Tidal breathing model describing end-tidal, alveolar, arterial and mixed venous CO2 and O2

Thermodilution is the current standard for determination of cardiac output. The method is invasive and constitutes a risk for the patient. As an alternative CO₂ rebreathing allows non-invasive cardiac output estimation using Ficks principle. The method relies on estimation of arterial CO₂ partial pressure from end-tidal CO₂ pressure and estimation of mixed venous CO₂ partial pressure from end-tidal CO₂ during rebreathing. Presumably the oxygenation of blood in the lung capillaries increases lung capillary CO₂ pressure due to the Haldane effect, which during rebreathing may result in overestimation of the mixed venous CO₂ pressure. However, the Haldane effect is not discussed in the current literature describing cardiac output estimation using CO₂ rebreathing. The purpose of this study is to construct and verify a compartmental tidal breathing lung model to investigate the physiological mechanisms that influence the CO₂ rebreathing technique. The model simulations show agreement with previous studies describing end-tidal to arterial differences in CO₂ pressure and rebreathing with high and low O₂ fractions in the rebreathing bag. In conclusion the simulations show that caution has to be taken when using end-tidal measurements to estimate CO₂ pressures, especially during rebreathing where the Haldane effect causes mixed venous CO₂ partial pressure to be substantially overestimated.     

PATHSIM,a modular simulator for an automatic tool handling system evaluation in FMS

The automatic movement of tools, as well as parts, within a flexible manufacturing system is now technically possible. The prospective benefits of automatic tool movement include reduced tool inventories, lower manpower requirements, and an enhanced capability for unattended operation. This report describes a tool for investigating the performance of automatic tool handling systems associated with flexible manufacturing systems.This work uses simulation to describe the prospective systems. In particular, a combined network and discrete event model, written in the SLAM simulation language, is used. The model is of a modular construction, to facilitate its use for different system configurations in the future. The trade-offs between the advantages provided by automatic tool handling and the increased system costs because of the associated hardware are outlined. An illustration of the search for a satisfactory trade-off is made by varying several factors in an example FMS and assessing their effects on system performance.     

Progress in automatic analysis of multi-temporal remotely-sensed data

Abstract

The increasing volume of remotely-sensed data has led to a need for efficient automatic analysis procedures. A system is presented for automatic, knowledge-based segmentation of remotely-sensed images of the land. The system uses the information in time sequences of remotely-sensed data together with cartographic map data and domain expertise to build a model of the scene in terms of segments and their possible classes. The accuracies of segmentation and subsequent classification are shown to be superior to traditional automatic techniques. In addition, potential changes in the scene are isolated.     

Automatic optimal-adaptive air-cooling system for brain hypothermia treatment

A new automatic air-cooling system is proposed using a cooling incubator to replace the manual water-cooling blanket which has traditionally been used to lower brain tissue temperature (BTT) in brain hypothermia treatment (BHT). This study concerns its feasibility through a simulation. First, a biothermal model is proposed for the adult incubating system based on the geometric structure and parameters of patients. Its dynamics were carefully examined by two simulation experiments testing its step response and feedback control. Then a model reference adaptive control algorithm was introduced for the automatic regulation of BTT, where the newly developed adult incubating biothermal model, represented by a state equation, was replaced for the hypothermic patient with a cooling blanket, thus introducing a first-order lag system given as its basic characteristic model. Finally, the proposed cooling incubator was controlled by the adaptive control mechanism, which gives a follow-up of BTT to a given reference temperature course, even if a possible environmental change in the therapeutic cooling system exists, including the individual differences of patients and any chronic conditional change. The automatic cooling incubating system based on the air-cooling method was confirmed to be superior to the water-cooling one. Thus, this work supports the possible development of an air-cooling adult incubating system for the automatic regulation of BTT in an intensive care unit (ICU) application.     

A system theoretic approach to automatic data analysis for inspections of underwater structures

The aim of this paper is to propose and discuss the structure of an automatic system for reasoning about data in inspection missions concerning underwater structures. The system is mainly intended as a support for the operator activity during the surveys of undersea pipelines and it represents a first step in the development of possible fully automatic systems for unmanned inspection missions. The structure of the system and the procedures that it implements are described in detail and the results of suitable simulations are presented.     

Cell production system for assembly

The recent diversification of market needs and shortened product life have necessitated frequent model changes which robot assembly lines can no longer accommodate.

This paper proposes automatic assembly by a cell production system as a possible solution to this problem. The system is a combination of intelligent assembly cells with a conveyor system or an automatic guided vehicle system. This not only requires very little start-up time but also has high dispersibility and expansibility, because each cell can function independently whereas a robot assembles several parts. A demonstration assembly cell proved to have high flexibility and capability for long unmanned operation.     

Comparison of fuzzy control systems for hypothermal brain temperature regulation

The automatic control system for brain tissue temperature is studied theoretically for brain hypothermia treatment. In order to realize a human-friendly control mechanism, an automatic temperature regulation system is constructed to simulate brain hypothermia treatment by introducing a fuzzy algorithm for possible characteristic changes in patients. The brain temperature model is successfully realized to follow the desired temperature course automatically. The model reference fuzzy control of brain temperature based on water-cooling blankets is verified for clinical application to brain hypothermia treatments through various kinds of simulation experiment. Partly presented at the 16th IFAC World Congress, Prague, July 2005     

Optimal Control of Complicated Technical Complexes in an Automatic Information Space

An information approach is considered to the development of control actions and the analysis of behavior of automatic control systems of complicated technical complexes, which enables one to estimate the state of a control system from generalized positions, namely, objective ones in regard to the functional assignment, and to work out, on the basis of the obtained result, optimal control actions for the resource domain of relations of the system. The suggested approach makes it possible to estimate prospects of the behavior of an automatic control system and to predict the situations that lead to disasters.     

On the operation accuracy of linear stationary delay control systems

For a linear stationary system described by a differential-difference equation, a guaranteed estimate of the maximum possible error of reproducing the input signal and the maximum possible deviation under disturbances and incomplete information about their behavior is obtained. A combined approach to the analysis of accuracy of a delay automatic control system is used.     

Envisioning a radar-based automatic road transportation system

Current technology makes possible the design of a fully automatic road transportation system. Such a system can be affordable and can be implemented progressively in combination with present driver-controlled traffic. This article presents a proposal for such a system's architecture.     

Automatic synthesis of state machines from trace diagrams

The automatic synthesis of state machines describing the behaviour of a class of objects in object-oriented software modelling is studied. It is shown that the synthesis can be carried out on the basis of trace diagrams giving possible sequences of events during the execution of the system. An algorithm originally developed for the automatic construction of programs on the basis of their execution traces is applied to the problem, and an experimental state machine synthesizer is implemented. It is demonstrated that such a synthesizer is a highly useful component in a practical object-oriented CASE system.     

等离子体渗氮工艺自动控制系统方案与设计

针对等离子体渗氮工艺过程特殊,控制量变化复杂,人为因素影响较大等情况。利用自行研制的大功率直流脉冲电源进行等离子体渗氮,在很大程度上解决了物理参数与工艺参数的耦合问题,同时改善了灭弧性能,为渗氮工艺自动控制提供了可能。因此,提出了一种利用智能仪表、上位机进行主从式控制等离子体渗氮工艺的自动控制方案,实验结果表明：该渗氮工艺控制系统可以较好地实现渗氮工艺过程控制,提高了自动化水平,增强了工件渗氮效果。     

Acute cardio-respiratory changes induced by hyperpnoea using a respiratory muscle trainer

The aim of this study was to examine the cardio-respiratory effects of voluntary hyperpnoea using a respiratory muscle trainer (RMT) with three different sized rebreathing bags. In particular, the effects of hyperpnoea on inspired and end-tidal gas concentrations were determined. Seven adult males completed three 30 min bouts of hyperpnoea using optimal, oversized and undersized rebreathing bags. Inspired (F(I)) and expired end-tidal (F(ET)) O2 and CO2 concentrations, arterial O2 saturation (S(AO2)) and heart rate were measured during hyperpnoea. Before and after a bout of hyperpnoea, pulmonary function and blood pressure (BP) were assessed. Data were analysed using a two-way repeated-measures ANOVA, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Three subjects experienced discomfort during hyperpnoea and stopped after 20 min. During hyperpnoea, the F(ETCO2) was maintained at 4.6 +/- 0.7% irrespective of bag size. The increase in F(ICO2) over time reached 0.5 +/- 0.5% at 20 min. The F(IO2) fell to 19.4 +/- 0.8% at 20 min, and S(AO2) decreased to 97%. Heart rate and systolic BP increased slightly, but independently of rebreathing bag volume. No changes in pulmonary function or diastolic BP were found. It is concluded that the RMT maintained a constant F(ETCO2) at the expense of a mild hypoxia. The acute effects of hyperpnoea on the cardio-respiratory system are generally mild, but not always tolerable for 30 min.     

基于手机短信的生产线自动报警系统

GSM手机短信业务已成为人们生活的必备品,使得基于手机短信的信息系统的普及成为可能。文章对基于手机短信业务的自动生产管理方式的优势进行分析,并将基于手机短信的生产线自动报警系统作为实例,探讨了手机短信作为平台的信息系统在生产管理中的应用。     

Adaptive autonomous positioning of a robot vision system: Application to quality control on production lines

This paper presents an adaptive strategy for automatic camera placement in a 3-dimensional space during a robotized vision based quality control. The approach proposed improves the overall efficiency of the system, allowing a correct image acquisition, even in cases where an obstacle along the camera line-of-sight hides the object to be inspected, not making it possible to perform the inspection by template matching. In particular, a strategy for automatically avoiding a possible obstacle is defined.     

基于音频流的电视智能监测系统设计

广电总局的电视监测业务已经实现了设备控制自动化和卫星信号采集的数字化、信息化和网络化,但基于内容的异态事件监测和信息处理还是完全依赖人工完成.语音处理、语音识别和关联检索等技术的发展,为电视监测业务智能化提供了可能.本文介绍了电视监测业务智能辅助系统的架构,该系统能够自动定位电视节目,把电视新闻语音转化为文字,对敏感语言内容预警,并关联聚类相关信息,方便人工后续处理.     

Syntax-directed correction of syntax errors

The systematic approach to compilation represented by syntax-directed compilers makes possible a similarly systematic approach to the automatic correction of syntax errors. This paper describes the syntax-directed syntax error correction system EXPL. Techniques for pinpointing the locations of syntax errors, generating sets of possible corrections and for choosing the best correction from such a set are presented. A particularly promising approach involves the use of semantic information to assist in the elimination of inappropriate syntactic corrections.     

Automatic inspection of mechanical parts using geometric models and laser range finder data

This paper addresses the problems associated in processing arrays of depth data in order to achieve the goal of automatic inspection of mechanical parts, i. e. developing general model-based inspection strategies that can be applied to a range of objects. The main problems in processing this data are segmenting out reliable primitives from the data and matching these primitives to those in a stored geometric model of an object. The ability of a 3D vision system to provide depth data accurate enough to perform automatic inspection tasks was until recently only possible at a short range from an object, typically a few centimetres. However it is now possible to produce dense data from a vision system situated further from the object, typically half a metre to a metre. Such a system is outlined. Some current model-based matching techniques are assessed for their suitability for employment in inspection type tasks. One approach is adopted and modifications that improve the efficiency and accuracy of the method for inspection purposes are presented. Finally, an inspection strategy is outlined and its performance assessed. Results are presented on both artificial and real depth data.     

PLC自动化控制系统在炼钢厂转炉炼钢中的应用研究

介绍转炉炼钢的自动化控制系统。以期尽可能适应日益严峻的国际国内炼钢形势的发展,尽快提高产品质量,不断增加生产品种。     

An approach to automatic display layout using combinatorial optimization algorithms

The introduction of automatic display layout (ADL), i.e. the automatic placing and sizing of windows in a window-oriented graphical user interface, is a major contribution towards an improved user interface. Our approach to ADL is to treat this problem as a combinatorial optimization problem. In this article we describe the concepts we used for implementing an experimental system which controls the computer screen contents and its layout. We give two examples of different standard applications into which we included ADL successfully, namely hypertext for a window layout problem and graph-browser for a hierarchical graph layout problem within a particular window. The results show that automatic (and tool independent) display layout will be possible in the near future even in an interactive environment.