电容探头法测量绝缘子表面电荷的标度算法

气体绝缘开关装置中,表面电荷积聚会降低绝缘子的沿面闪络电压。为了改善气体绝缘开关装置的绝缘设计,需要对绝缘子表面电荷分布进行准确测量。采用传统的标度方法无法准确的求得绝缘子表面电荷密度。目前可能的解决办法有两种:①结合电场数值计算理论进行多点标度;②采用二维傅立叶变换及数字图像处理技术来解决该问题。通过对两种标度算法的综述及分析比较,认为第①种标度算法可以实现对任意结构的绝缘子表面电荷分布进行标度,但存在标度耗时过长的缺点;而第②种标度算法可以极大地缩短标度计算耗时,但其应用条件比较苛刻。但相对于传统的标度方法,这两种标度方法能较为准确的求出绝缘子表面电荷的分布。     

直流电压下聚合物表面电荷测量方法及积聚特性

固体绝缘介质表面电荷积聚现象是研发高压直流气体绝缘装置的重要考虑因素,这些积聚的表面电荷会导致绝缘介质局部电场畸变,大大降低装置的绝缘水平。因此,研究直流电压下聚合物表面电荷积聚现象具有重要意义,如何实现对绝缘子表面电荷分布进行准确的测量,成为该领域一个重要的课题。针对这一问题,采用静电探头法测量缩比气体绝缘输电线路(gas-insulated line,GIL)中圆锥绝缘子的表面电位,研究针对这种"平移改变"系统的表面电荷的反演计算方法。研究采用数值模拟的方法获得了从电荷到电位的传递函数矩阵,应用了基于维纳滤波的数字图像处理技术,对传递函数矩阵的病态特性进行了改善,大大降低了系统噪声,提高了反演计算的稳定性。研究分析了测量结果的空间分辨率和计算精度,发现该系统的空间分辨率可以达到1.8mm。采用该算法,分别研究了空气和SF6中直流电压下绝缘子表面电荷的积聚情况,发现绝缘子表面电荷呈均匀分布的"基本模式"和随机分布的"电荷斑"两种模式。"基本模式"的极性与所加电压极性相同,表明固体侧体电流是电荷积聚的主要来源。     

直流GIL盆式绝缘子的表面电荷分布

直流气体绝缘金属封闭输电线路(gas-insulated metal-enclosed transmission line,GIL)盆式绝缘子的稳态电场按介质电导率分布,在长期直流电压作用下,绝缘子表面会积聚电荷,引起局部电场畸变,威胁设备的安全运行。因此有必要对直流盆式绝缘子表面电荷积聚现象进行研究,掌握准确的电荷测量技术、电荷反演计算方法和绝缘子表面电荷积聚特性,为提高盆式绝缘子的绝缘水平提供参考。文中研制了一套新型盆式绝缘子表面电荷测量装置,能够控制探头以等距垂直姿态对绝缘子曲面进行扫描式测量;采用同心圆环电极对静电容探头进行了标度,获得其空间响应函数,并基于矩阵的Cholesky分解法对绝缘子表面电荷分布进行了反演计算。实验研究了不同直流电压作用下,±200 kV直流盆式绝缘子表面电荷积聚和消散特性,并根据实验和仿真计算结果,提出了不同条件下适用的表面电荷分布模型。文中对深入认识直流盆式绝缘子的表面电荷积聚现象、完善电荷积聚机理具有重要意义。     

圆台形绝缘子的表面电荷密度反演算法

直流气体绝缘输电线路(GIL)中盆式绝缘子的表面电荷是诱发沿面闪络的重要原因,如何准确地测量和计算表面电荷分布仍然是一个重要的研究课题。基于多点测量技术,研究了绝缘子表面电荷密度和电场分布的反演计算方法,评估了测量系统的空间分辨率,并在计算中考虑了静电探头的影响。采用信噪比(SNR)和峰值均方根误差(PMSE)估计了该反演方法的准确度。在0.1 MPa SF6气体中,采用静电探头法测量了直流电压下金属微粒附着的缩比盆式绝缘子的表面电位分布,并计算得到了绝缘子表面电荷密度分布。结果表明,电荷密度分布图中可以清晰地发现金属微粒的位置,算法的空间分辨率和电荷分辨率分别为2.0mm和0.95p C/(mm~2·mV)。电荷密度分布和电位分布存在较大差异,电位分布不能用来代替实际的电荷密度分布。该算法可应用于旋转对称结构绝缘材料的表面电荷密度计算,可为直流GIL绝缘子表面电荷分布特性研究提供理论指导。     

基于图像复原技术与约束最小二乘方滤波器的绝缘子表面电荷反演算法

该文借鉴图像复原技术的处理手段,提出一种针对平移不变系统的绝缘子表面电荷反演算法.通过二维傅里叶变换将电位-电荷间的矩阵运算转换至频域,并利用约束最小二乘方(CLS)滤波器抑制噪声干扰,进而实现了表面电位分布到表面电荷密度分布的推导.进一步,结合仿真算例讨论该算法的实现流程与计算精度,并与常见的维纳滤波法和模拟电荷法的计算结果进行对比;通过引入偏差系数定量分析不同算法对目标信号的复原能力与对噪声信号的抗干扰能力.最后,综合表面电位测量实验与粉尘图法验证算法的有效性.结果表明,该文所述CLS-filter算法能有效滤除测量过程中引入的噪声信号,提升电荷反演稳定性,且在高等级噪声干扰下的计算精度显著优于现有算法.该算法所得电荷分布与粉尘图谱较为吻合,计算结果具备一定的准确性与可靠性.     

基于表面电位测量的表面电荷反演计算

目前无法直接测量得到表面电荷分布,而必须根据测量结果进行复杂的表面电荷反演计算。为此,对表面电荷反演计算方法进行了研究。基于绝缘子表面电位测量,对日本学者Ootera等人提出的表面电荷反演计算方法进行了改进,将原先的对关联矩阵2次求逆简化为1次求逆。使用改进后算法,以直流电压下空气和SF6气体中盆式绝缘子表面电位的测量结果为算例,计算得到的自由电荷面密度空间分布与改进前算法的结果一致。与改进前算法相比,改进后算法进一步得到了绝缘子表面视在电荷与极化电荷的面密度分布,并发现同一气体环境下自由电荷与视在电荷面密度峰值有明显差异,空气中相差370pC/cm2,SF6气体中相差530pC/cm2。     

GIS中绝缘子表面电荷积聚的观测与分析

在高电压绝缘研究领域,绝缘子表面电荷的测量属于静电测量的范畴,不能用常规的仪器仪表进行测量,特别是在真空或SF6气体等特殊环境中。为了能准确地反映绝缘子表面的带电情况,采用反馈式静电计及其相应的静电探头,对积聚在绝缘子表面的电荷进行了研究,发现电荷量随着施加电压幅值的不同而不同。利用有限元分析软件对相同结构的绝缘子进行了电场计算,与测量结果对比分析表明,绝缘子表面的法向场强分量是气-固交界面处引起表面电荷积聚的根本原因。     

Pockels效应表面电荷测量中电荷反演算法的研究

Poekels效应表面电荷测量技术以其特有的技术优势逐步用于表面放电和等离子体的研究,然而如何准确获取表面电荷分布仍然是一个重要的研究课题.对Pockels效应表面电荷测量技术中的表面电荷反演算法进行研究,采用二维傅里叶变换将测量信号和表面电荷的复杂关系转换到频域中进行计算,并采用维纳滤波算法进行信号处理.计算结果和传统算法的计算结果进行了对比,结果表明,改进算法在数值计算过程中考虑材料厚度、介电特性及不同位置电荷影响等因素,计算方法更为合理.该方法可用于不同材料表面电荷的测量计算.另外,算法中维纳滤波器是计算算法中关键的组成部分,对降低系统噪声,提高数值计算的稳定性能够起到很重要的作用.     

高压直流GIL中盆式绝缘子表面电荷积聚与消散的实验研究

研究直流电压下绝缘子表面电荷积聚及其抑制措施,是开发直流气体绝缘管道输电线路(GIL)的一项关键技术。因此建立了一套盆式绝缘子表面电荷测量系统,采用静电探头法,在空气中对施加了直流电压后的环氧树脂盆式绝缘子进行了表面电位的测量,研究了不同极性、不同幅值电压以及极性反转情况下表面电荷的积聚现象,并对表面电荷的消散进行了测量。实验结果表明:绝缘子表面电荷分布与所施电压极性密切相关;在0.5 MPa空气中,随着施加电压幅值(+40~+70 kV)增加,绝缘子表面电荷急剧增加(负电位最大处从-200 V增加到-3 000 V);在0.5 MPa空气中,先后施加+70 kV及-40 kV电压,绝缘子局部表面电荷激增现象明显(正电位最大处由500 V增大到超过2 500 V);在0.1 MPa空气中施加+40 kV电压,在0~300 min内,绝缘子表面电荷消散近似指数衰减过程,时间常数约为104 s数量级。     

基于模拟电荷法的绝缘子电场非接触式测量法

根据模拟电荷法的基本原理和绝缘子片的实际形状,采用环线形离散模拟电荷等效分布在绝缘子表面的束缚电荷,使模拟电荷产生的空间场的边界条件满足绝缘子的束缚电荷产生的空间场.测量绝缘子串附近一定距离范围内的几点(对于110 kV,可只测量3点)的电场强度,根据测量点的实际电场强度和采用模拟电荷法建立的等效模型,结合一定的搜索方法,可计算出绝缘子串的实际分布电压值.将绝缘子串的实际电压分布值与国家标准给定的电压分布值相比较,可判断出有无劣质绝缘子片及其位置,从而完成绝缘子的预防性检测,避免电力事故发生.与目前国内的电场测量法相比,这种方法采用程序计算来代替部分测量工作,可以带电检测,测量点少,操作方便,实现了一定距离的非接触式测量,避免测量装置直接与高压绝缘子接触,降低了操作的危险性.     

Charge distribution measurement on a truncated cone spacer under DC voltage

A system for measuring charge distribution on an insulating spacer is developed. An electrostatic probe is set close to the spacer, and it moves along its surface maintaining a small gap. The accumulated charge is inversely calculated from the measured data by utilizing the relationship that is obtained through the numerical electric field computation. Using this system, the surface charge distribution on a truncated cone spacer of 80 mm diameter and 15 mm height is measured. The number of measured points is 3402, and the spatial resolution is 3.9 mm. After the application of DC 10 kV for 19 hours, the spacer surface is charged with a spotted pattern. The charge density reaches 60 pC/mm/sup 2/ at its maximum. In addition, the residual charge distribution of partial discharge from metallic particles on the spacer is observed.     

Resolution and signal processing technique of surface charge density measurement with electrostatic probe

When an electrostatic probe is used to measure the surface charge on an insulating plate of constant thickness, the measuring system is regarded a shift-invariant system and the relation between the surface charge density and the probe output can be treated in the spatial frequency domain. The distribution of the surface charge density on an insulating plate just after occurrence of a surface discharge is measured by a Pockels probe, which is regarded as a kind of electrostatic probe without the guard electrode, and restored by Wiener inverse filter. The performance of a Pockels probe and a conventional electrostatic probe are compared quantitatively in terms of the spatial resolution. In the case that the measured object is 3 mm thickness PMMA plate and is charged up to 10 nC/cm/sup 2/ in atmospheric air, it is estimated that the spatial resolution of the Pockels probe with 0.2 mm gap is 1.5 mm and that of the conventional electrostatic probe with the grounded guard electrode with 3 mm gap is 2.2 mm.     

SF6及空气中绝缘子表面电荷的消散过程分析

为了研究绝缘子表面电荷消散的规律,建立了一套表面电荷测量装置,可以测量不同气体中、不同气压下盆式绝缘子的表面电荷分布.采用的测量方法为电容探头法.针对盆式绝缘子的两种典型应用环境,即0.1 MPa的空气环境及GIS/GIL中0.5 MPa的SF6气体环境,实验测量了0.1 MPa的空气中和0.5 MPa的SF6中绝缘子...     

Influences of probe geometry and experimental errors on spatial resolution of surface charge measurement with electrostatic probe

When an electrostatic probe is used for surface charge measurement on an insulating plate with constant thickness or a long insulating pipe, the configuration of the measuring system is regarded as shift-invariant and the relation between the surface charge density and the probe output can be treated in the spatial frequency domain through Fourier analysis. In the inverse calculation from the probe output to the charge distribution, a Wiener-filter technique is effectively used to suppress the excessive amplification of the noise. Influences of the probe geometry and experimental errors on the spatial resolution of the total measuring system, including the restoration process with the Wiener filter, are quantitatively discussed through the analysis of transfer characteristics in the spatial frequency domain.     

Calculations based on measurements of charge deposited by a streamer on a PTFE surface

Surface charge on an insulator's surface is studied using 3-dimensional finite element modelling. The calculations are based on measurements of surface charge deposited by a streamer on a PTFE surface. The surface electric field strengths associated with uniform surface charge density distributions over a 1 mm/sup 2/ region are calculated for a range of different measured charge densities. The effect of reducing the area of the surface charge whilst keeping the total amount of charge in the region constant is observed. The surface charge is then modelled with a Gaussian distribution of charge and compared to that of a uniform distribution. By assuming a maximum allowable surface electric field strength an estimation of actual charged path diameter is made.     

Measurement of surface charge on opposite sides of a planar insulator using an electrostatic probe

A digital image processing technique using the Fourier transformation in the spatial domain and the Wiener filter has been developed. This method is applied to the measurement of the accumulated charge on the opposite sides of a planar insulator using an electrostatic probe. In the spatial frequency domain, the relational equations between the probe outputs and charge distribution are given by the first order simultaneous equations of two unknowns. In the course of the estimation of the charge distribution from the probe outputs, the Wiener filter is used to reduce the influence of the experimental noise. The spatial resolution of this method is also quantitatively discussed from an analysis in the spatial frequency domain. Using this technique, the distribution of the surface charge density on both surfaces of an insulating plate is measured immediately after the occurrence of a surface discharge. When the probe scans both sides of the plate, the charge distribution is estimated with a spatial resolution of 1.6 mm. In the case that the probe scans from only one side of the plate, the two-layered charge distribution is estimated with a limited resolution.     

A study on the accuracy of surface charge measurement

The measurement of accumulated surface charge for thick specimens requires multipoint probe outputs to establish the inverse calculation for the determination of an unknown charge distribution. Until now, studies on the various errors associated with the measurement have been conducted only for simplified arrangements mainly in axisymmetric geometry where the charged surface is parallel to the ground. We have numerically analyzed a model measurement set-up more comparable to practical conditions by a highly efficient surface charge method. We have studied the effect of probe position, the induction from charge existing not directly beneath the (probe) sensor and the difference in matrix components computed by two numerical methods. In particular, we have studied the accuracy of the reconstructed charge distributions by numerical simulations of the inverse calculation. It has been shown that the assumed measurement errors make much larger differences in the reconstructed charge distributions, although the influence depends considerably on the assumed charge distribution. Reducing the condition number of the matrix improves the accuracy of the inverse calculation for uniform and linearly changing charge distributions     

Space charge formation at the interface between a charge transportlayer and a polyester film

The organic photoconductor structure used in a copying machine consists of electron-conductive and ion-conductive layers, a charge generation layer, and a charge transport layer. We applied the pulsed electroacoustic method, which has been used to evaluate HV insulation, to measure the space charge behavior of the charge transport layer coated on a polyester film. On the surface of the charge transport layer, various electrodes were evaporated. An internal space charge accumulated at the interface between the charge transport layer and the polyester film under a dc electric field. We show that the charge distribution is formed by the injection of holes from the anode and by the surface charge, and that the hole injection is influenced by the anode material     

非接触式电场测量法中杆塔影响的分析

根据模拟电荷法(CSM)建立三相高压绝缘子与杆塔的等效模型,在每相绝缘子串附近一定距离设置几个测量点(110kV,每相3个点),根据杆塔塔架对测量点影响的大小简化杆塔结构。采用PMM8053_EHP50B型工频电磁场测量探头测量各测量点的电场强度,逆向应用CSM并结合遍历的搜索方法搜索计算各相绝缘子片的实际电位分布值。将其与绝缘子串正常电位分布值比较,可判断是否存在劣质绝缘子及其位置。该法的优点是可实现一定距离的非接触式测量,对110kV三相猫头型铁塔系统,测量最大距离可达2.5m。