Multi-label classification by exploiting label correlations

Nowadays, multi-label classification methods are of increasing interest in the areas such as text categorization, image annotation and protein function classification. Due to the correlation among the labels, traditional single-label classification methods are not directly applicable to the multi-label classification problem. This paper presents two novel multi-label classification algorithms based on the variable precision neighborhood rough sets, called multi-label classification using rough sets (MLRS) and MLRS using local correlation (MLRS-LC). The proposed algorithms consider two important factors that affect the accuracy of prediction, namely the correlation among the labels and the uncertainty that exists within the mapping between the feature space and the label space. MLRS provides a global view at the label correlation while MLRS-LC deals with the label correlation at the local level. Given a new instance, MLRS determines its location and then computes the probabilities of labels according to its location. The MLRS-LC first finds out its topic and then the probabilities of new instance belonging to each class is calculated in related topic. A series of experiments reported for seven multi-label datasets show that MLRS and MLRS-LC achieve promising performance when compared with some well-known multi-label learning algorithms.     

Incorporating label dependency into the binary relevance framework for multi-label classification

In multi-label classification, examples can be associated with multiple labels simultaneously. The task of learning from multi-label data can be addressed by methods that transform the multi-label classification problem into several single-label classification problems. The binary relevance approach is one of these methods, where the multi-label learning task is decomposed into several independent binary classification problems, one for each label in the set of labels, and the final labels for each example are determined by aggregating the predictions from all binary classifiers. However, this approach fails to consider any dependency among the labels. Aiming to accurately predict label combinations, in this paper we propose a simple approach that enables the binary classifiers to discover existing label dependency by themselves. An experimental study using decision trees, a kernel method as well as Naïve Bayes as base-learning techniques shows the potential of the proposed approach to improve the multi-label classification performance.     

基于局部学习的半监督多标记分类算法

针对在求解半监督多标记分类问题时通常将其分解成若干个单标记半监督二类分类问题从而导致忽视类别之间内在联系的问题,提出基于局部学习的半监督多标记分类方法。该方法避开了多个单标记半监督二类分类问题的求解,采用“整体法”的研究思路,利用基于图的方法,引入基于样本的局部学习正则项和基于类别的拉普拉斯正则项,构建了问题的正则化框架。实验结果表明,所提算法具有较高的查全率和查准率。     

基于正则化的半监督弱标签分类方法

针对多标签学习中实例标签的缺失补全和预测问题,本文提出一种基于正则化的半监督弱标签分类方法(简称SWCMR),方法同时兼顾实例相似性和标签相关性.SWCMR首先根据标签相关性对弱标签实例的缺失标签进行初步预估,然后利用弱标签实例和无标签实例构造邻域图,从实例相似性和标签相关性角度构建基于平滑性假设的正则化项,接下来利用预估后的弱标签实例结合无标签实例训练半监督弱标签分类模型.在多种公共多标签数据集上的实验结果表明,SWCMR提高了分类性能,尤其是标签信息较少时,分类效果提升更显著.     

中文微博情感分类的简单多标签排序算法

针对中文微博文本情感分类中每个样本最多只有两种有序情感标签的情形,提出了一种简单的多标签排序算法——TSMLR,该算法采用两步学习和两步分类的策略,通过学习情感标签之间的主次关系,对微博文本的情感进行分类并对情感标签进行排序。首先,将一个多标签排序问题转化为八个多类单标签分类问题,分别对主要情感标签和次要情感标签进行学习;然后,利用得到的分类模型对微博表达的情感进行两步分类,首先给出主要情感标签,再给出次要情感标签。通过在NLP&CC2014的中文微博文本情感分析评测数据集上进行实验,与校准标签排序方法(CLR)相比,TSMLR方法的准确度和平均精度分别提高了8.59%和9.28%,1-错误率相应下降了9.77%,而且TSMLR所需的训练时间相对较少。实验结果表明:TSMLR对标签之间顺序关系的学习能够有效提高对中文微博情感分类的准确率。     

一种针对弱标记文档的分类方法

多标记学习不同于传统的监督学习,它是为了解决客观世界中多义性对象的建模问题而提出的一种学习框架。在该框架下,一个实例可以同时隶属于多个标记。已有的多标记学习算法大多假设每个样本的标记集合都是完整的,但有时某些实例对应的标记会出现缺失。为了应对这一问题,本文提出一种针对弱标记文档的分类方法,该方法基于标记之间不同的相关性和相似实例具有相似标记的假设,构造一个最优化问题,以尽可能地补全缺失的标记。实验结果表明,该方法可以有效地提升学习系统的泛化性能。      

多粒度信息关系增强的多标签文本分类

基于深度学习的多标签文本分类方法存在两个主要缺陷:缺乏对文本信息多粒度的学习,以及对标签间约束性关系的利用.针对这些问题,提出一种多粒度信息关系增强的多标签文本分类方法.首先,通过联合嵌入的方式将文本与标签嵌入到同一空间,并利用BERT预训练模型获得文本和标签的隐向量特征表示.然后,构建3个多粒度信息关系增强模块:文档级信息浅层标签注意力分类模块、词级信息深层标签注意力分类模块和标签约束性关系匹配辅助模块.其中,前两个模块针对共享特征表示进行多粒度学习:文档级文本信息与标签信息浅层交互学习,以及词级文本信息与标签信息深层交互学习.辅助模块通过学习标签间关系来提升分类性能.最后,所提方法在3个代表性数据集上,与当前主流的多标签文本分类算法进行了比较.结果表明,在主要指标Micro-F1、MacroF1、nDCG@k、P@k上均达到了最佳效果.     

一种启发式多标记分类器选择与排序策略

在多标记分类问题当中,多标记分类器的目的是为实例预测一个与其关联的标记集合。典型方法之一是将多标记分类问题转化为多个二类分类问题,这些二类分类器之间可以存在一定的关系。简单地考虑标记间依赖关系可以在一定程度上改善分类性能,但同时计算复杂度也是必须考虑的问题。该文提出了一种利用多标记间依赖关系的有序分类器集合算法,该算法通过启发式的搜索策略寻找分类器之间的某种次序,这种次序可以更好地反映标记间的依赖关系。在实验中,该文选取了来自不同领域的数据集和多个评价指标,实验结果表明该文所提出的算法比一般多标记分类算法具有更好的分类性能。     

多标记数据特征提取方法的核改进

针对多标记数据特征提取方法中输出核函数没有准确刻画标记间的相关性的问题,在充分度量标记间相关性的基础上,提出了两种新的输出核函数构造方法。第一种方法首先将多标记数据转化为单标记数据,并使用标记集合来刻画标记间的相关性;然后从损失函数的角度出发定义新的输出核函数。第二种方法是利用互信息来度量标记间的两两相关性,在此基础上进一步构造新的输出核函数。3个多标记数据集上2种分类器的实验结果表明,与原有核函数对应的多标记特征提取方法相比,基于损失函数的输出核函数对应的特征提取方法性能最好,5个评价指标的性能平均提高了10%左右, 尤其在Yeast数据集上,Coverage指标下降幅度达到了30%左右;基于互信息的输出核函数次之,性能平均提高了5%左右。实验结果表明,基于新的输出核函数的特征提取方法能够更加有效地提取特征,并进一步简化分类器的学习过程,提高分类器的泛化性能。     

最大规范化依赖性多标记半监督学习方法

针对现有多标记学习方法大多属于有监督学习方法, 而不能有效利用相对便宜且容易获得的大量未标记样本的问题, 本文提出了一种新的多标记半监督学习方法, 称为最大规范化依赖性多标记半监督学习方法(Normalized dependence maximization multi-label semi-supervised learning method). 该方法将已有标签作为约束条件,利用所有样本, 包括已标记和未标记样本,对特征集和标签集的规范化依赖性进行估计, 并以该估计值的最大化为目标, 最终通过求解带边界的迹比值问题为未标记样本打上标签. 与其他经典多标记学习方法在多个真实多标记数据集上的对比实验表明, 本文方法可以有效从已标记和未标记样本中学习, 尤其是已标记样本相对稀少时,学习效果得到了显著提高.     

Learning safe multi-label prediction for weakly labeled data

In this paper we study multi-label learning with weakly labeled data, i.e., labels of training examples are incomplete, which commonly occurs in real applications, e.g., image classification, document categorization. This setting includes, e.g., (i) semi-supervised multi-label learning where completely labeled examples are partially known; (ii) weak label learning where relevant labels of examples are partially known; (iii) extended weak label learning where relevant and irrelevant labels of examples are partially known. Previous studies often expect that the learning method with the use of weakly labeled data will improve the performance, as more data are employed. This, however, is not always the cases in reality, i.e., weakly labeled data may sometimes degenerate the learning performance. It is desirable to learn safe multi-label prediction that will not hurt performance when weakly labeled data is involved in the learning procedure. In this work we optimize multi-label evaluation metrics (\(\hbox {F}_1\) score and Top-k precision) given that the ground-truth label assignment is realized by a convex combination of base multi-label learners. To cope with the infinite number of possible ground-truth label assignments, cutting-plane strategy is adopted to iteratively generate the most helpful label assignments. The whole optimization is cast as a series of simple linear programs in an efficient manner. Extensive experiments on three weakly labeled learning tasks, namely, (i) semi-supervised multi-label learning; (ii) weak label learning and (iii) extended weak label learning, clearly show that our proposal improves the safeness of using weakly labeled data compared with many state-of-the-art methods.     

Ensemble methods for multi-label classification

Ensemble methods have been shown to be an effective tool for solving multi-label classification tasks. In the RAndom k-labELsets (RAKEL) algorithm, each member of the ensemble is associated with a small randomly-selected subset of k labels. Then, a single label classifier is trained according to each combination of elements in the subset. In this paper we adopt a similar approach, however, instead of randomly choosing subsets, we select the minimum required subsets of k labels that cover all labels and meet additional constraints such as coverage of inter-label correlations. Construction of the cover is achieved by formulating the subset selection as a minimum set covering problem (SCP) and solving it by using approximation algorithms. Every cover needs only to be prepared once by offline algorithms. Once prepared, a cover may be applied to the classification of any given multi-label dataset whose properties conform with those of the cover. The contribution of this paper is two-fold. First, we introduce SCP as a general framework for constructing label covers while allowing the user to incorporate cover construction constraints. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this framework by proposing two construction constraints whose enforcement produces covers that improve the prediction performance of random selection by achieving better coverage of labels and inter-label correlations. Second, we provide theoretical bounds that quantify the probabilities of random selection to produce covers that meet the proposed construction criteria. The experimental results indicate that the proposed methods improve multi-label classification accuracy and stability compared to the RAKEL algorithm and to other state-of-the-art algorithms.     

A comparative study of fuzzy PSO and fuzzy SVD-based RBF neural network for multi-label classification

In multi-label classification problems, every instance is associated with multiple labels at the same time. Binary classification, multi-class classification and ordinal regression problems can be seen as unique cases of multi-label classification where each instance is assigned only one label. Text classification is the main application area of multi-label classification techniques. However, relevant works are found in areas like bioinformatics, medical diagnosis, scene classification and music categorization. There are two approaches to do multi-label classification: The first is an algorithm-independent approach or problem transformation in which multi-label problem is dealt by transforming the original problem into a set of single-label problems, and the second approach is algorithm adaptation, where specific algorithms have been proposed to solve multi-label classification problem. Through our work, we not only investigate various research works that have been conducted under algorithm adaptation for multi-label classification but also perform comparative study of two proposed algorithms. The first proposed algorithm is named as fuzzy PSO-based ML-RBF, which is the hybridization of fuzzy PSO and ML-RBF. The second proposed algorithm is named as FSVD-MLRBF that hybridizes fuzzy c-means clustering along with singular value decomposition. Both the proposed algorithms are applied to real-world datasets, i.e., yeast and scene dataset. The experimental results show that both the proposed algorithms meet or beat ML-RBF and ML-KNN when applied on the test datasets.

     

利用标签相关性先验的弱监督多标签学习方法

多标签学习是一种非常重要的机器学习范式.传统的多标签学习方法是在监督或半监督的情况下设计的.通常情况下,它们需要对所有或部分数据进行准确的属于多个类别的标注.在许多实际应用中,拥有大量标注的标签信息往往难以获取,限制了多标签学习的推广和应用.与之相比,标签相关性作为一种常见的弱监督信息,它对标注信息的要求较低.如何利用标签相关性进行多标签学习,是一个重要但未研究的问题.提出了一种利用标签相关性作为先验的弱监督多标签学习方法(WSMLLC).该模型利用标签相关性对样本相似性进行了重述,能够有效地获取标签指示矩阵;同时,利用先验信息对数据的投影矩阵进行约束,并引入回归项对指示矩阵进行修正.与现有方法相比,WSMLLC模型的突出优势在于:仅提供标签相关性先验,就可以实现多标签样本的标签指派任务.在多个公开数据集上进行实验验证,实验结果表明:在标签矩阵完全缺失的情况下,WSMLLC与当前先进的多标签学习方法相比具有明显优势.     

MSML-BERT模型的层级多标签文本分类方法研究

层级多标签文本分类相比普通的多标签文本分类更具有挑战性,因为文本的多个标签组织成树状的层次结构。当前方法使用相同的模型结构来预测不同层级的标签,忽略了它们之间的差异性和多样性。并且没有充分地建模层级依赖关系,造成各层级标签尤其是下层长尾标签的预测性能差,且会导致标签不一致性问题。为了解决以上问题,将多任务学习架构引入,提出了MSML-BERT模型。该模型将标签结构中每一层的标签分类网络视为一个学习任务,通过任务间知识的共享和传递,提高各层级任务的性能。基于此,设计了多尺度特征抽取模块,用于捕捉不同尺度和粒度的特征以形成不同层级需要的各种知识。进一步,设计了多层级信息传播模块,用于充分建模层级依赖,在不同层级之间传递知识,以帮助下层任务。在该模块中,设计了层次化门控机制,为了过滤不同层级任务之间的知识流动。在RCV1-V2、NYT和WOS数据集上进行了充分的实验,结果显示该模型的总体表现尤其是在下层长尾标签上的表现超过了其他主流模型,并且能维持较低的标签不一致比率。     

Incremental Multi-Label Learning with Active Queries

In multi-label learning,it is rather expensive to label instances since they are simultaneously associated with multiple labels.Therefore,active learning,which reduces the labeling cost by actively querying the labels of the most valuable data,becomes particularly important for multi-label learning.A good multi-label active learning algorithm usually consists of two crucial elements:a reasonable criterion to evaluate the gain of querying the label for an instance,and an effective classification model,based on whose prediction the criterion can be accurately computed.In this paper,we first introduce an effective multi-label classification model by combining label ranking with threshold learning,which is incrementally trained to avoid retraining from scratch after every query.Based on this model,we then propose to exploit both uncertainty and diversity in the instance space as well as the label space,and actively query the instance-label pairs which can improve the classification model most.Extensive experiments on 20 datasets demonstrate the superiority of the proposed approach to state-of-the-art methods.     

基于标记与特征依赖最大化的弱标记集成分类

弱标记学习是多标记学习的一个重要分支,近几年已被广泛研究并被应用于多标记样本的缺失标记补全和预测等问题.然而,针对特征集合较大、更容易拥有多个语义标记和出现标记缺失的高维数据问题,现有弱标记学习方法普遍易受这类数据包含的噪声和冗余特征的干扰.为了对高维多标记数据进行准确的分类,提出了一种基于标记与特征依赖最大化的弱标记集成分类方法EnWL.EnWL首先在高维数据的特征空间多次利用近邻传播聚类方法,每次选择聚类中心构成具有代表性的特征子集,降低噪声和冗余特征的干扰;再在每个特征子集上训练一个基于标记与特征依赖最大化的半监督多标记分类器;最后,通过投票集成这些分类器实现多标记分类.在多种高维数据集上的实验结果表明,EnWL在多种评价度量上的预测性能均优于已有相关方法.     

Multi-label feature selection based on neighborhood mutual information

Multi-label learning deals with data associated with a set of labels simultaneously. Like traditional single-label learning, the high-dimensionality of data is a stumbling block for multi-label learning. In this paper, we first introduce the margin of instance to granulate all instances under different labels, and three different concepts of neighborhood are defined based on different cognitive viewpoints. Based on this, we generalize neighborhood information entropy to fit multi-label learning and propose three new measures of neighborhood mutual information. It is shown that these new measures are a natural extension from single-label learning to multi-label learning. Then, we present an optimization objective function to evaluate the quality of the candidate features, which can be solved by approximating the multi-label neighborhood mutual information. Finally, extensive experiments conducted on publicly available data sets verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm by comparing it with state-of-the-art methods.     

基于Tri-training的半监督多标记学习算法

传统的多标记学习是监督意义下的学习,它要求获得完整的类别标记.但是当数据规模较大且类别数目较多时,获得完整类别标记的训练样本集是非常困难的.因而,在半监督协同训练思想的框架下,提出了基于Tri-training的半监督多标记学习算法（SMLT）.在学习阶段,SMLT引入一个虚拟类标记,然后针对每一对类别标记,利用协同训练机制Tri-training算法训练得到对应的分类器;在预测阶段,给定一个新的样本,将其代入上述所得的分类器中,根据类别标记得票数的多少将多标记学习问题转化为标记排序问题,并将虚拟类标记的得票数作为阈值对标记排序结果进行划分.在UCI中4个常用的多标记数据集上的对比实验表明,SMLT算法在4个评价指标上的性能大多优于其他对比算法,验证了该算法的有效性.     

基于分布先验的半监督FCM的肺结节分类

肺结节的良恶性分类对于肺癌的早期发现及诊断具有重要意义。然而实际应用中,标记的图像数量较少,且获取标记将耗费大量的人力,在这种情况下,使用半监督学习算法是有效提高分类性能的一个思路。作为一种经典的半监督学习算法,传统的半监督FCM在未标记样本与标记样本分布不平衡情况下不能充分利用标记信息。针对此问题,本文提出了一种基于分布先验的半监督FCM算法。首先计算样本的先验分布概率,基于获得的先验概率,给样本赋予权重,并将其融入到半监督FCM聚类中,从而强化少量的标记样本在聚类过程中的指导作用。文中在LIDC数据库上进行了相应的实验,实验结果证明,相比较传统的半监督FCM算法,提出的算法能够取得更好的肺结节分类性能。