Buckling analysis of partially corroded steel plates with irregular surfaces

Corrosion is a long-term, inevitable process, lessens the thickness and load carrying capacity of structures. Old steel structures are more vulnerable to buckling, yielding and fracture due to corrosion. In lieu of a detailed analysis, average thickness assumption is employed for general type of corrosion. However, the estimation of load carrying capacity reduction of corroded structures typically need a much higher level of accuracy, since the actual corroded plates would have irregular surfaces. The objective of this article is to determine the effect of general corrosion on reduction of elastic buckling strength of both-sided partially corroded plates with irregular surfaces. Eigenvalue analysis using finite element method is employed for Euler stress calculation of corroded plates. The effects of different influential parameters are investigated and it is found that, aspect ratio of plate, location of corroded area, standard deviation of thickness diminution and concentration of corrosion have influence on reduction of elastic buckling strength. Reduction of elastic buckling strength is very sensitive to the amount of corrosion loss. The higher the amount of corrosion loss, the more reduction of elastic buckling strength.     

Plastic collapse load of corroded steel plates

Corrosion is one of the detrimental phenomena which reduces strength of structures. It is common practice to assume a uniform thickness reduction for general corrosion. Since the actual corroded plate has rough surfaces, to estimate the remaining strength of corroded structures, typically a much higher level of accuracy is required. The main aim of present work is to study plastic collapse load of corroded steel plates with irregular surfaces under tension. Non-linear finite element method by using computer code ANSYS was employed to determine plastic collapse load. By comparing the results with uniform thickness assumption, a reduction factor was proposed. It is found that by uniform thickness assumption, plastic collapse load of corroded plates are overestimated.     

随机点蚀损伤钢板的极限强度预测

该文通过构建随机点蚀损伤钢板的数值模型,开展200个模型的非线性有限元分析,研究随机点蚀损伤下,不同长宽比、长细比和腐蚀强度的板极限强度退化规律,揭示上述三个参数对其极限强度的影响;借助人工神经网路的强非线性拟合能力,将三个影响因素作为预测网络的输入参数,将相应的有限元结果作为网络的输出结果,构建一个三层的BP神经网络模型,预测随机点蚀板的极限强度;且利用已有文献的大量数据验证BP模型的预测精度。相同的腐蚀强度下,同一结构尺寸（长宽比和长细比）板的极限强度会由于点蚀的随机性产生明显的变异;板的长宽比和长细比均对板的极限强度有不同程度的影响,且极限强度的退化受结构尺寸和腐蚀强度的联合影响;所构建的人工神经网络模型具有良好的预测精度,其预测误差不超过10%,可用于量化随机点蚀板的极限强度。     

Impact of corrosion on low-cycle fatigue degradation of reinforcing bars with the effect of inelastic buckling

The combined effect of inelastic buckling and chloride induced corrosion damage on low-cycle high amplitude fatigue life of embedded reinforcing bars in concrete is investigated experimentally. A total of forty-eight low-cycle fatigue tests on corroded reinforcing bars varied in percentage mass loss, strain amplitudes and buckling lengths are conducted. The failure modes and crack propagation are investigated by fractography of fracture surfaces using scanning electron microscope. The results show that the inelastic buckling, percentage mass loss and nonuniform corrosion pattern are the main parameters affecting the low-cycle fatigue life of reinforcing bars. It was found that the fatigue life of corroded reinforcing bars combined with inelastic buckling has a significant path dependency. The results show that in some cases the number of cycles to failure of corroded bars under constant amplitude fatigue test is increased.     

模拟酸雨腐蚀钢管混凝土构件静力性能研究

该文讨论了模拟酸雨腐蚀环境下钢管混凝土构件静力性能的退化规律,具体包括模拟酸雨腐蚀后:钢材材料力学性能;钢管混凝土构件轴压力学性能;钢管混凝土构件纯弯力学性能;钢管混凝土构件偏压力学性能。分析了腐蚀率对钢材屈服强度、弹性模量、极限抗拉强度和极限延伸率的影响,采用钢管壁厚折减以及壁厚折减耦合材性折减的模拟腐蚀损伤方法,结合有限元ABAQUS软件、规范公式,分别计算了构件荷载-变形关系曲线、极限承载力,并和试验结果进行了比较,发现钢管壁厚折减方法优于壁厚折减耦合材性折减方法,地方标准严于国家标准。     

GFRP管-灌浆料修复锈蚀钢管节点受压性能研究

圆钢管焊接节点应用广泛,长期服役后的腐蚀退化问题严重影响其安全性和剩余寿命。为研究GFRP管-灌浆料修复锈蚀钢管节点的效果,对6组未锈蚀、锈蚀未修复和GFRP管-灌浆料修复的锈蚀圆钢管T形节点开展了支管轴压力静载试验。试验结果表明：主管锈蚀导致的约10%重量损失会使节点承载力降低近20%;GFRP管-灌浆料有效地约束了锈蚀主管的侧向外凸变形,使节点的控制破坏模式由主管塑性化转变为主管冲剪,从而使锈蚀节点的受压承载力和初始刚度分别提升约100%和50%,且均高于未锈蚀的对比试件。基于验证的精细化有限元模型,进一步参数分析表明,支主管直径比、GFRP管厚度以及修复主管截面空心率是影响修复节点受压性能的关键参数,主管修复长度和灌浆料强度的影响较小;优化修复构造,可使主管重量损失28%的锈蚀节点承载力提升至锈蚀前的1.5倍以上。最后,基于修复节点承载力达到1.2倍未锈节点的目标,提出了适用于不同节点锈蚀率的修复建议,可为长期服役后锈蚀钢管结构的修复与性能提升提供参考。     

锚贴钢板加固RC锈蚀梁承载力计算方法与试验研究

基于桁架理论模型,定量考虑锈蚀钢筋力学性能、加固钢板厚度、粘胶层粘结强度、保护层厚度对承载力的影响,建立了RC梁锈蚀锚贴加固后极限承载力的计算公式。通过对9片锚贴钢板加固锈蚀梁、3片锈蚀梁以及3片不锈蚀加固梁的试验研究,验证了理论模型的正确性。试验研究和公式计算表明在锈蚀率接近和保护层厚度相同的情况下,钢板厚度每提高1mm,承载力大小提高15kN~20kN,在锈蚀率大小不同的情况下,锈蚀率增加2%~3%,承载力降低大约10kN。     

Fatigue life evaluation of corroded structural steel members in boundary with concrete

Severe localized corrosion damages have been observed at the steel members in boundary with concrete on some steel structures. In our previous study, accelerated exposure tests and numerical simulations using referential spatial statistics were carried out to investigate the corrosion behavior for the steel structural members in boundary with concrete. In this research, fatigue tests were carried out on corroded specimens by accelerated exposure tests to investigate the fatigue behavior of corroded structural members in boundary with concrete. FE stress analyses were also performed on the models of the corroded surfaces of the specimens and the simulated corrosion surfaces to investigate the stress concentration at the corrosion pit in the vicinity of the boundary. The experimental and analytical results clarified the fatigue behaviors of corroded steel plates in boundary with concrete. The method for evaluating the fatigue life of corroded steel members was also proposed.     

Levy-type solution for buckling analysis of orthotropic plates based on two variable refined plate theory

This paper presents closed-form solution for buckling analysis of orthotropic plates using two variable refined plate theory. The theory accounts for a quadratic variation of the transverse shear strains across the thickness, and satisfies the zero traction boundary conditions on the top and bottom surfaces of the plate without using shear correction factors. Governing equations are derived from the principle of minimum total potential energy. The closed-form solutions of rectangular plates with two opposite edges simply supported and the other two edges having arbitrary boundary conditions are obtained by applying the state space approach to the Levy-type solution. Comparison studies are performed to verify the validity of the present results. The effects of boundary condition, loading condition, and variations of modulus ratio, aspect ratio, and thickness ratio on the critical buckling load of orthotropic plates are investigated and discussed in detail.     

Hygrothermo-mechanical buckling of FGM plates resting on elastic foundations using a quasi-3D model

Hygrothermal and mechanical buckling responses of functionally graded (FG) plates resting on Winkler–Pasternak’s foundations are presented in this paper using a refined quasi-3D model. The effects due to transverse normal strain and shear deformation are both included. The present model exactly satisfies stress boundary conditions on the upper and lower surfaces of the FG plate without using shear correction factors. It is assumed that the material properties vary according to a power law of the thickness coordinate variable. The hygrothermal buckling equilibrium equations are derived from the principle of virtual work for FG plates resting on Winkler–Pasternak’s foundations with simply-supported boundary conditions. Two types of thermal and hygrothermal loading, uniform thermal and hygrothermal rise, linear thermal and hygrothermal distribution through the thickness are considered. Numerical results are presented to verify the accuracy of the present study. The effects played by Winkler–Pasternak’s parameters, plate aspect ratio, side-to-thickness ratio, gradient index, and loading type on the critical buckling of the FG plates are all investigated.     

近海大气环境下锈蚀钢框架梁抗震性能试验及恢复力模型研究

为了研究近海大气环境下锈蚀钢框架梁的抗震性能,对5根钢框架梁进行了近海大气环境加速腐蚀试验和低周反复加载试验,分析了不同锈蚀程度对钢框架梁破坏模式、承载能力、变形能力及耗能能力等的影响。结果表明:随着锈蚀程度的增加,试件底端翼缘屈曲、腹板鼓曲及塑性铰形成所对应的位移逐渐减小;试件承载力及延性显著降低,强度和刚度退化明显,耗能变差。在试验研究的基础上,引入循环退化指数,建立了能够反应强度、刚度循环退化效应的锈蚀钢框架梁恢复力模型;并与试验滞回曲线进行对比,两者吻合较好,验证了该恢复力模型的适用性。研究成果为近海大气环境下在役钢结构的抗震性能评估奠定了试验与理论基础。     

锈蚀RC桥梁弯曲抗力时变概率模型与试验研究

在退化RC结构的时变性能评估、剩余寿命预测以及维修加固决策分析中,其抗力模型的建立至关重要。钢筋锈蚀导致钢筋的屈服强度降低、改变钢筋力学行为和影响钢筋与混凝土之间的粘结行为。钢筋腐蚀损失量影响钢筋的失效模式,即从延性破坏到脆性破坏变化。该文发展了退化RC 桥梁的概率抗力时变模型,可以定量考虑腐蚀对钢筋力学行为、倒塌机理和粘结性能的影响。建立退化结构的抗力概率模型可以抓住退化结构的退化机理、点蚀分布、结构尺寸参数、粘结行为、腐蚀扩展、钢筋失效模式和计算模型的随机性和变异性。RC 梁的加速腐蚀试验和旧桥的破坏性试验验证了该文模型的正确性和可靠性。     

Mechanical behaviour of corroded reinforced concrete beams—Part 1: Experimental study of corroded beams

Steel corrosion in reinforced concrete leads to crack occurrence along the reinforcement (secondary cracks), to a reduction in bond strength and a reduction in steel cross section. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of these deteriorations on the global behaviour of reinforced concrete structural elements in their service and ultimate states. Mechanical experimentation was carried out on fourteen-year-old reinforced concrete beams, on two control elements and two corroded beams. A comparative analysis of the results obtained on the beams showed that concrete cracking in the compressive area had no significant influence on the behaviour in service of the corroded elements. However, significant modifications of service behaviour were observed, due to the degradations in the tensile zone, namely: loss of bending stiffness, dissymmetrical behaviour. Finally, the measure of the residual steel cross-section of the corroded re-bars showed that the loss of bending stiffnes due to steel corrosion cannot be merely explained in terms of steel cross-section reduction. Concerning the ultimate behaviour, the loss of steel cross-section is the main parameter which leads to a reduction of bearing capacity and ductility. Another part will explain the separate and coupling effects of bond strength and steel cross-section loss on the mechanical behaviour of corroded beams.     

锈蚀钢筋混凝土结构可靠度评估

钢筋锈蚀是混凝土结构破坏最主要的原因之一,目前钢筋混凝土结构可靠度研究大多数没有考虑锈蚀的影响。提出了锈蚀钢筋混凝土结构可靠度评估方法。首先分析大气环境下和氯离子环境下钢筋锈蚀的模型,然后考虑钢筋面积和粘结强度的降低,建立锈蚀钢筋混凝土结构抗力的随机模型,最后采用一次二阶矩实用分析法计算可靠度指标,以评估大气环境下和氯离子环境下混凝土结构可靠度。两个算例表明,该方法可用于锈蚀钢筋混凝土结构可靠度评估。     

Influence of alloying elements and density on aqueous corrosion behaviour of some sintered low alloy steels

Low alloy steels produced through powder metallurgy route of sintering followed by forging are promising candidate materials for high strength small components. Porosity in such steels poses a real challenge during acid pickling treatment, which is one of the processing steps during manufacturing. The present research work attempts to investigate the mechanism underlying the acid corrosion behaviour of some sintered low alloy steels under induced acid pickling conditions. Sintered-forged low alloy steel samples containing molybdenum (Mo), copper (Cu) and titanium (Ti) were subjected to aqueous corrosion attack by immersing the samples in 18% HCl (Hydrochloric acid) solution for 25 h. Sample weight loss and Fe (Iron) loss were estimated for the corroded samples. The morphology of the corroded surfaces was studied through metallography and scanning electron microscopy. Higher porosity alloys underwent enhanced corrosion rates. Both corrosion rate and iron loss are found to decrease linearly with reduction in porosity in all cases of the alloys. The alloying elements Mo, Ti and Cu, when added in combination, have played a complementary role in the reduction of corrosion rate by almost one order of magnitude compared to unalloyed steel. Presence of carbides of the carbide forming elements Mo and Ti played a positive role on the corrosion behaviour of the low alloy steels.     

锈蚀钢筋混凝土柱的修正压-剪-弯分析模型研究

随着服役时间的增加,混凝土结构中钢筋易发生锈蚀,引起混凝土结构承载性能下降,严重影响工程结构的继续使用。该文在分析纵筋锈蚀后的屈曲效应、箍筋锈蚀后的约束效应、混凝土和钢筋材料性能劣化的基础上,建议了考虑锈蚀影响的钢筋、混凝土及锈蚀钢筋与混凝土界面粘结性能的本构模型,以锈蚀钢筋混凝土柱为研究对象,对反复荷载作用下钢筋混凝土柱的分析模型进行修正,建立了锈蚀钢筋混凝土柱压-剪-弯交互作用下极限承载力计算模型,并通过21根锈蚀混凝土柱的试验结果对建议分析模型进行了验证。研究结果表明:锈蚀钢筋混凝土柱极限承载力试验值与计算值之比的平均值为1.021,方差为0.014,建议模型极限承载力预测值与试验结果吻合较好,可用于低周反复荷载作用下锈蚀钢筋混凝土柱的承载力分析。     

Numerical investigation of the response of sandwich-type panels using thin-walled tubes subject to blast loads

The response of a novel lightweight panel design under blast loading is numerically investigated. The sandwich-type panel uses thin-walled square tubes as the core material with mild steel outer plates. A parametric study is carried out with ABAQUS/Explicit to examine the effects and interaction between design variables in three different tube layouts. Tube position, thickness and aspect ratio as well as top plate thickness are varied. Buckling stability and absorption performance are shown to be highly sensitive to tube placement due to interaction effects between the top plate and tubes. For each panel an optimal tube positioning is obtained corresponding to nearly perfect axial progressive symmetric tube buckling. Tube thickness is shown to influence the onset of buckling and hence affects the stability of the core, while energy absorption performance is also highly configurable. Tube aspect ratio shows only a small effect on core buckling stability and energy absorption. Top plate thickness influences absorber performance significantly while having a small effect on buckling stability. A simple theoretical analysis is presented and shows reasonable agreement with the numerical simulations.     

锈蚀对核安全壳结构钢衬里撕裂的影响

为研究锈蚀对核安全壳结构钢衬里撕裂的影响,该文对36个不同锈蚀率的钢衬里板进行了单轴拉伸试验,分析了锈蚀钢衬里板的力学性能退化机理和退化规律;建立了锈蚀钢衬里板的本构模型;根据试验结果,提出了考虑不同锈蚀率的钢衬里撕裂准则和锈蚀模拟方法;通过数值模拟,分析了锈蚀对安全壳钢衬里撕裂的影响;最后对比了该文模拟方法与美国核管理委员会(NRC)方法的差异,并给出了NRC方法中锈蚀影响系数的取值建议。结果表明：随锈蚀率增大,钢衬里板的弹性模量变化不大,但其屈服强度、峰值强度、峰值应变和断裂应变大致呈线性退化规律;该文建立的锈蚀钢衬里板的本构模型与试验结果吻合良好;随锈蚀率增大,安全壳钢衬里发生撕裂时的内压逐渐降低,且当锈蚀率为50%时,内压降低29.06%;与NRC方法相比,该文方法能直观反映不同锈蚀率对钢衬里的影响,更能接近实际锈蚀情况;对于NRC所建议的锈蚀影响系数,锈蚀率小于20%时,可取上限值,锈蚀率为20%～40%时,建议取最佳估值,而锈蚀率超过40%后,应当取下限值。该文研究工作可为安全壳钢衬里锈蚀后的性能评估提供借鉴和参考。     

锈蚀高强钢丝力学性能退化的试验研究

该文通过试验研究了锈蚀高强钢丝的锈蚀形貌、产物、力学性能，为其检测评估提供依据。用高分辨率X射线衍射仪和场发射环境扫描电镜分析高强钢丝锈蚀产物，用华朗-3DX+非接触式三维扫描仪确定其截面特性沿钢丝轴向的变化情况，还采用MTS试验机对其进行静力拉伸和疲劳加载试验。通过分析三维扫描数据确定锈蚀高强钢丝表面形貌，基于实测锈蚀高强钢丝力学性能建立本构关系模型参数与锈蚀率的退化关系。试验结果表明:高强钢丝锈蚀截面面积的变异性随锈蚀程度增加越来越显著；极限强度在锈蚀率大于1.25%时小于标准极限强度1770 MPa；断后伸长率在锈蚀率大于5.05%时小于规范限值4%；疲劳寿命在锈蚀率大于4.16%时小于200万次；锈蚀率对高强钢丝弹性模量无明显影响。根据试验结果综合完善了现有规范对锈蚀高强钢丝等级划分的指标值。     

Buckling analysis of rectangular composite plates with rectangular cutout subjected to linearly varying in-plane loading using fem

A numerical study is carried out using finite element method, to examine the effects of square and rectangular cutout on the buckling behavior of a sixteen ply quasi-isotropic graphite/epoxy symmetrically laminated rectangular composite plate [0°/+45°/-45°/90°]_2s, subjected to various linearly varying in-plane compressive loads. Further, this paper addresses the effects of size of square/rectangular cutout, orientation of square/rectangular cutout, plate aspect ratio(a/b), plate length/thickness ratio(a/t), boundary conditions on the buckling bahaviour of symmetrically laminated rectangular composite plates subjected to various linearly varying in-plane compressive loading. It is observed that the various linearly varying in-plane loads and boundary conditions have a substantial influence on buckling strength of rectangular composite plate with square/rectangular cutout.