AZ31镁合金裂纹扩展各向异性声发射特征分析

利用声发射技术对AZ31镁合金轧制方向和横向的疲劳裂纹扩展行为进行了研究。结果表明,镁合金疲劳裂纹扩展过程中产生的声信号撞击数与循环载荷的关系,以及撞击数上升率和应力强度因子幅的关系d C/d N-ΔK,分别与常规疲劳裂纹扩展试验结果相一致,裂纹失稳扩展临界应力强度因子幅与常规试验结果的误差分别为2.86%(裂纹沿轧制方向)和3.00%(裂纹沿横向);载荷一定时,裂纹沿横向扩展总是比沿着轧制方向扩展更慢一些,进入失稳扩展阶段更迟。微观组织显示,裂纹沿横向扩展边缘处的孪晶明显增加,断口处也表现出更明显的塑性,这对裂纹的扩展产生了阻碍,即材料在横向的抗裂性能要优于轧制方向,同时证明了利用声发射监测裂纹扩展行为的可靠性。     

声发射检测在复合固体推进剂断裂实验中的应用

以固体推进剂的断裂过程为研究对象,利用先进的声发射试验系统,研究了复合固体推进剂在断裂时的声发射事件特性,揭示了材料断裂韧性和声发射特性间的关系。试验结果表明,材料在裂纹失稳扩展时爆发出强烈的声发射信号。     

异种钢接头热影响区裂纹扩展声发射特征信号分析

文中以P92钢与Ni基焊材焊接热影响区为研究对象,通过采集紧凑拉伸试验过程中异种钢接头热影响区启裂及裂纹扩展的声发射特性信号,分析裂纹扩展的声发射信号幅值、频率分布、能量及振铃计数等特征参数,同时分析声发射特征信号与断口形貌之间的对应关系。结果表明：裂纹扩展声发射信号均为突发型信号,频率主要集中在50～200 kHz;裂纹稳定扩展的声发射信号具有平均幅值较低、总能量和振铃计数率参数变化平缓的特点;裂纹失稳扩展的声发射信号具有平均幅值较高、总能量和振铃计数率参数呈瞬时增加的特点;裂纹稳定扩展阶段的声发射特征信号与韧性断口特征相对应;裂纹失稳扩展阶段的声发射特征信号与准解理断裂或解理断裂特征相对应。     

FeMoSiB纳米晶薄带的裂纹扩展阻力和结构的关系

通过对不同晶粒尺寸的FeMoSiB纳米晶的断裂韧性的测量悉裂行为的分析，研究了纳米晶结构和裂纹扩展阻力之间的关系。FeMoSiB纳米晶的断裂模式是沿晶断裂，造成了很小的裂纹扩展阻力，裂纹扩展阻力随晶粒尺寸增加而增加，其中的韧化机制是裂纹扩展过程中晶粒团的桥接和拔出摩擦作用，根据纳米晶的结构特点认为裂纹扩展阻力将会达到一个极大值，然后由于内应力的作用而下降，而裂纹扩展阻力随晶粒尺寸的变化与塑性变形基本没有关系。     

高强度桥梁钢焊接接头疲劳裂纹扩展速率的研究

利用高频疲劳试验机对高强度桥梁钢的母材、热影响区和焊缝的疲劳裂纹扩展速率进行了测定,并结合疲劳扩展断口分析各部位疲劳裂纹扩展快慢的原因。结果表明,高强度桥梁钢焊接接头中焊缝裂纹扩展速率最低,抗疲劳裂纹扩展能力最高;母材疲劳裂纹扩展速率最高,抗疲劳裂纹扩展能力最差;热影响区介于二者之间。焊缝的疲劳断裂模式是以穿晶断裂为主,母材是以沿Z字形路径扩展的沿晶断裂为主,热影响区则介于两者之间。     

用声发射监测16MnR带预制中心穿透裂纹试板的拉伸试验

用声发射监测16MnR带预制中心穿透裂纹试板的拉伸试验,以声发射信号分析预制裂纹的运动。与裂纹失稳扩展相应的声发射事件信号参数值差异很大,反映了其显微断裂机制的不同。     

相位信息在声发射信号处理中的应用

根据声发射信号采样率高、数据量大和信号能量微弱的特点，研究了基于相位增强技术的功率谱分析方法，在对声发射信号进行不损失信息的高频采样前提下，通过对信号进行二次傅里叶变换，提高了信噪比。用模拟信号对该方法进行了验证，并应用在运行中的隔膜泵曲轴的裂纹扩展监测上，结果表明此方法能有效检出由于裂纹扩展所产生的微弱的声发射信号。     

氢对Ti-4Al-2V疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响

采用CT试样对4种含氢量不同的Ti-4Al-2V钛合金的室温疲劳裂纹扩展速率进行了实验测定，并对断裂以后的试样进行了断口观察。实验结果表明：含氢的Ti-4Al-2V材料的稳态裂纹扩展行为符合Paris幂律关系，氢对裂纹稳态扩展区和失稳扩展区的da／dN基本没有影响，但对近门槛扩展行为有明显影响；与自然含氢量的材料相比，高含氢量的材料疲劳裂纹在近门槛扩展区的速率明显较低。     

齿轮表层疲劳裂纹扩展的声发射模型

齿轮表面的疲劳磨损是齿轮故障的主要形式之一。从弹性力学的能量理论角度,推导出了齿轮齿表疲劳裂纹在扩展时的能量关系,并根据声发射信号的特征,构造出齿表疲劳裂纹在扩展时产生的声发射信号的理论模型,说明了影响声发射信号能量强度的主要因素为裂纹扩展时间、形变体积及载荷和弹性模量的变化率,从理论上证明了声发射技术用于检测疲劳磨损的可行性。     

沿渗硼层不同深度的脆性行为研究

研究了沿渗硼层不同深度扩展的脆性裂纹,发现渗硼层的脆性裂纹扩展具有一定的方向性,且在渗硼外层及过渡区部位易形成并扩展裂纹,脆性较大。用显微硬度压痕结合声发射测量渗硼层各部位En－P直线的斜率K值时发现,沿渗硼层不同深度的K值分布呈“浴盆”状。     

铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展声发射监测

采用声发射(acoustic emission,AE)技术对7N01铝合金单边缺口三点弯曲试样不同应力比、不同峰值载荷下疲劳裂纹扩展过程中声发射信号进行了监测,建立了裂纹扩展速率、声发射计数(count)与应力强度因子之间的关系.结果表明,大部分的声发射信号主要产生于疲劳循环载荷的低应力阶段,这主要是低应力阶段的声发射活动主要与裂纹尖端的塑性变形和裂纹闭合现象有关,声发射计数与应力强度因子之间呈指数增长的关系.基于所建立的声发射计数率与裂纹扩展速率的关系,可以预测疲劳损伤结构的剩余寿命.     

Quantification of metallic coating failure on carbon fiber reinforced plastics using acoustic emission

Carbon fiber reinforced plastic substrates were subsequently coated with an electrochemically applied nickel and an electroplated copper layer. The coating-substrate system was loaded in four-point bending and the acoustic emission from coating failure was recorded during loading. The acoustic emission signals were analyzed using pattern recognition and frequency analysis techniques. This approach yields three distinguishable types of acoustic emission signals, which are correlated to three different failure mechanisms: i) nickel cracking ii) copper cracking and iii) delamination between the two coating layers. To confirm the correlation between the types of acoustic emission signals and the respective failure mechanisms and to assess the validity of the acoustic emission method to describe mechanical failure, the micro-mechanical fracture energies released during mechanical loading were calculated based on microscopic measurements of the crack progress utilizing scanning electron microscopy and scanning acoustic microscopy. These energies were compared to the associated acoustic emission signals energy for each failure mechanism. We found the calculated micro-mechanical energy values to be proportional to the measured accumulated acoustic emission energy of the associated acoustic emission signal type. We conclude that the reported failure classification method offers the possibility to compare fracture toughness values in multilayered coatings with multiple failure types, derived solely from acoustic emission energies.     

非调质钢YG1401的冲击韧性和断口形貌探讨

通过采用示波冲击试验机对贝氏体非调质钢YG1401进行系列温度冲击试验,并采用体式显微镜和扫描电镜对断口宏观形貌及微观扩展形貌进行观察,结合示波冲击试验所测的裂纹起裂功及裂纹扩展功研究该材料从24～-80 ℃的冲击断口形貌变化规律。结果表明：该材料的DBTT为-12 ℃。试验材料在24～-10 ℃区间冲击时,材料代表高韧性的裂纹稳定扩展区面积最大。在-30 ℃冲击时,裂纹稳定扩展区面积急剧下降。随着冲击温度的进一步下降,裂纹稳定扩展区面积不断下降。24～-10 ℃区间内冲击断口形貌表现为由密集细小韧窝组成的粗大的撕裂棱和塑性变形量较大的二次解理组成的混合断裂形貌,随着温度的进一步降低,断口放射区形貌为细小撕裂棱和一次解理为主的混合断裂形貌。     

NUMERICAL MODELING OF DUCTILE CRACK EXTENSION USING COMPUTATIONAL CELL ELEMENTS FOR WELDED JOINTS

1.IntroductionConstrainteffectsonfracturetoughnessofferritesteelsremainakeyissueforthesafetyaJssessmentofstructures.Strllcturalandpressurevesselsteelsgenerallyexhibitincreaseinfracturetoughnessoverthefirstfewdistance0fstablecrackgr0wth.Laborat0rytestingoffracturespecimenstomeasureresistancecurves(R-curves)c0nsistentlyrevealsamarkedeffect0fabsolutespecimensize,ge0metry,andloadingmode0nRcurvesI1-3].Forthesamematerial,deep-notchbendspecimensyieldl0wRcurvewhiletheshallow-notchbendspecimenortensi…     

6H-SiC脆性切削声发射响应的分子动力学研究

采用分子动力学方法研究了6H-SiC脆性切削的声发射响应。研究了原子尺度下6H-SiC的微变形和裂纹形核,同时对加工过程中的声发射源进行了识别,分析了其相应的声发射特征。结果表明,6H-SiC在77 nm切削深度下的脆性变形过程简单但不寻常;在6H-SiC切削过程中位错不会连续扩展,变形后的工件在刀具挤压作用下被分割成块,并由位错的快速扩展引发裂纹。对于影响声发射源特征的因素研究发现：初始压应力会导致声发射功率的下降;频率-能量分析中可见的3种声发射源分别是晶格振动、位错扩展和裂纹扩展。此外,在1 K温度下,2次明显的位错传播的声发射响应比晶格振动具有更高的频率特性,但总能量水平最低。相反地,裂纹扩展的声发射响应具有更为明显的频率分布特性和能量特性。     

Evaluation of stress corrosion cracking phenomenon in an AISI type 316LN stainless steel using acoustic emission technique

This paper deals with the analysis of the acoustic emission (AE) signals to determine the micro-process during stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of AISI type 316LN stainless steel that cause the AE, and thus the mechanism of the SCC process. AE with amplitudes ranging from 27.6 to 46.5 dB with different counts, energy and rise times occurred during SCC of type 316LN stainless steel in 45% MgCl₂ at 413 K. The analysis of the AE signals in conjunction with fractography indicated that a surge in the AE counts and energy indicated initiation of SCC. AE was found to be continuous prior to the initiation. The time gap between AE events increased during initiation. AE events occurred in bursts during crack growth. Plastic deformation ahead of the crack tip was determined to be the major source of AE during propagation of SCC in type 316LN stainless steel. The cracking was found to initiate and propagate in the transgranular mode.     

A fundamental study on the use of the Kaiser effect for tectonic stress measurement

To support a method for measuring tectonic stress using the Kaiser effect in acoustic emission (AE) in rock, two fundamental studies were carried out. In the first, the effects on the Kaiser effect of both stress level and elapsed time after unloading were investigated for a granite in uniaxial compression. The Kaiser effect was observed clearly below the onset of dilatancy. However, AE activity in a pre-stressed specimen tended to recover with elapsed time. In the second study, model tests were carried out to investigate the mechanism of the Kaiser effect at low stresses by using a glass plate containing an inclined crack. Both the Kaiser effect and the recovery of AE activity with elapsed time were observed in association with sliding of the closed crack surfaces. Recovery of AE activity with time coincided with time-dependent recovery of residual shear displacement along the crack.     

层板包扎高压容器声发射检测

应用声发射检测技术,对三台层板包扎高压容器进行了试验研究及解剖对比。研究了层板包扎高压容器声发射检测技术工艺,建立了检测结果评价准则。应用该方法检测国内80余台尿素合成塔,发现了大量裂纹类缺陷,验证了层板包扎结构尿素合成声发射检测技术的有效性。