齿轮泵的困油研究

在齿轮泵中,常在侧板上开卸荷槽以避免困油,卸荷槽的位置对齿轮泵的性能有很大的影响。然而,关于卸荷槽的位置还未给出一个确定的设计准则。为了确定卸荷槽的位置,必须弄清楚齿轮泵工作中的困油现象。在本研究中,用一个特制的固定侧板型外啮合齿轮泵作被试件,通过其上安装的半导体型压力传感器测量了主动齿轮和从动齿轮所形成的困油区中的压力。试验揭示了卸荷槽的位置和侧隙尺寸对困油区中的压力上升幅值和泵的性能的影     

基于流场的外啮合齿轮泵径向力计算

针对某型外啮合齿轮泵噪声大、轴承磨损严重等问题,基于三维设计和流场仿真软件对卸荷槽进行了改进设计,直接求解出了困油容积及其压力变化和旋转过程中齿轮泵内部流场,通过对齿轮表面流场压力进行积分获得了卸荷槽改进前后齿轮泵径向力的变化规律.结果表明:改进卸荷槽后齿轮泵径向力最大值和平均值分别降为原齿轮泵的51%和76.5%,困油现象加剧径向力主要表现在两齿轮中心线方向的分力上.文中研究内容亦为齿轮泵优化设计提供了一种数值计算方法.     

泵高速用平底直U形卸荷槽的研究与分析

为解决高速齿轮泵困油的卸荷问题,提出了一款极易加工的平底直U形卸荷槽及形位尺寸;并与传统的矩形卸荷槽进行卸荷面积和困油压力的实例对比。结果表明:U形最大卸荷面积增加了13.5%,能有效解决最小困油容积附近的卸荷能力不足问题,且其结构与加工简单;在8 000 r/min高转速下, U形卸荷槽困油的压力峰值增加率为15.9%,压力谷值为-0.26 MPa,其困油现象相对轻微;而矩形卸荷槽的压力峰值增加率和压力谷值分别为25.1%和-0.61 MPa,其困油现象相对严重。     

齿轮泵长圆形卸荷槽及其设计计算

如果采用长圆形卸荷槽,便可克服目前CB-B型齿轮泵使用的矩形卸荷槽制造维修困难及卸荷效果差等缺点。本文从理论上推导出齿轮泵长圆形卸荷槽的设计计算公式。     

泵高速用端楔主环形新槽及卸荷能力研究

为满足齿轮泵高速下的困油卸荷需要,提出一种新的卸荷面积更大、加工更简单的端楔主环形的新卸荷槽。基于齿轮泵的小侧隙困油卸荷原理,给出该槽的结构与尺寸;由三维模型的面积测量方法,测出一个困油周期内若干啮合位置处的卸荷面积;由所建立且被验证的困油压力模型,计算新槽、矩/圆形旧槽在3 000 r/min常速下及新槽在6 000 r/min高速、9 000 r/min超高速下的困油压力。结果表明:新槽的全程卸荷能力强,其中,主环形段的最大卸荷面积较矩、圆形卸荷槽分别增加31%、165%,端楔段的卸荷面积具有近似的直线特征,符合困油流量的线性卸荷要求;新槽常速、高速、超高速下的困油压力峰值使得出口压力分别增加2%、7.7%、14%,困油冲击小;困油压力谷值分别为0.03、-0.22、-0.61 MPa,高速下能避免气穴现象的发生,超高速下须结合较大的侧隙卸荷,方能满足气穴性能的要求等。得出楔环形槽能满足泵高速化下的卸荷要求,且结构简单、易加工。     

泵用双斜型卸荷槽及困油性能分析

为满足渐开线外啮合齿轮泵困油卸荷之需要,提出了一种具有更大卸荷面积、易加工的双斜型卸荷槽。基于常用的矩形卸荷槽,针对双齿啮合区与单齿啮合区之间不同的困油特点和卸荷措施,首先给出了双斜型卸荷槽的结构和形位设计;其次,由三维模型旋转面积的测量方法,得到一个困油周期内的卸荷面积,最后通过所建立的困油模型,进行双斜型、矩形卸荷槽下两类区域内的困油压力仿真。结果表明:双斜型较矩形能大幅提升卸荷面积,其中,双区的最大卸荷面积提升1.17倍,单区提升11.7倍;最大困油压力峰值,双区降低46.2%,对排油压力仅增加4.3%;单区则降低60.2%和仅增加1.6%,可视为无困油现象;双斜型两侧的型线轮廓,均由5个直线段和3个?2.0 mm圆弧段组成,结构简单、易加工等。为卸荷槽创新提供一种新的途径。     

齿侧间隙很小时齿轮泵卸荷槽的分析与计算——关于“齿轮泵的圆形卸荷槽及其计算”一文的补充

在齿轮泵的设计中,为降低泵的振动和噪音,提高其工作的平稳性,减小齿侧间隙是有一定好处的。因此,目前对齿侧间隙很小的齿轮泵,也有不少应用。作者在“齿轮泵的圆形卸荷槽及其计算”一文中,提出了齿侧间隙很小时齿轮泵的卸荷槽计算公式,     

变量齿轮泵的新机制研究与微圆槽的卸荷能力分析

为实现功率和排量的同步变化以节省资源,提出一款齿轮泵变量的新机构,该机构原理简单,由变量弹簧力和高压油压力的动态平衡驱动齿轮副有效啮合宽度的自动变化,从而实现泵功率和排量随有效啮合宽度的同步变化;并就其困油性能与困油卸荷进行深入研究和分析,提出具有微圆结构的卸荷槽;最后,进行实例运算和分析。结果表明:微圆卸荷槽具有更大的卸荷面积和卸荷能力;有效啮合宽度越小,困油压力峰值越小,困油性能越好;反之,困油性能越差,但影响不大。     

高黏度齿轮泵运行与结构参数对泵内压力场影响

为解决高黏度齿轮泵普遍存在的噪声、寿命短等问题,针对影响泵内部压力场变化的因素进行研究,包括运行参数：介质黏度、转速、输出压力,结构参数：齿数。与普通齿轮泵相比,高黏度泵泄漏影响减弱,但困油现象引起的径向力不平衡、噪声高、寿命低的问题更加突出。通过CFD方法对高黏度齿轮泵输送介质过程中内部压力场进行全程模拟。结果表明:困油处压力变化范围随着介质动力黏度的增加而升高,升高速率与动力黏度呈指数关系,当动力黏度为3 Pa·s时,升高速率为 70 MPa/s,动力黏度为30 Pa·s时,升高速率达到 877 MPa/s;转速、输出压力与齿数的增加对泵内压力整体影响较小,但会引起困油处压力的迅速升高。“困油”问题是高黏度齿轮泵优化设计需要考虑的关键因素,合理增加卸荷槽尺寸、降低转速与出口压力、减小齿数是解决高黏度齿轮泵困油问题的有效途径。     

一种异齿数齿轮泵的困油分析

分析具有3个从动轮的异齿数齿轮泵的结构原理;采用扫过容积法,以主动齿轮的转角为变量,建立该异齿数齿轮泵困油体积的计算式,利用相关软件描述具有较小流量脉动率的齿轮泵在3个位置的困油体积变化情况,为卸荷槽的开设及配流盘的设计提供依据。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.