFs) adherent to flexible substrates. The interfacial energies of polyimide-supported NMFs are determined to be *5.0 J/m2 for Cu/Cr, *4.1 J/m2 for Cu/Ta,*2.8 J/m2 for Cu/Mo, *1.1 J/m2 for Cu/Nb, and *1.2 J/m2 for Cu/Zr NMFs. Furthermore, a linear relationship between the adhesion energy and the interfacial shear strength is clearly demonstrated for the Cu-based NMFs, which is highly indicative of the applicability and reliability of the modified models.     

High-Speed Friction Stir Welding of SiC_p/Al–Mg–Si–Cu Composite

A 17 vol% SiCp/Al–Mg–Si–Cu composite plate with a thickness of 3 mm was successfully friction stir welded(FSWed) at a very high welding speed of 2000 mm/min for the first time. Microstructural observation indicated that the coarsening of the precipitates was greatly inhibited in the heat-affected zone of the FSW joint at high welding speed, due to the significantly reduced peak temperature and duration at high temperature. Therefore, prominent enhancement of the hardness was achieved at the lowest hardness zone of the FSW joint at this high welding speed, which was similar to that of the nugget zone. Furthermore, the ultimate tensile strength of the joint was as high as 369 MPa, which was much higher than that obtained at low welding speed of 100 mm/min(298 MPa). This study provides an effective method to weld aluminum matrix composite with superior quality and high welding efficiency.     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.